Category: CBSE

When we use the exact words of the speaker, it is called direct speech. Indirect or Reported Speech refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more. in this page, we have explained the Reported Speech Exercises for Class 10.

Direct and Indirect Speech Exercises for Class 10 CBSE With Answers PDF

1. When the actual words are spoken are quoted, it is called Direct Speech.
2. When we report without quoting the exact words spoken it is called Indirect Speech.
Example:

• Ram said, “I am very busy now.” (Direct).
• Ram said that he was very busy then. (Indirect)

Note:

• In the Direct Speech, inverted commas are used to show the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech, it is not so.
• In the Indirect Speech, a conjunction that is used before the indirect statement.
• The pronoun ‘l’ is changed to ‘he’.
• The verb ‘am’ is changed to ‘was’.
• The adverb ‘now’ is changed to ‘then’.

Remember
When the reporting verb is in the past tense, all present tenses of the direct speech are changed into the corresponding past tenses.

• am/is → was
• will → would
• are → were
• can → could
• do/does → did
• want/like/know/go, etc. → wanted/liked/went
• have/has → had

The past simple (did/saw/knew, etc.) can usually stay the same in reported speech or can be changed to the past perfect (had done/had seen/had known, etc.)

• Harjot said: “I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to school.” – (direct)
• Harjot said that she woke up feeling ill, so she didn’t go to school. – (reported)
  Or
• Harjot said she had woken up feeling ill, so she hadn’t gone to school. (reported)

(a) A simple present becomes a simple past.

• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect : He said that he was unwell.

(b) A present continuous becomes a past continuous.

• Direct : He said, “My master is writing letters.”
• Indirect : He said that his master was writing letters.

(c) A present perfect becomes a past perfect.

• Direct : He said, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect : He said that he had passed the examination.

(d) The simple past becomes the past perfect.

• Direct : He said, “The horse died in the night.”
• Indirect : He said that the horse had died in the night.

If the reporting verb is in the present tense the tenses of the direct speech do not change. We may thus rewrite the given examples putting the reporting verb in the present tense.

• He says he is unwell.
• He has just said his master is writing letters.
• He says he has passed the examination.
• He says the horse died in the night.

Words expressing nearness in time or place are changed into words expressing distance.

Word	Changed as
now	then
here	there
this	that
today	that
day tomorrow	the next day
yesterday	the day before/the previous day
last night	the night before/the previous night
Direct :	He said, “I am glad to be here this evening.”
Indirect :	He said that he was glad to be there that evening.

Direct And Indirect Speech Worksheets With Answers Pdf for Class 10 CBSE

In reporting questions, indirect speech is introduced by verbs as ‘asked’, ‘inquired’ etc.

• Direct : He said to me, “What are you doing?”
• Indirect : He asked me what I was doing.

When the question is not introduced by an interrogative word the reporting verb is followed by ‘if’ or ‘whether’.

• Direct : He said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
• Indirect : He asked them if/whether they would listen to such a man.

Reported Speech Commands And Requests Examples

Imperative mood is changed into the infinitive and verbs expressing command or request to introduce indirect speech.

• Direct : Ram said to Arjun, “Go away.”
• Indirect : Ram ordered Arjun to go away.
• Direct : He said to him, “Please wait here till I return.”
• Indirect : He requested him to wait there till he returned.

Direct and Indirect Exclamatory and Wishes Example
Words expressing exclamation or wish to introduce the Indirect Speech.

• Direct : Ela said, “How clever I am!”
• Indirect : Ela exclaimed that she was very clever.

Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech:

1. The captain said, “Bravo! well done, my boys.”
2. He said to her, “Why do you read this book?”
3. He said to her, “Does your cow not kick?”
4. He said to his brother, “Shailesh has broken my glass.”
5. Our teacher said, “The earth revolves around the sun.”
6. He said to me, “Why have you come here?”
7. Usha said, “Father, you are very kind to me.”
8. The teacher said to the boys, “Do not make a noise.”
9. He said to his friend, “May you prosper in business!”
10. The officer said to the peon, “Let the visitor come into my office.”

Articles are written to give information in a wide range of contexts for magazines or newspapers. They are a relatively long and sustained piece of writing. They give information on a variety of themes such as describing an event, person, someone’s life and actions, places, and experiences. They can also be an expression of the writer’s opinions on topics of social interest or arguments for or against a topic and they often offer suggestions.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Article Writing Topics for Class 7 CBSE Format, Examples Pdf

Articles express the personal opinions of the writer. Input for an article/speech may be in the form of verbal/visual input. The output may be descriptive or argumentative.

Articles express the personal opinion of the writer and present information on a variety of themes.

Article Writing Format Pdf

1. Write the HEADING/TITLE at the top.
2. Write the name of the writer below it.
3. Split your subject matter into 3 – 4 paragraphs.
   • a. Paragraph – 1: Introduction – briefly tell what the Article is about, giving some startling fact or quotation to arouse interest.
   • b. Paragraph – 2 and 3: Highlight the cause and effect of the problem. Give Examples: to support your views. Compare and contrast.
   • c. Paragraph – 4: Conclusion. Briefly offer suggestions and solutions to improve the situation. Predictions and personal observation may be included.
4. Systematic presentation of ideas is a must.
5. Pay attention to grammatical accuracy and use good vocabulary.
6. Use sentence linkers to ensure continuity – e.g. firstly, finally, moreover, etc.
7. Remove irrelevant information and repetition.
8. Follow word limit. (150 – 200 words)

Write a good ending:
In an article, it’s better to give the readers something to think about, perhaps by asking them another question or giving them a call to action. Often, the best endings link back to the starting point in some way. Use of quotes, slogans, couplets may be incorporated as per the requirement and relevance.

Article Writing Exercises for Class 7 With Answers

Sample: Cruelty to animals is growing day by day due to human greed. This is not good for the ecosystem. Animals too are a part of our life. You have been asked to write an article ‘Live and Let Live’ in order to create awareness. You are Rohit.

Live and Let Live                                                    —Rohit God created their world, not for the benefit of mankind alone. No doubt man today is the master of the earth. He has tamed even tigers and elephants and King Cobras. But his brain-superiority does not give him the right to hunt down all kinds and species of animals. Animals normally live in forests. They don’t attack us unless we provoke them or encroach in their territory. They are as rule afraid of us. They serve some useful purposes. So killing them for pleasure or for their skin and bones is a sin and a crime. We need to learn to live together not only with our fellow beings but also with all the creatures created by God.’ In other words, we should live ourselves as well as let others also live in peace. War, hunting, and violence are against the will of God and the law of the land. Coexistence should be our motto.

Article Writing Exercises for Class 7 CBSE

1. Living a healthy lifestyle is the top priority for many people. In light of the above statement, write an article on ‘Keeping a healthy lifestyle’ in not more than 100¬150 words.

2. Women walk long distances to fetch water in certain parts of the country. There is not only a scarcity of water but water in most places is also contaminated. Using the hints given below together with your own ideas, write an article in about 125 words on the scarcity of clean drinking water, suggesting ways to improve the situation.

Scarcity of clean drinking water

• Women travel long distances in certain areas like Rajasthan and Gujarat to fetch water
• Contamination of water
• Linking rivers
• Awareness of clean drinking water habits
• Rainwater harvesting/water conservation

CBSE Class 9 Maths Lab Manual – Coordinate Geometry

Objective
To obtain the mirror image of a given geometrical figure with respect to x-axis and y-axis.

Prerequisite Knowledge

1. Plotting the points on the graph paper.
2. Cartesian system.
3. The perpendicular distance between the mirror and the image of point P is equal to the perpendicular distance between the point P and the mirror.

Materials Required
Graph paper, pencil (coloured), eraser, ruler and mirror.

Procedure

1. Draw any figure on the graph paper in first quadrant (say, a figure of stairs).
2. For stairs, plot some points say, A(3,0), B(3,1), C(2,1), D(2,2), E(1,2), F(1,3), G(0,3) with coloured pencils.
3. join A, B, C, D, E, F, G as shown infig. (i).
4. Consider y-axis as a mirror.
5. Fold the graph along the y-axis to get the images of points A, B, C, D, E, F, G in second quadrant as A’, B’, C’, D’, E’, F’, G’ respectively as shown in fig. (i).
6. Join A’, B’, C’, D’, E’, F’, G’ we get the image of the stairs.
7. Note down the coordinates of image so formed and record them in observation Table 1.
8. Repeat the procedure for the same stairs with respect to x-axis i.e, to get image of the stairs taking x-axis as mirror.
9. Now, we will get image in fourth quadrant.
10. Note down the coordinates of image along x-axis and record in Table 2.

Mirror image w.r.t. y-axis

Mirror image w.r.t. x-axis

Observation and Calculation
Table 1 (Image along y-axis)

S.No.	Coordinates of Fig.ABCDEFG	Coordinates of image A’ B’ C’ D’ E’ F’ G’
1.	A (3,0)	A’ (-3,0)
2.	B (3,1)	B’ (-3,1)
3.	C (2,1)	C’ (-2,1)
4.	D (2,2)	D’ (-2,2)
5.	E (1,2)	E’ (-1,2)
6.	F (1,3)	F’ (-1,3)
7.	G (0,3)	G’ (0,3)

Table 2 (Image along x-axis)

S.No.	Coordinates of Fig.ABCDEFG	Coordinates of image A’ B’ C’ D’ E’ F’ G’
1.	A (3,0)	A’ (3,0)
2.	B (3,1)	B’ (3, -1)
3.	C (2,1)	C’ (2, -1)
4.	D (2,2)	D’ (2, -2)
5.	E (1,2)	E’ (1, -2)
6.	F (1,3)	F’ (1, -3)
7.	G (0,3)	G’ (0, -3)

Result
We have obtained the mirror images of figures along x-axis and y-axis.

Learning Outcome

1. Mirror image with respect to x-axis: In this case, image of P (x,y) become P (x, -y). Thus, to find the image of any point along the x-axis, we keep the x-coordinate same and sign of y-coordinate gets changed. Any point on the mirror remains the same.
2. Mirror image with respect to y-axis: In this case, image of P (x,y) becomes P (-x,y). Thus, to find the image of any point with respect to y-axis, we keep the y-coordinate same and sign of x-coordinate gets changed.

Activity Time

1. The same activity can be performed for other figures like quadrilaterals, triangles, stars or any polygon.
2. Draw the mirror image of the figure shown, in the second quadrant by plotting different corner points of figure.
   

Viva Voce

Question 1.
What is cartesian system ?
Answer:
A cartesian system consists of x-axis and y-axis in a plane.

Question 2.
What is ordinate ?
Answer:
Distance of a point in a plane from the x-axis is known as ordinate.

Question 3.
(1,3) lies in first quadrant, what is the image of this point in II quadrant.
Answer:
(-1,3).

Question 4.
What is the image of the (-1, -5) in IV quadrant ?
Answer:
(1,-5).

Question 5.
What is the image of (3, -5) is I quadrant ?
Answer:
(3,5)

Question 6.
Give one point which lies on x-axis ?
Answer:
(3,0) or (-5,0).

Question 7.
Give one point which lies on y-axis ?
Answer:
(0,7) or (0,-8)

Question 8.
Whatis the main use of cartesian system?
Answer:
To locate the position of a point in the plane.

Question 9.
What type of graph do you get for x = 2 ?
Answer:
A straight line parallel to y-axis at the distance of 2 unit from origin.

Question 10.
Write x = -5 in two variable form.
Answer:
0.y + 1.x = -5.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Mention the quadrant in which (1,-1) lie:
(i) II
(ii) III
(iii) IV
(iv) none of these

Question 2.
Which of the given coordinates A(-1,0), B(0,2) lie on x-axis ?
(i) A(-1,0)
(ii) B(0,2)
(iii) neither A nor B
(iv) both A and B

Question 3.
Which of the given coordinates C(3,0), D(0, -5) lie on y-axis ?
(i) D(0-5)
(ii) C(3,0)
(iii) both D and C
(iv) neither C nor D

Question 4.
The origin (0,0) lie on which axis ?
(i) y-axis
(ii) x-axis
(iii) both axis
(iv) neither x-axis nor y-axis

Question 5.
Which of the points A(5, 4), B(-5, 0), C(0, -4), D(5, -3) do not lie in any quadrant ?
(i) B(-5,0)
(ii) B and C
(iii) C and D
(iv) none of these

Question 6.
Write the coordinates of a point lying onj/-axis at a distance of 5 units.
(i) (0,5)
(ii) (5,0)
(iii) (5,5)
(iv) none of these

Question 7.
Write the coordinates of a point lying on x-axis to the left of origin at a distance of 2 units.
(i) (2,-2)
(ii) (0,2)
(iii) (-2,0)
(iv) none of these

Question 8.
In which quadrant will the point lie, if the ordinate is 3 and abscissa is-4?
(i) II
(ii)III
(iii) IV
(iv) I

Question 9.
What is the name of each part of the plane formed by x’-axis andj-axis ?
(i) Quadrant
(ii) octant
(iii) x-y plane
(iv) none of these

Question 10.
Write the abscissa and ordinate of (-3,4) :
(i) abscissa = 4, ordinate = -3
(ii) abscissa = -3, ordinate = 4
(iii) abscissa = 7, ordinate = 1
(iv) none of these

Answers

1. (iii)
2. (i)
3. (i)
4. (iii)
5. (ii)
6. (i)
7. (iii)
8. (i)
9. (i)
10. (ii)

Math Lab ManualMath Labs with ActivityMath LabsScience LabsScience Practical Skills

A Biographical Sketch is an account of the life and activities of a person. It would include information about the person, his/her name, place of residence, education, occupation, life and activities, as well as other important details. It is the story of the person, always written by someone else and never by the person about whom it is written.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 6 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other

Bio-sketch for Class 6 CBSE Format, Exercises, Examples PDF

Fundamental:
A biography tells the story of a person’s character, life and achievements.

• A biographical sketch is shorter and much more specific.
• We may define a biographical sketch as the description of a person, his physical appearance, work, temperament, habits,
  achievements and other salient traits.
• A bio-sketch is always written by someone else except the person on whom it is written. It includes a person’s age,
• education, profession, disposition and attributes.
• It presents facts about a person’s life and provides an overview of the life of the person.
• It is usually written in the third person.

Bio-sketch for Class 6 CBSE Sample Example With Answer

Poonam has joined your school recently. She is your classmate. Write her biographical sketch in about 80-100 words with the help of the points given below.
a. Age: 12 years
b. School: DAV Public School, Delhi
c. Appearance: Tall, fair and pretty
d. Family background: Lives with parents in Delhi. Has a younger sister named, Radhika. Her father works at a motorbike company.
e. Languages known: German, English and Hindi
f. Hobbies: Cricket and travelling
g. Fond of: Listening to music
Answer:
Poonam is 12 years old. Our school’s name is DAV Public School which is in Delhi. She is tall, fair and pretty. She lives with her parents in the city. She has a younger sister named Radhika. Her father works at a motorbike company. She can speak German, Hindi and English. Her hobbies are playing Cricket and travelling and she is fond of listening to music.

Bio-sketch for Class 6 CBSE Practice Example

A. Using the hints given below, write the biographical sketch of your grandmother.

• Umadevi
• 70 years
• Complete white hair
• Slightly hunched back
• Always counting beads of her rosary
• Feeds birds and dogs
• Very religious and kind to all

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

B. Given below is a profile of Mr. Raj, the school gardener. Write a short bio-sketch of Mr. Raj in about 100 words.

• Age-around 50
• Height/weight-six feet/75 kg., solid built
• Family-large-six children: four boys, two girls
• Education-Middle school
• His likes/dislikes-plants, nursery, organic manure
• Why he is popular/unpopular-believes children are like young saplings.

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

English grammar has hundred of thousands of words. Everyone can be placed into at least one of eight groups or classifications. The system of classifying words based on their function is known as parts of speech. Noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection are the eight parts of speech.

Parts Of Speech Exercises for Class 6 Format, Examples, Samples PDf

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 6 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

I.  The Noun

A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing.
Examples:

Ashoka was a great king.
The rose smells sweet.
The sun shines bright.
I sit on the chair.
This is my pen.
India is a vast country.
Mount Everest is the highest peak.
Ramesh is my brother.
I always speak the truth.
Honesty is the best policy.

All the words in italics are nouns.
The definition of noun includes:
(a)    all objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch or smell.
(b)    something that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the senses.

II.  The Pronoun

A Pronoun is a word, which is used instead of or in place of a noun. ‘
Examples:

Rita did not come as she was unwell.
The books are where you left them.
Umesh failed because he was careless.
The dress is on the table where I put it.
This is the cow, which gives us milk.

All the words in italics are pronouns.

III.  The Adjective

An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.
Examples:

Yuvraj is a brave boy.
My uncle gave me an expensive gift.
Reena is a good girl.
India is a great country.
Partho is an intelligent student.
She is poor but happy.

All the words in italics are adjectives.

IV.    The Verb

A Verb is a word used to express an action, performance or state.
Examples:

I bought a new book yesterday.
Nikhil goes to school daily.
Mumbai is a big city.
The sun rises in the east.
I saw an elephant yesterday.

All the words in italics are verbs.

V.    The Adverb

An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Examples:

He is a very good student.
She plays well.
He worked the sum quickly.
Surely you are mistaken.
Cut it lengthwise.

All the words in italics are adverbs.

VI.    The Preposition

The Preposition is a word or group of words used with a noun or pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.

Examples:

I had gone to Mumbai.
The book is on the table.
The cow sits under a tree.
He is fond of tea.
The boy ran across the road.

All the words in italics are prepositions.

VII.    The Conjunction

A Conjunction is a word which joins two words, sentences or clauses.
Examples:

Partho and Sharan came to our house.
Mohan is poor but honest.
She must weep or she will go mad.
Either take it or leave it.
It is neither useful nor ornamental.

All the words in italics are conjunctions.

VIII.    The Interjection

An Interjection is a word which expresses some sentiment or sudden feeling.
Examples:

Hurrah! we have won the match.
Alas! my uncle is dead.
Oh! it is you.
Bravo! you have done well.

All the words in italics are interjections.

Presentation:
Read the picture story.

Parts Of Speech Practice Exercises for Class 6 CBSE

A. Answer the following questions from the story above.
1. How much was the doctor’s fee? _____________
2. How much money was there in the wallet? _____________
3. Why did doctor not ready to accept fee in kind? _____________

B. Identify the parts of speech in the story above.
Noun _____________ Pronoun _____________ Verb _____________
Adjective _____________ Adverb _____________ Preposition _____________
Conjunction _____________ Interjection _____________

A. Choose the correct option to describe the part of speech in bold in the sentence.
1. They each found the books they wanted to buy.
a) noun ()
b) verb ()
c) pronoun ()
d) adjective ()

2. She quickly completed her experiment.

a) verb ()
b) adjective ()
c) preposition ()
d) adverb ()

3. Nitin solved the equation on paper.

a) preposition ()
b) adverb ()
c) adjective ()
d) noun ()

4. Rohit works best in his office.

a) preposition ()
b) interjection ()
c) pronoun ()
d) conjunction ()

5. Wow! Those look like very complicated plans!

a) conjunction ()
b) noun ()
c) interjection ()
d) adverb ()

6. Ditya is practicing for her concert tomorrow.

a) pronoun ()
b) adverb ()
c) preposition ()
d) noun ()

7. That backpack looks very heavy!

a) adverb ()
b) noun ()
c) adjective ()
d) conjunction ()

B. Write whether the word in bold works as a verb or a noun in the sentence.

1. Julie and Mohit work at the radio station.

This is a: _____________

2. Can you please go over there?

This is a: _____________

3. Those fancy clothes really suit him.

This is a: _____________

4. We heard a loud cry of happiness when the graduation ceremony ended.

This is a: _____________

5. Mr. Tandon will do more work after lunch.

This is a: _____________

6. We are playing hide and seek. Is it my turn to search or to hide?

This is a: _____________

7. Radhika made a big jump into the pile of leaves.

This is a: _____________

8. Follow me. I will show you to your table.

This is a: _____________

9. We must pack all the toys before we send them to the customers.

This is a: _____________

10. He is looking at a point in the distance.

This is a: _____________

C. A word is missing in each sentence. Use the part of speech given in brackets to complete each sentence.

1. Gautam is running his pajamas.

(Preposition)
__________________________

2. Isha reads books.

(Adjective)
__________________________

3. Veena a really terrible gift.

(Verb)
__________________________

4. She is the tennis player on her team.

(Adjective)
__________________________

5. She knows a lot cutting hair.

(Preposition)
__________________________

6. Her scooter is new, she really likes it.

(Conjunction)
__________________________

7. Mohit is going to history class.

(Pronoun)
__________________________

8. He does not really like the tie I gave him.

(Adjective)
__________________________

9. Will you work in your garden?

(Adverb)
__________________________

10. Riding a motorcycle can be dangerous, he always wears a helmet.

(Conjunction)
__________________________

D. Look at the word in bold. Which part of speech is it?

1. I like ice-cream. ____________
2. Deepak is moving to France. ____________
3. The cat keeps fighting with the dog. ____________
4. Hey, this is mine! ____________
5. He bought a new hat and a new shirt. ____________
6. She handled it very smoothly. ____________
7. This is the most beautiful view I have ever seen. ____________
8. You should be able to fix it. ____________
9. Obviously, you will not be alone. ____________
10. Hi, it’s good to see you. ____________
11. Reading is important. ____________
12. This is for you. ____________
13. He is the best in the area. ____________
14. He probably hates himself now. ____________
15. He is good looking, but is he smart? ____________
16. I am ready. ____________

A report is a factual description of an issue or a problem. A report is written for a clear purpose and for a particular audience. Various forms of reports are: newspaper reports, inquiry reports, progress or action taken report, a police report, a report of a meeting, etc., each having a distinct character and format.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 6 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other

Report Writing Class 6 Format, Examples, Topics, Samples, Types

What is Report Writing?
A report is a short, sharp, concise document which is written for a particular purpose and audience.

It generally sets out and analyses a situation or problem, often making recommendations for future action.

It is a factual description, and needs to be clear and well-structured. Reporters write about newsworthy occurrences such as political rallies, visits of celebrities, business closings, accidents, foreign affairs, crime, education, health, sports, theatre and religions.

Components of Report Writing:
The main components of a report writing include (1) the heading which should be catchy and attention-grabbing, (2) the introductory paragraph which introduces the topic about which the report is written, (3) the body which contains detailed information about the event discussed in the report followed by a conclusion which concludes the story in a logical manner. (4) The conclusion should be convincing and must make adequate for making recommendations.

Focus:

1. The reports relating to current events are more appealing since it holds the interest of the reader.
2. The report should always be written in past tense.
3. Report should always be clear and concise.
4. It is idealto put all relevant information in the summary as most of the readers prefer to read only summary section.
5. While preparing a report make sure that you use active voice rather than passive.

Sections of Report Writing:

• First section should contain the title, name of the writer, place and date.
• Next section would be the body of the report.
• Here the first sentence should state the purpose of the report so that the reader is quite clear what is the report all about.
• In simple terms, it explains what the problem statement is.
• All the information should be organised in a logical manner in short paragraphs.
• Once the problem statement is clear, we need to explain the information, which we had collected from the analysis we had done.
• Next step of report writing is to validate the information on data, we can give some facts and figures.
• Finally we should suggest on how to mitigate the problem.

Report Writing Class 6 CBSE Sample Example With Answer

You are Ankit, staff reporter of a national daily. You were asked to cover a District Science Exhibition. Write a report mentioning all relevant details.

Science holds India’s future – Kalam
(by Ankit)

Agra, Sep 20.
It is science that holds the destiny of India’s future says Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Inaugurating a science exhibition in one of the schools here, Dr. Kalam said that students will have to study science for its own sake and not for becoming a doctor or an engineer. “The development of the country much depends on the Scientists who could help to solve problems faced by the nation in different fields.” The dream of every citizen to see India as a super power will soon be fulfilled if the students’ energy and enthusiasm are properly channeled.

The exhibition was organised under the aegis of Lion’s Club of Agra. Earlier during the day, he visited an orphanage and spoke to the children for over an hour and had lunch with them.

Report Writing Class 6 CBSE Practice Example

A. Write a news report on a road accident that you witnessed.
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CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Nature and Significance of Management

MANAGEMENT

Management: Definition
Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups efficiently and effectively accomplish selected goals.

Objectives of Management

1. Organizational Objectives:
   • Survival
   • Profit
   • Growth
2. Social Objectives. For example:
   • Use eco-friendly methods
   • Generate employment opportunities
3. Personal Objectives. For example:
   • Fair wages and salary
   • Good working conditions
   • Growth prospects

Effectiveness: Definition
According to Koontz, “Effectiveness means doing the right thing.” It means taking correct decisions and actions in every situation to achieve the targets.

Importance of Management

1. Management helps in achieving group goals.
2. Management increases efficiency of the employees.
3. Management creates a dynamic organization.
4. Management helps in achieving personal objectives.
5. Management helps in the development of society.

Features of Management

1. Management is goal oriented as it seeks to integrate the efforts of different individuals towards the accomplishment of both organizational and individual goals.
2. Management is pervasive as it is applicable to all types of organizations (economic, social and political), all sizes of organization (small, medium and large) and at all levels of management (top, middle and lower).
3. Management is multidimensional as it involves three dimensions namely:
   • Management of work i.e. to translate the work in terms of goals to be achieved and to assign the means to achieve it.
   • Management of people, which implies dealing with employees as individuals with diverse needs and also as a group of people.
   • Management of operations, in order to ensure the conversion of inputs into desired outputs for consumption.
4. Management is a continuous process as it is a series of continuous, composite, but separate functions i.e. planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling to be performed simultaneously all the time till an organization exists.
5. Management is a group activity requiring team work and coordination of the efforts of the diverse individuals in a common direction.
6. Management is a dynamic function as a business operates in an ever changing environment and this necessitates a constant review and revision of its goals and operations so as to adapt itself effectively to these changes.
7. Management is an intangible force which cannot be seen but the good quality of management is reflected through various indicators like achievement of goals, satisfaction among employees etc.

Functions of Management

1. Managment as a process contains a series of interrelated and interdependent functions namely,
   planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling.
2. Planning relates to determining in advance what is to be done and who is to do it.
3. Organizing is the process of bringing together human, physical and financial resources and establishing productive relations among them for the purpose of achieving the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
4. Staffing involves manning the organizational structure in order to fill in the roles designed into the structure.
5. Directing involves leading, influencing and motivating employees to perform the tasks assigned to them.
6. Controlling is the management function of ensuring that events conform to plans.

 

Functions of Levels of Management

Nature of Management
Management as an Art	Management as a Science	Management as a Profession
Art is the skilful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired results.	Science is a systematized body of knowledge that explains certain general truths.	Profession is an economic activity which requires specialized knowledge and skill.
Features of Art / Evaluation of Management as an Art:	Features of Science / Evaluation of Management as a Science:	Features of Profession / Evaluation of Management as a Profession:
1.Existence of theoretical knowledge: Management fulfills this criterion as there exist a number of theories and principles on management which have been formulated by various management experts.	1.Systematized body of knowledge: Management, like Science, is also a well- defined body of knowledge containing a number of theories and principles formulated by various management experts	1.Well defined body of knowledge: Management fulfills this criterion as it includes a set of theories and principles formulated by various management experts.

 

	Nature of Management
Management as an Art	Management as a Science	Management as a Profession
2.Personalized application: Management fulfills this criterion as a good manager works through a combination of practice, creativity, imagination, initiative and innovation.	2. Principles based on experimentation: Like the principles of pure science, the principles of management are also based on personal observation and tested through repeated experimentation.	2. Restricted entry: Unlike other professions, management as a profession does not fulfill this criteria as anyone can be called a manager regardless of his/her academic qualifications.
3. Based on practice and creativity: Management fulfills this criterion as a person becomes a better manager with constant practice and experience. This also leads to emergence of different styles of management.	3. Universal validity: Unlike the scientific principles, the principles of management lack universal validity as it deals with human behavior which is complex in nature. Different people react differently to the same situation and therefore their behavior cannot be predicted with accuracy.	3. Professional association: Several management associations exist today. However, unlike other professions, it is not necessary to be a member of such an association to become a manager. 4.Ethical code of conduct: All professions are bound by a code of conduct which guides the behavior of its members.
		5. Service motive: Like other professionals, a good management ensures that it serves both the objectives of profit maximisation and social welfare effectively through its existence.
Conclusion – Management is a complete art.	Conclusion – Management is a social science.	Conclusion – Management does not meet the exact criteria of a profession.

COORDINATION

Coordination: Definition
Coordination is the process of integrating the individual and group efforts in pursuit of common goals.

Importance of Coordination

1. Growth in size: With the growth in the size of an organisation, there is a proportionate increase in the number of its employees.So there is a greater need to unify the efforts of diverse individuals towards the realisation of organisational goals.
2. Functional differentiation: As a result of functional differentiation in an organisation, its people and activities get divided into It facilitates the achievement of desired objectives with minimum conflicts by providing the necessary amount, quality, timing and sequence of efforts.small departments on the basis of functions like marketing, finance etc. Therefore, there is a need to reconcile the goals pursued by each of the departments with the goals of the organisation as a whole.
3. Specialisation: More number of specialists are deployed in the present day organizations keeping in mind the need for specialisation due to greater complexity and diversity in their way of functioning. In order to integrate the different approaches, interests or opinion of the specialists and resolve conflicts between them, coordination is essential

Features of Coordination:

1. It integrates group efforts into purposeful work activity.
2. It ensures unity of action as it acts as a binding force between and among departments.
3. It is a continuous on-going process as it is required till an organisation exists.
4. It is all pervasive as it is required at all levels of management.
5. It is the responsibility of all managers however the scope of their operations varies.
6. It is a deliberate function.

Coordination – The Essence of Management:

1. Although sometimes coordination is considered a separate function of management, it is the essence of management. It helps in creating harmony among individual efforts towards the realization of group goals.
2. It is the force that binds all the other functions of management.
3. It is the common thread that runs through all organizational activities like production, marketing, finance etc. to ensure continuity in the business operations.
4. It prevails through all the functions of management starting from the planning stage itself. The organizational structure is developed in line with the plans. The staffing function is carried out in accordance with the organizational structure. The directing function is performed by guiding, inspiring and motivating employees in the desired manner. The controlling function helps to take care of any discrepancies between actual and planned activities.
5. If facilities the achievement of desired objectives with minimum conflicts by providing the necessary amount, quality, timing and sequence of efforts.

MIND MAP

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Ashutosh Goenka was working in ‘Axe Ltd.’, a company manufacturing air purifiers. He found that the profits has started declining from the last six months. Profit has an implication for the survival of the firm, so he analysed the business environment to find out the reasons for this decline.

1. Identify the level of management at which Ashutosh Goenka was working.
2. State three other functions being performed by Ashutosh Goenka.

Answer:
Ashutosh Goenka was working at top level of management. The three functions being performed by him at this level are outlined below:

1. He is responsible for formulating the overall organizational goals and strategies.
2. He is responsible for all the business activities and its impact on society.
3. He has to coordinate the activities of different departments in pursuit of common goals.

Question 2:
Rishitosh Mukerjee has recently joined AMV Ltd, a company manufacturing refrigerators. He found that his department was under-staffed and other departments were not cooperating with his deparment for smooth functioning of the organisation. Therefore, he ensured that his department has the required number of employees and its cooperation with other deparments is improved.

1. Idenfity the level at which Rishitosh Mukerjee was working.
2. Also, state three more functions required to be performed by Rishitosh Mukerjee at
   this level.

Answer:
Rishitosh Mukerjee is working at middle level of the management. The three more functions that he has to perform at this level are stated below:

1. He has to assign duties and responsibilities to the people in his department.
2. He has to motivate the people in his department to achieve the desired objectives.
3. He has to interpret the policies framed by top management.

Question 3:
Sridhar’s father is working as a section in-charge in a government office. Identify the level of management at which he is working? State any five functions that he has to perform at this level.
Answer:
Sridhar’s father is working as a section in-charge in a government office. He is working at the lower level of management.
He has to perform the following functions at this level of management:

1. He has to directly oversee the efforts of the workforce.
2. He has to serve as a link between the workers and middle level managers.
3. He has to ensure sufficient availability of resources and good quality of output.
4. He has to provide guidance and training to workers.
5. He has to ensure that good working conditions are provided to the workers.

Question 4:
Mega Ltd. manufactured water-heaters. In the first year of its operations, the revenue earned by the company was just sufficient to meet its costs. To increase the revenue, the company analysed the reasons behind the less revenues. After analysis, the company decided:

1. to reduce the labour costs by shifting the manufacturing unit to a backward area where labour was available at a very low rate.
2. to start manufacturing solar water-heaters and reduce the production of electric water- heaters slowly.

This will not only help in covering the risks but also help in meeting other objectives.

1. Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above.
2. State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to society.

Answer:

1. The objectives of management discussed above are:
   • Organisational objectives: An organisation strives to achieve multiple organizational objectives in the interest of its stakeholders like owners, employees etc.The main organizational objectives are survival, profit and growth.
   • Social Objectives: It is the obligation of every organisation to undertake such activities which will benefit the society at large like using eco-friendly methods, contributing towards weaker sections of the society, generating employment opportunities, promoting literacy etc.
2. The two values that the company wanted to communicate to the society are:
   • Rural development
   • Environment sustainability

Question 5:
XYZ Power Ltd. set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a remote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was sufficient to cover the costs and the risks. As the demand of lanterns was increasing day- by-day, the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. For this/they decided to employ people from a nearby village as very few job opportunities were available in that area. The company also decided to open schools and creches for the children of its employees.

1. Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above.
2. State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society.

Answer:

1. The objectives of management discussed above are:
   •  Organisational objectives: An organisation strives to achieve multiple organizational objectives in the interest of its stakeholders like owners, employees etc. The main organisational objectives are survival, profit and growth.
   • Social Objectives: It is the obligation of every organisation to undertake such activities which will benefit the society at large like using eco-friendly methods, contributing towards weaker sections of the society, generating employment opportunities, promoting literacy etc.
2. The two values that the company wanted to communicate to the society are:
   • Rural development
   • Promoting literacy

Question 6:
Your grandfather has retired as the Director of a manufacturing company. At what level of management was he working? What functions do you think he was performing at that level? State any two,
Answer::
Since he has retired from the post of Director of a manufacturing company, he was working at the top level of management.
The main functions that he was performing at this level are outlined below:

1. He was responsible for the success and failure of the organization.
2. He was responsible for all the business activities and its impact on society.
3. He had to coordinate the activities of different departments in pursuit of common goals.

Question 7:
Ritu is the manager of the northern division of a large corporate house. At what level does she work in the organisation? What are her basic functions?
OR
Your grandfather has retired from an organisation in which he was responsible for implementing the plans developed by the top management. At which level of management was he working? State one more function performed at this level.
OR
Deepak’s father has retired as a purchase manager of a company. At what level of management was he working? What function do you think he was performing at that level of management?
OR
Dheeraj is working as an Operations Manager in Tifco Ltd. Name the managerial level at which he is working. State any four functions he will perform as the Operations Manager in this company.
OR
Rajat is working as a Regional Manager in Tifco Ltd. Name the level at which he is working. State any four functions he will perform as the Regional Manager in this company.
Answer::
Ritu / grandfather / Deepak’s father / Deeraj / Rajat, all of them are working at the middle level of management.
The four functions that he will have to perform at this level are stated below:

1. He has to ensure that his department has the necessary staff.
2. He has to assign duties and responsibilities to the people in his department.
3. He has to motivate the people in his department to achieve the desired objectives.
4. He has to co-operate with the other departments for ensuring smooth functioning of the organization.

Question 8:
Vaibhav Garments Ltd/s target is to produce 10,000 shirts per month at a cost of ?150 per shirt. The production manager could achieve this target at the cost of ?160 per shirt. Do you think the production manager is effective? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Yes, the production manager of Vaibhav Garments Ltd. is effective as he could achieve the target to produce 10,000 shirts in a month.

Question 9:
Mr. Nitin Singhania’s father has a good business of iron and steel. He wants to go to the USA for his MBA but his father thinks that he should join the business. On the basis of emerging- trends, do you think that Mr. Singhania should send his son to the USA? Give any three reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, according to me, Mr. Singhania should send his son to USA for his MBA because management is being recognised as a profession to a great extent because of the following reasons:

1. Well defined body of knowledge: Management is considered to be a well-defined body of knowledge that can be acquired through instructions. As a separate discipline, it contains a set of theories and principles formulated by various management experts. Moreover, it is taught in various schools and colleges all over the world.
2. Ethical code of conduct: Management, in practice, like other professions, is bound by a code of conduct which guides the behaviour of its members. Therefore, acquiring a degree in management will equip him with the good managerial,, skills and approach.
3. Service motive: A good management course will provide him an insight into the multiple goals that an organisation should pursue. This knowledge will help him to serve both the objectives of profit maximization and social welfare effectively for his company.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Jayant is working as Head Relationship Manager in the wealth management division of a private sector bank. He has created an internal environment which is conducive to an effective and efficient performance of his team of ten relationship management executive” A typical day at work in Jay ant’s life consists of a series of interrelated and continue functions. He decides the targets for his department which are in line with the objectives of the organization as a whole. The future course of action for his team members is laid out well in advance. The various resources required by the relationship managers like an iPad with GPS system, account opening forms, brochures, details of account holders etc. are made readily available to them. The executives are given sufficient authority to carry out the work assigned to them. Jayant works in close coordination with the Human Resource Manager in order to ensure that he is able to create and maintain a satisfactory and satisfied workforce in his department.Through constant guidance and motivation, Jayant inspires them to realise their full potential. He offers them various types of incentives from time to time keeping in view their diverse individual needs.Moreover, he keeps a close watch on their individual performances in order to ensure that they are in accordance with the standards set and takes corrective actions whenever needed.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the concept being referred to in the following line, “He has created an internal environment which is conducive to an effective and efficient performance of his team of ten relationship management executives.”
2. Identify and describe the various functions of the concept as identified in part (a) of the question by quoting lines from the paragraph.

Answer:

1. The concept of management is being referred to in the following line, “He has created an internal environment which is conducive to an effective and efficient performance of his team of ten relationship management executives.”
2. The various functions of the management concept mentioned in the above paragraph are listed below:
   • Planning: It is the function of determining in advance what is to be done and who is to do it.
     “He decides the targets for his department which are in line with the objectives of the organization as a whole. The future course of actions for the team members are laid out well in advance.”
   • Organising: Organising is the process of bringing together human, physical and financial resources and establishing productive relations among them for the purpose of achieving the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
     “The various resources required by the relationship managers like an iPad with GPS system, account opening forms, brochures, details of account holders etc. are made readily available to them. The executives are given sufficient authority to carry out the work assigned to them.”
   • Staffing: The managerial function of staffing involves manning the organisational structure in order to fill in the roles designed into the structure.
     “Jayant works in close coordination with the human resource manager in order to ensure that he is able to create and maintain a satisfactory and satisfied workforce in his department.”
   • Directing: Directing involves leading, influencing and motivating employees to
     perform the tasks assigned to them.
     “Through constant guidance and motivation, Jayant inspires them to realise their full potential. He offers them various types of incentives from time to time keeping in view their diverse individual needs.”
3. Controlling: Controlling is the management function of ensuring that events conform to plans.”Moreover, he keeps a close watch on their individual performances in order to ensure that they are in accordance with the standards set and takes corrective actions whenever needed.”

Question 2:
Sooraj works as a salesman in a company selling pet accessories and food. He has been given a target of selling 1200 units of the food packets in a month by offering a maximum of 10% discount to his customers. In order to meet his monthly sales target, on the last two days of the month, he offers 15% discount to his customers.
In the context of the above case:
Is Sooraj effective in his work? Explain by giving a suitable reason in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, Sooraj is effective in his work as he has been able to meet his monthly sales target of selling 1200 units of the food packets.

Question 3:
Sujata works as a designer in an export house. As per the terms of an order received by the export house, she has to get 1000 units of denim jackets made in 15 days @ ? 2000 per jacket. She is able to complete her target production in 20 days because in order to complete the order in 15 days she would have made the workers work over time. As a result, the cost of production per jacket may have increased by ? 100.
In the context of the above case:
Is Sujata efficient in her work? Explain by giving a suitable reason in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, Sujata is efficient in her work as she has been able to get 1000 units of denim jackets made @ ? 2000 per jacket.

Question 4:
Anju and Manju are good friends. Considering the fact that the activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organizations, after completing their masters in business management, both of them take up a job at managerial level in different organizations as per their individual areas of interest. Anju takes up a marketing job in a retail company and strives to increase sales whereas Manju joins an NGO and works diligently to realize its objective related to providing employment to specially abled persons. Both of them have to perform a series of continuous, composite, but separate functions. On some days, Anju may spend more time in planning a future display layout and on another day, she may spend time in sorting out an employee’s problem. Both Anju and Manju make conscious efforts to build a feeling of team spirit and coordination among diverse individuals with different needs who work under them. The effect of their management is noticeable in their respective departments as the targets are met according to plans, employees are happy and satisfied, and there is orderliness in its functioning rather than chaos.
In context of the above case:
Identify the various features of management highlighted in the above paragraph by quoting lines from it.
Answer:
The various features of management highlighted in the above paragraph are stated below:

1. Management is all pervasive: “Considering the fact that the activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organizations, after completing their masters in business management, both of them take up a job at managerial level in different organizations as per their individual areas of interest.”
2. Management is a goal-oriented process: “Anju takes up a marketing job in a retail company and strives to increase sales whereas Manju joins an NGO and works diligently to realize its objective related to providing employment to specially abled persons.”
3. Management is a continuous process: “Both of them have to perform a series of continuous, composite, but separate functions. Like on some days, Anju may spend more time in planning a future display layout and on another day, she may spend time in sorting out an employee’s problem.”
4. Management is a group activity: “Both Anju and Manju make conscious efforts to build a feeling of team spirit and coordination among diverse individuals with different needs who work under them.”
5. Management is an intangible force: “The effect of their management is noticeable in their respective departments as the targets are met according to plans, employees are happy and satisfied, and there is orderliness in its functioning rather than chaos.”

Question 5:
Real Alliance Ltd. is a well-known cement company in India. It is able to earn adequate revenues to cover costs. Its capital base, number of employees and production turnover has increased manifolds over the years. The rate of profitability of the business is also creditable. The employees of the company are happy and satisfied with their remuneration, working conditions, promotion policy etc. As a part of its moral obligation, the company has taken many initiatives for providing employment to specially abled persons and promoting literacy in the villages adopted by it.
In the context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the various types of objectives of management being fulfilled by Real Alliance Ltd by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. List any two values that Real Alliance Ltd. wants to communicate to the society.

Answer:
The various objectives of management being fulfilled by Real Alliance Ltd are stated below:

1. Organisational objectives: An organization strives to achieve multiple organisational objectives, mainly:
   • Survival: “It is able to earn adequate revenues to cover costs.”
   • Growth: “Its capital base, number of employees and production turnover has
     increased manifolds over the years.”
   • Profit: “The rate of profitability of the business is also creditable.”
2. Personal objectives: These objectives relate to the needs of the employees of the organization which must be given due consideration.
   “The employees of the company are happy and satisfied with their remuneration, working conditions, promotion policy etc.”
3. Social objectives: It is expected that every organization should undertake certain initiatives for the welfare of the society at large.
   “As a part of its moral obligation, the company has taken many initiatives for providing employment to specially abled persons and promoting literacy in the villages adopted by it.”
4. The two value that Real Alliance Ltd. wants to communicate to the society are:
   • Social welfare
   • Respect for their employees

Question 6:
Esha works as the cost and risk management head of a company in power sector. As a result of her excellent managerial competence, the company is able to reduce costs and increase productivity. The company belongs to infrastructure sector, wherein regular amendments are made in the government regulations and policies. She holds regular meetings to ensure that people in her department are not only aware of the related changes but are also able to adapt to these changes effectively. This helps the company to maintain its competitive edge. She motivates and leads her team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal goals while contributing to the overall organisational objective. In the process of fulfilling her duties for the growth of the organisation, she helps in providing competitive services, adopting new technology, creating more employment opportunities etc. for the greater good of the people at large.
In context of the above case:
Identify the various reasons that have made management so important by quoting lines from the paragraph.
Answer:
The various reasons mentioned in the above paragraph that have made management so important are stated below:

1. Management increases efficiency as it leads to reduction in costs due to optimum utilisation of resources.
   “As a result of her excellent managerial competence the company is able to reduce costs and increase productivity.”
2. Management creates a dynamic organisation so that it is able to incorporate the corresponding changes in its working with any change in its business environment.
   “The company belongs to infrastructure sector, wherein regular amendments are made in the government regulations and policies. She holds regular meetings to ensure that people in her department are not only aware of the related changes but are also able to adapt to these changes effectively. This helps the company to maintain its competitive edge.”
3. Management helps in achieving personal objectives of the employees in the organisation.
   “She motivates and leads her team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal goals while contributing to the overall organisational objective.”
   “The employees of the company are happy and satisfied with their remuneration, working conditions, promotion policy etc.”
4. Management helps in the development of society by contributing effectively towards it in multiple ways.”In the process of fulfilling her duties for the growth of the organization, she helps in providing competitive services, adopting new technology, creating more employment opportunities etc. for the greater good of the people at large.”

Question 7:
Ramarjuna joins an IT firm as a system analyst after completing his masters in Computer Science. As the nature of his work demands he has to work in very close coordination with all the departmental heads in the firm, very soon Ramarjuna realizes that each departmental head has own individual style of working. They differ greatly in their day-to-day approach to work. They tend to deal with a given situation, an issue or a problem through a combination of their own experience, creativity, imagination, initiative and innovation.
In the context of the above case:
Identify and explain the nature of management highlighted in the above case.
Answer:
In the above case, management is being considered as an art.
Art is the skillful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired results. The evaluation of management as an art is given below:

1. Existence of theoretical knowledge: Art presupposes the existence of certain knowledge. Management fulfills this criterion as there exist a number of theories and principles on management which have been formulated by various management experts.
2. Personalised applications: Art is a personalised concept. Management fulfills this criterion as a good manager works through a combination of his own experience, creativity, imagination, initiative and innovation to carry out the assigned work.
3. Based on practice and creativity: All art is practical. Management fulfills this criterion as a person becomes a better manager with constant practice and experience. This also leads to emergence of different styles of management.

S.No	Features of Art	Evaluation of Management as an Art
1.	Existence of theoretical knowledge	Fulfills this criterion
2.	Personalized applications	Fulfills this criterion
3.	Based on practice and creativity	Fulfills this criterion

Question 8:
Dharam is a well-known businessman in the field of publishing. He owes the success of his business to his own education in business management and his team of certified management consultants. Therefore, he decides to send both his children Danush and Damini abroad to acquire a degree in business management in their individual area of expertise. He feels that all over the world there is marked growth in management as a discipline, but still it is not considered to be a full-fledged profession for certain reasons.
In the context of the above case:

1. Explain the reasons because of which Dharam considers management as a discipline.
2. Critically examine the various reasons because of which management is not considered to be a full-fledged profession.

Answer:

1. Dharam considers management as a discipline because there exist a number of theories and principles on management which have been formulated by various management experts. It is taught in various schools and colleges, all over the world, as a separate subject of study.
2. Management is not considered to be a full-fledged profession because of the following reasons:
   • Restricted entry. Unlike management, the entry to the other professions is restricted through an examination or eligibility criteria like specific percentage in a particular degree or diploma. However, management as profession does not fulfill this criterion as anyone can be called a manager regardless of his/her academic qualifications.
   • Professional association: Unlike managers, all working professionals have to be a member of an affiliated professional association which regulates their entry, grants certificate of practice and formulates and enforces code of conduct. For example,the practicing lawyers have to be a member of Bar Council of India, the practicing doctors should have membership of All India Medical Association etc. However, in case of management, although there exist several management associations like the AIMA (All India Management Association), neither does it have any statutory backing nor is it mandatory for the practicing managers to a member of such associations.

Question 9:
Kartik joins a garment factory as a plant supervisor in Lucknow. He observes that the output of some workers is very low as compared to the standards set for their performance. On analyzing the reasons for the same, he finds out that a lot of time of the workers is wasted in getting the requisite materials issued from the store. Whereas on asking, the store keeper complains that there is no harmony in the working of the production department as a whole. Everyday the workers approach him at the last minute to procure different kinds of threads, laces, mirrors, buttons etc. If it is not available in the store then he has to place an order with the purchase officer. As a result, a lot of time of the workers is wasted. So, in order to integrate the various production activities, henceforth, Kartik ensures,that the store keeper is informed well three days in advance about the requisite material. Consequently, the store keeper is able to keep the materials ready for the workers every morning in accordance with their requirements.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the quality of management that Kartik has introduced in the working of the production department as a corrective measure to control the output of the workers.
2. State briefly any two points highlighting the importance of quality of management identified in part (a).

Answer:

1. Coordination is the quality of management that Kartik has introduced in the working of the production department as a corrective measure to control the output of the workers.
   Coordination is the process which helps to integrate the efforts of different individuals with diverse needs to secure a unity of action in the pursuit of common goals.
2. The two points highlighting the importance of coordination are stated below:
   • Growth in the size: With the growth in the size of an organisation, there is a proportionate increase in the number of its employees. So there is a greater need to unify the efforts of diverse individuals towards the realisation of organisational goals.
   • Functional differentiation: As a result of functional differentiation in an organization, its people and activities get divided into small departments on the basis of functions like marketing, finance etc. Since each such department tends to formulate its own objectives, policies etc., there is a need to reconcile the goals pursued by each of such departments with the goals of the organization as a whole.

Question 10:
Geetika is working in a private sector bank. One of her key function relates to the formulation of the overall organisational goals and strategies of the bank. Identify the level of management at which she is working? State any three other functions that she has to perform at this level.
Answer:
Geetika is working at the top level of management in the private sector bank. The three other functions that she has to perform at this level are outlined below:

1. She is responsible for the success and failure of the organisation.
2. She is responsible for all the business activities and its impact on society.
3. She has to coordinate the activities of different departments in pursuit of common goals.

Question 11:
Arundhati has been promoted to the post of Marketing Division Head of a soft drink company. Identify the level of management at which she will be working henceforth. State any four functions that she will have to perform at this level.
Answer:
Henceforth, Arundhati will be working at middle level of management.
The four functions that she will have to perform at this level are stated below:

1. She has to ensure that her department has the necessary staff.
2. She has to assign duties and responsibilities to the people in her department.
3. She has to motivate the people in her department to achieve the desired objectives.
4. She has to co-operate with the other departments for ensuring smooth functioning of the organization.

Question 12:
Ajay and Sanjay are childhood friends. Sanjay had lost his right hand in an accident in childhood. They meet after a long time in a restaurant. On being asked, Sanjay tells Ajay that he feels very discontented in managing his family business after the death of his father as it doesn’t match with his areas of interest. Ajay knows that Sanjay possess extraordinary skills in management although he hasn’t acquired any professional degree in management.
Therefore, he asks Sanjay to wind up his business in India and join him in his hotel business in Dubai as an Assistant Manager in Sales and Marketing Division.
In context of the above case:

1. Can Sanjay be deployed at the post of Assistant Manager in Sales and Marketing Division though he hasn’t acquired any professional degree in management? Explain by giving suitable justifications in support of your answer.
2. List any two values that are reflected in this act of Ajay.

Answer:

1. Yes, Sanjay can be deployed at the post of Assistant Manager in Sales and Marketing Division although he hasn’t acquired any professional degree in management as management is not considered to be a full-fledged profession because of the following reasons:
   • Restricted entry: Unlike management, the entry to the other professions is restricted through an examination or eligibility criteria like specific percentage in a particular degree or diploma. However, management as a profession does not fulfill this criteria as anyone can be called a manager regardless of his/her academic qualifications.
   • Professional association: Unlike managers, all working professionals have to be a member of an affiliated professional association which regulates their entry, grants certificate of practice and formulates and enforces code of conduct. For example, the practicing lawyers have to be a member of Bar Council of India, the practicing doctors should have membership of All India Medical Association etc. However, in case of management, although there exist several management association like the AIMA (All India Management Association), neither does it have any statutory backing nor is it mandatory for the practicing managers to a member of such associations.
2. The two values that are reflected in this act of Ajay are:
   • Compassion
   • Responsibility.

Case Studies in Business StudiesBusiness Studies Case StudiesBusiness StudiesCommerce

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other

Poster Writing for Class 7 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics Pdf

Fundamentals:

What is Poster Making?
A poster is a large printed picture, notice or advertisement, designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface for public display.

Usually, posters include both textual and graphical elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text.
There are varieties of posters such as propaganda and political posters, movie posters, event posters, pin-up posters, affirmation posters, educational posters, classroom posters, etc.

A poster should have the following features:

• A brief communication, a compelling visual and a powerful message.
• It should be very attractive and easily readable from a certain distance.
• A poster should clearly mention the theme or the topic, the schedule of the event, the venue of the event and it should focus on help or action, warning or caution, appeal for awareness, invitation, etc.
• In a nutshell a poster should include theme/topic/event, purpose and occasion, date, time and place, message of appeal, awareness, caution, warning, invitation, catchy slogans and captions, name of the organisation or individual issuing the poster and other necessary details.

Steps in making a good poster

• Collect the necessary materials (white paper, colour pencils etc.).
• Mark the places for heading, body and footer.
• Make a heading with light lines.
• Make footer with light strokes.
• Fill in the middle with light strokes.
• Rework the light strokes using color pencils – etc.
• Catchy slogans must be added to appeal the masses.
• To make it attractive in case you are not drawing pictures.

Poster Making Exercises With Answers for Class 7 CBSE

Poster Making Sample Question – 1

1. Your school is organising a Blood Donation Camp. Prepare a poster for your school notice board with a catchy heading.

Tips on making good posters

• Use big letters so that people can read it easily.
• Don’t challenge people’s eyes by clustering information.
• Balance the placement of text and graphics, making it visually attractive.
• Spell check and proofread thoroughly.

Donate Blood, Save Lives!
Donate your precious blood at:
The New Era School Donation Camp
on: 25th. September, 2017
from: 10:00 a.m f© 4:00 p.m.
Venue: New Era public school, B – Block, janakpuri. New Delhi.
Important Features include:
Trained Medical Staff
Free Checkup of B.P.
Issue of Donor Cards
Donate your precious blood today, you might need it one day!

Blood donation camp organized by. The New Era School in association with the Indian Red Cross association

Poster Making Sample Question – 2

2. Prepare a poster on Global Warming.

Poster Making Exercise for Class 7

1. Prepare a poster on ‘Save Girl Child’.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. Prepare a poster on ‘Smoking is Injurious to Health’.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Articles are written to give information in a wide range of contexts for magazines or newspapers. They are a relatively long and sustained piece of writing. They give information on a variety of themes such as describing an event, person, someone’s life and actions, places, and experiences. They can also be an expression of the writer’s opinions on topics of social interest or arguments for or against a topic and they often offer suggestions.

Looking for an easy way to learn English Grammar? then you are in right place. Here we providing basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc…

Article Writing Topics for Class 11 CBSE Format, Examples Pdf

A composition is a written attempt to describe an event, an experience, a thing or a fact. It may contain the views, ideas and opinions of the writer on a topic of general interest. The thought stimuli may be visual or verbal but it must be vividly apprehended.

Students have to observe certain limits of words, time and even space. They are supposed to write their compositions in about 150-200 words expressing their views or the descriptive/ narrative note content of the subject mentioned. Hence, they are advised not to exceed the given word limit. Students have to combine information with their own opinions, suggestions, etc.

Hence you are advised to give your own point of view rather than reproducing hackneyed, expected opinions and ideas.
The composition, whether it be an article, a report, a speech, a description, or a narration, should be meaningful, brief, to the point and couched in a simple and grammatically correct language. For the benefit of the students, examples—exercises have been arranged in the following order:

(A) Article Writing

1. Verbal Input
2. Visual Input

(B) Speech Writing

1. Verbal Input
2. Visual Input

(C) Report Writing—3rd person point of view or
(D) Recounting experience/incident in the writer’s life

While writing a composition keep the following points in mind:

1. Study carefully the hints/points given in verbal input.
2. Arrange the given hints in the order you want to develop them for the article.
3. Organise the points properly. Add your own ideas.
4. Arrange the points in a logical order.
5. Put them under different main headings.
6. Add sub-points to the main points.
7. Develop each point in a systematic or logical manner.
8. Substantiate your arguments if you are writing on a debatable point.
9. Introduce the topic, main idea/issue in the first few sentences.
10. End your composition with a proper conclusion on the topic/issue.

Article Writing Format CBSE Class 11

Failure and success are part of life. Failures show us our weaknesses and help us to achieve success by conquering them. Write an article on ‘Failure is a Stepping Stone to Success’in 150 – 200 words. You are Girish/Garima.

Article Writing Examples with Answers Class 11 CBSE

Question 1.
You are Rachana/Rakesh. You have been asked to write an article for your school magazine titled ‘The Sights and Sounds of Our City’. You decide to observe a busy street in the main shopping area to collect material for your article. You note the following: —quiet in the morning—crowded in the afternoon—housewives out shopping—vehicular traffic—noise—vendors occupying pavements—stray cattle on the road—evening—lights transform the scene-people out for strolling—eating.
Write your article in 150-200 words using the above notes and your own ideas.
Answer:

THE SIGHTS AND SOUNDS OF OUR CITY
(by Rachana/Rakesh)

Railway Road of our city is a very busy street. It has shops, eating places and residential accommodation above the shops. The pavements on either side are occupied by the vendors. There are small kiosks of ‘pan-wallahs’ and the ironing man. The cobblers, vegetable sellers and cheap ready-made clothes sellers sit on the ground in front of the shops. Thus the wide road is reduced to a narrow lane.
There is peace and quietness in the morning as there is very little activity in the market. Children and adults are busy at home. The street comes to life as the day advances and the shops start opening. By 11 o’clock the street begins to hum with activities. People from villages start pouring in for shopping. Afternoons are busier as local housewives also go for shopping. As early evening approaches, more vegetable and fruit vendors appear. The scene is transformed with the switching on of lights. The atmosphere becomes bright, gay and festive. Well-dressed people can be seen shopping for children and visiting restaurants. It is indeed a time for family outing. Roads are crowded as people start coming back from offices, factories and outstations. The only blemish in this street is that stray cattle—cows, buffaloes, dogs, pigs and monkeys—wander freely on the road and cause inconvenience to all.

Question 2.
You are Sameer / Sameera, a student of Class XI-A. Clean drinking water is important for health. Write an article in 150-200 words for your school magazine about the importance of clean drinking water for a healthy life.
Answer:

Clean Drinking Water Important For Health
by Sameera,
Class XI-A

We are well aware how important clean drinking water is for a healthy life. It should be particularly free from any contamination with sewerage water, as this can cause a variety of water-borne diseases. These can be typhoid, cholera or dysentery if contaminated water is consumed. In serious cases, this may result in long-term diseases like jaundice. No wonder that many suppliers of water make a living out of this!

Our water supply organisations like the Jal Boards and Municipalities should ensure that clean drinking water is supplied to all homes through a water pipeline connection. Any leakage in the pipelines must be repaired without delay to prevent contamination.

Under no circumstances should sewer water be allowed to mix wiifi water going to household taps. The filtration plants of the water supply utilities must function properly and their storage tanks must be cleaned periodically to ensure that the consumers of water do not fall ill. Let us all join to help them in this noble endeavour.

Article Writing Examples for Class 11 CBSE Pdf with Answers

Question 1.
We cannot imagine life without our mobile phones, TV sets and other modern gadgets. Write an article on ‘Role of Modern Gadgets’in 150-200 words. You are Rashi/Rishi.
Answer:

ROLE OF MODERN GADGETS IN OUR LIFE
by Rishi

It is difficult to imagine a life without modern gadgets. Gadgets are electronically simplified applications that have been designed to make our life simple and convenient. The gadgets over the years have gained so much popularity and wide use that today they have become an integral part of our lives and it is difficult to go through a day without the help of these gadgets. Every day new gadgets are launched in the market with the sole purpose of serving us and we become proud to own a few of these. Gadgets are very important for a modern family where both husband and wife are working and do not have much time at their disposal. Gadgets come to their rescue and save a lot of time.

On the flip side, gadgets are responsible for making people engrossed in them’and forgetting social etiquette. Today we find that teens go berserk over the gadgets and whenever they find something new, they don’t get peace till they are able to check out the features in it. It is good to use gadgets in our lives, but to a certain limit only, and everyone must spend some quality time with family members instead of being engrossed in mobiles or watching TV.

Question 2.
Every activity that man indulges in creates pollution and waste of some kind. In fact, the need of the hour is to reduce pollution in all possible ways. Write an article on the topic ‘Reducing Pollution-Need of the Hour’in 150-200 words. You are Brinda, an environmentalist.
Answer:

Reducing Pollution—Need Of The Hour
by Brinda, Environmentalist

Pollution is contamination of land, water and air. It is increasing daily due to human activities performed in day-to-day life in order to live conveniently. But this gradually leads to the dangerous depletion of the environment. Plastic used by man is a big nuisance because it causes pollution. Plastic never decays. If we burn it, it pollutes the air we breathe. If we dump it in rivers or the sea, it pollutes the water and kills marine life. Chemical fertilisers are another source of pollution of land and water.

In order to check pollution, the polluted effluents from factories should be treated suitably before being disposed off in water bodies. Plastic and other materials should be recycled wherever possible. New techniques should be adopted in motor vehicles to reduce pollution from engine exhausts. We should use environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and other public places.

To trap solid particulate matter emitted by chimneys, appropriate filters should be used. Lofty smokestacks should be built. Gases should be discharged through exhaust pipes higher in the air. Chemical industries should not be allowed to be set up on the banks of rivers.

In view of the great danger to mankind, many countries in the world including India have passed laws to prevent pollution. But it has been seen that anti-pollution laws are not being obeyed rigorously, pushing pollution up to new levels.

Question 3.
Write an article for a newspaper in 150-200 words on the topic ‘The Problem of Unemployment in India.’Your are Nayan/Namita.
Answer:

The Problem Of Unemployment In India
by Namita

The problem of unemployment in India means the problem of providing work to those who are willing to work. A large number of educated and uneducated people, who are capable of working and are also willing to do it, roam here and there without any job. So, the problem has assumed an acute form.

The population is increasing by leaps and bounds, leaving a large section of the people unemployed. Even highly educated persons fail to get employment in India.

The economic and educational policy of the country should thus be reframed. Avenues for employment for the abundant labour should be provided by encouraging entrepreneurship. Besides this, stress must be laid on family planning. Every effort must be made to check the rapid rise in population. More stress should be laid on technical and vocational education.

Our country can advance economically, politically or socially only when the unemployment problem is solved. Frustration, drug addiction, even suicides, are by and large the evil results of unemployment.

Unrest and disorder has increased in society. It is, therefore, the duty of the government to make every possible effort to solve this problem.

Question 4.
Incidents of child abuse are on the rise, resulting in an increasing number of child deaths. You are Deepika/Deepak. Write an article in 150-200 words on the topic ‘Child Abuse’.
Answer:

Child Abuse
by Deepika

Sexual abuse of children has become rampant. Over a million reports of child abuse are made every year and it is believed that there are still many more cases unreported and undisclosed. The number of child deaths due to child neglect and abuse are also increasing to terrifying numbers. Children who are abused at a tender age undergo a psychological trauma that leads to lifelong depression and indifference to society and family. The worst part is that in most cases the culprits are those who are expected to protect and take care of the child.

Victims of child abuse never fully recover from the scars and, at times, suffer from distrust of others, hostility, depression, anxiety, inability to form close relationships and a host of other psychological and psychiatric problems. The only solution is the enactment of a law that protects the victims. Presently, the laws of the country are so liberal that a person who commits a crime once is inclined to repeat it because the consequences are not severe.

Besides the law, parents have an important role to play in checking child abuse. They should educate their children on social and cultural values as well as making children understand how to distinguish between a ‘good touch’ and ‘bad touch’ and then act accordingly. Working parents should find time to look after their children rather than employ baby sitters.

Question 5.
You are concerned about the ongoing controversy regarding the media’s role in sensationalising news, moulding public opinion and moral policing. Write an article for a newspaper in 150-200 words on the topic ‘Role of Media-What Should it be?’. You are Mallika/Manish.
Answer:

Role Of Media—What Should It Be?
by Mallika

The role of media is extremely vital in a country like India. But are the different media like press, print and electronic, playing a constructive role in shaping our society and nation? This question needs a positive answer. It is apparent that media has strayed from the required path and absolved its responsibility due to commercial pressures. ‘Profit is all’ is the dictum for them, whether it is the newspapers, magazines, news channels or the mushrooming FM radio stations.

They prefer to sensationalise every bit of information. Be it the marriages or reported affairs of popular movie stars or even the rescue operation of a child from a narrow ditch, they over-dramatise and exaggerate everything. Is this constructive?

The new trend of showing sting operations on the news channels has become an everyday occurrence. It is an easy but cheap way to gain popularity and increase the TRP of their channels. By resorting to such tactics, they are exploiting the freedom granted to them. Is this constructive?

The media should understand its responsibility and get down to the right business, leaving behind the alluring target of being number one. It should only focus at passing on correct and exact information without any comments for or against anyone.

Question 6.
On the occasion of Teachers Day (5th September) and International Literacy Day (8th September), write an article in 150-200 words on the topic ‘Each One Teach One’ for your school magazine. You are Sadhna/Suresh.
Answer:

Each One Teach One
by Sadhna

The slogan, ‘Each One Teach One’, is a motivation for the educated class to understand their moral and social responsibility of teaching at least one person. This makes a big difference in society.

We students have to work together for a noble mission to realise the dream of the National Literacy Mission. We envisage and dream of India where each person is literate-. Our learners are not necessarily children; they will include the vast number of adults who are illiterate for no fault of theirs. Even in our towns and cities, there are many such people. Let each one of us take up the challenge of educating at least one adult in our locality so that the person is able to read, write and understand at least in the local language.

The learning strategies that we have to adopt in our programme will be exploratory and interactive. Some of our objectives are to bring about basic learning of reading, writing and counting. We wish to promote better health and awareness. We also want to create awareness about democratic processes, rights, duties and obligations. We have to focus on the status of women and the girl child.

We must enable them to fight against exploitation and injustice and thus build their own self-confidence and .. respect. All this will be possible through spread of education and awareness. Then only will we be living up to the slogan, Each One Teach One.

Question 7.
Coaching centres for school-going children as well as for competitive examinations are proliferating. It is difficult to choose a satisfactory centre for coaching. Write some tips for selecting the right centre for a monthly publication as an article in 150-200 words with the title ‘Selecting the Right Coaching Centre’. You are Salim/Saraswati.
Answer:

Selecting The Right Coaching Centre
by Salim

One can find coaching centres, both for school-going children and competitive examinations, in every nook and corner of the city. They have proliferated due to the actions of both teachers and parents. Such centres boast of a guaranteed success rate by publishing inflated numbers regularly in leading newspapers and magazines. But, either as a parent or a student, how should you select one that is the best?

Before selecting a coaching centre, certain criteria should be kept in mind. A proper coaching centre must provide a proper competitive environment with a team of professional teachers and necessary study material. Mock tests and exams should be conducted on a regular basis and proper feedback should be provided to the students. Some coaching centres charge high fees, that too in lumpsum, and provide substandard teaching at their centre, so efforts should be made to find the right coaching centre after consulting many students taking coaching at various centres.

Question 8.
You are worried about the rampant deforestation going on and its effects on our lives in future. Based on this fact and the visual given below, write an article in 150 – 200 words with the title ‘Deforestation and its Effects’ for your school magazine. You are Nikhil / Neena.

Answer:

Deforestation And Its Effects
by Neena

Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses.

An estimated 7.3 million hectares of forest are lost each year, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The effects are far-reaching and will prove disastrous for humanity in the long run.

Deforestation is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change. Cutting trees impacts the global carbon cycle. This not only lessens the amount of carbon stored, it also releases carbon dioxide into the air. This is because when trees die, they release the stored carbon dioxide. Deforestation is the second largest human-caused source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the first one being combustion in various forms.

Further, 70 per cent of the world’s plants and animals live in forests and are losing their habitats to deforestation. It also has negative consequences for local populations and medicinal research, which rely on the animals and plants in the forests for hunting and medicine respectively.

There are many other problems like soil erosion, interruption of the water cycle etc which occur due to deforestation. So let us arrest this quickly to save our lives in future.

Question 9.
Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Vocational Training as Part of the School Curriculum’ for your school magazine expressing your views on its need in the present scenario and suggesting steps to make it successful. You are Ashok / Arpita.
Answer:

Vocational Training As Part Of
The School Curriculum
by Arpita

Our present system of school education has a major flaw that does not make a person ready for employment if that person has to forego further education for any reason. Many problems are faced by people who pass out from school in the competitive world because they cannot be employed. The only solution for this is to introduce vocational training as an essential part of the school curriculum.

The students who intend going for employment after schooling can get knowledge of professional courses through career counselling programmes arranged by the school. Then they should attempt suitable aptitude tests to choose the correct professional course. The practical training for each course must be arranged by the school either in their own premises or in suitable workshops or technical institutions.

After successful completion of the vocational course, employers should select them through campus interviews arranged by the school. In cases of self-employment, the schools can tie up with banks and other financial institutions for arranging loans. All these measures will involve a major change in the system of school education, but this is the need of the hour.

Question 10.
India has always respected women, but recent trends are disturbing, causing us to re-evaluate their status. Write an article on ‘Status of Women in Society’ in 150 – 200 words. You are Ram/Rama.
Answer:

Status Of Women In Society
by Ram

Women in India enjoyed a high status and position in ancient times. However, later on, during the middle period, their status deteriorated. Evidently, a majority of Indian women do not enjoy equal status to men currently.

It appears that the Indian woman is still not treated at par with the man in social and family life. Women’s position in the family very much depends upon the level of their education. The higher the level of her education, the greater equality she enjoys in the family. But even today, educated women, though they are earning, comply with the doctrine of male domination. Their education may have made them economically independent, but they still lack the needed self-confidence to assert their equality. The reason seems to be that they have been brought up in the prevailing cultural atmosphere of male dominated society. Thus, they have not been able to shake off its influence even after acquiring modern education.

However, society has started recognising their contribution. Women are excelling in almost every field and winning laurels. It is high time they are accorded an equal status in society for their intelligence, courage and compatibility.

Article Writing Examples for Class 11 Pdf

1 India is fast emerging as a major hub of cyber crime. It seems to be the worst affected nation online, with over three-quarters of Indian web surfers having fallen victim to cyber crimes, including computer viruses, online credit card fraud and identity theft. Write an article in 150-200 words on the topic ‘India Emerging as Major Centre for Cyber Crime’. You are Mona/ Rajat.

2. You are Mehak/ Bhavesh. A lot of homework is assigned to the students by their teachers. Most of the students copy the answers from the textbooks or from the guides, rendering the whole exercise useless. Write an article in 150-200 words on the topic ‘Should the Practice of Assigning Homework be Retained?’

3. You are very much worried about children who have become bookworms. They find no time to read anything other than their course books. Their parents also force them to do so. Their only anxiety is marks and more marks in the examination. Write an article for your school magazine in 150-200 words showing your anxiety about the trend titled ‘Marks and More Marks’. You are Mithir/ Ria.

4. You are Rohan/ Diksha of class XI. Write an article in 150-200 words for your school magazine on the topic ‘Aping of Western Culture by the Younger Generation’.

5. You are Mansi/ Shivam. Many of your friends are getting expensive gifts from their parents but not the attention and time of their parents. Write an article for your school magazine urging all the parents to give their time and moral support to their children, especially the adolescents. Also stress on how a secure home atmosphere plays a key role in promoting success in life. (150-200 words)

6. Today the 24 hour television news channel give us instant news from every nook and corner of the world. But the fact is that the importance of the newspaper remains intact. Write an article in 150-200 words expressing your views on ‘The Relevance of Newspapers’. You are Adirath/ Simran.

7. You are Sumit/ Smita. You are concerned about the changing attitude of politicians who are using religion for political gains. Write an article in 150-200 words for publication in a local daily suggesting to these people to separate religion from politics and work for the betterment of society.

8. Write an article in not more than 200 words condemning the use of furs and animal skins for making clothes and accessories. You are Bharti/ Rajesh.

9. You are Rohan/ Chavi. Every activity that man indulges in creates waste of some kind. Some of the waste can be recycled or reused. In fact, the need of the hour is to conserve Earth’s resources in all possible ways. Write an article on the topic ‘Conservation, Need of the Hour’ in 150-200 words.

10. Narendra is allergic to smoking and wants a complete ban on smoking in public places. He writes an article for a prominent daily newspaper titled ‘The Evils of Smoking’. Write the article for him in 150-200 words. You are Mehak/ Mehul.

11. ‘What People Read is What People Believe’. You are concerned about the ongoing controversy regarding the media’s role in sensationalising news, moulding public opinion and moral policing. Write an article emphasising the responsibility of the media. You are Mohan/ Bhavika.

12. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Drug Abuse among Students’ to bring out the idea that drug addiction harms both the addict as well as society, basing it on the picture given below. You ’ Praveen / Pooja.

13. You are worried about the various forms of pollution caused by the explosion of crackers during the Diwali festival, marriages and other celebrations. Based on the visual given below, write an article in 150-200 words for your school magazine on ‘Say No to Crackers’ to bring out your concern and suggest alternatives. You are Saloni / Devendra of class XI-A.

14. You are Rashmi/ Sachin of class XI-B. You are worried that your generation of students is crazy about fast foods without realising the harm they cause. Write an article for your school magazine in 150-200 words on the topic ‘How Fast Foods Harm’ based on what you know about the dangers of consuming such foodstuffs.

15. Your father was killed in the November 2008 terror attack in Mumbai. You were deeply affected by this tragedy. You decide to write an article for a national daily in 150-200 words on the topic ‘Terrorism, a Threat to Global Peace’ based on the visual given below. Write the article. You are Karan/ Nandini.