Category: CBSE

For sentences in the active voice, the subject performs the action; for those in the passive voice, the subject receives the action. Most grammarians recommend using the active voice whenever possible. Here are some examples to help you distinguish between the voices:

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 8 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Active And Passive Voice Exercises for Class 8 With Answers CBSE Pdf

Active Voice
In active voice, the sentence begins with the performer (Subject) of the action and the object is at the end of the sentence as it is acted upon. This means ‘subject’ is of prime importance or is ‘active’ in the sentence. Hence, the structure is (Subject + Verb + Object).

Passive Voice
In passive voice, the sentence begins with the object and the ‘subject’ is at the end. Hence here object’ is given more importance and the subject’ is ‘passive’. e.g.,

• Noorjahan is loved by Saleem.
• The wounded woman were being helped by some girls.

The ‘verb’ should be in accordance with ‘object’ in passive voice.

Change of Tense in Active and Passive Voice

Tense of Modal + Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. Simple Tense Present Past Future	beats beat shall/will beat	am/is/are beaten was/were beaten shall/will be beaten
2. Continuous Tense Present Past Future	am/is/are beating was/were beating shall/will be beating	am/is/are being beaten was/were being beaten Not applicable
3. Perfect Tense Present Past Future	has/have beaten had beaten shall/will have beaten	have/has been beaten had been beaten shall/will have been beaten
4. Perfect Continuous Tense Present Past Future Can/may/must etc + base	can/may/must etc beat	Not applicable can/may/must etc be beaten

Change of Person

Active voice	Passive Voice
I	me
We	us
You	you
She	her
He	him
They	them
Any name	Name remains as it is

Changing of Active Voice into Passive voice
Present Tense
Simple Present Tense
Active Passive e.g.

1. She plucks flowers from the plant. (Active Voice)
   Flowers are plucked from the plant by her. (Passive Voice)
2. Madhur offers her a flower. (Active Voice) .
   She is offered a flower by Madhur. (Passive Voice)
3. Do they perform fine arts (Active Voice)
   Are fine arts performed by them? (Passive Voice)

Present Continuous Tense
Active + Subject + Present conc + object
Passive + object + is/am/are + being + subject

1. Vaibhav is making a loud noise. (Active voice)
   A loud noise is being made by Vaibhav. (Passive voice)
2. The jury are announcing the results in a few minutes. (Active Voice)
   The results are being announced by the jury in a few minutes. (Passive Voice).
3. She is not heeding his instructions. (Active Voice)
   His instructions are not being heeded by her. (Passive Voice)

Present Perfect Tense
Active S + have/has + V2 + O
Passive O + have/has + been + V2 + by +S

1. Arpita has forgotten’ his name. (Active voice)
   His name has been forgotten by Arpita. (Passive voice)
2. The editor has strongly criticised his opinions. (Active Voice)
   His opinions have been strongly criticised by the editor. (Passive Voice).
3. Have they won the match? (Active Voice)
   Has the match been won by them? (Passive Voice)

Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
Active S + V, + O
Passive O + was/were + V+ by + S
Too many cooks spoiled the broth. (Active Voice)
The broth was spoilt/spoiled by too many cooks. (Passive Voice)
Was my watch seen somewhere by you? (Passive Voice)
Which diary did Manpreet give you? (Active Voice)
Which diary was given you by Manpreet? (Passive Voice)

Past Continuous Tense
Active S + was/were + V, + ing+O
Passive O + was/were + being + V + by + S

1. The strife torn Sri Lanka was facing a great trouble at that time. (Active Voice)
   A great trouble was being faced at that time by the strife torn Sri Lanka. (Passive Voice)
2. She was reading a novel of Kate Thompson. (Active Voice)
   A novel of Kate Thompson was being read by her. (Passive Voice)

Change the following sentence into the active voice.
If in above sentences, ‘Please’ is added, they become ‘requests’.
The passive voice of such sentences is begun with You are requested to e.g.

1. Please, open the door. (Active Voice)
   You are requested to open the door. (Passive Voice)
2. Please, help me in my work. (Active Voice)
   You are requested to help me in my work. (Passive Voice)
3. Please, stand in a queue. (Active Voice)
   You are requested to stand in a queue. (Passive Voice)
4. Arjit will never forgive Rinnie for her blunder. (Active Voice)
   Ronnie will never be forgiven for her blunder by Arijit. (Passive Voice)
5. Why will they allow you to enter? (Active Voice)
   Why will you be allowed to enter by them? (Passive Voice)

Advices
e.g.,

• Help the poor.
• Love children
• Respect your elders

Changing Active into Passive Voice of Imperative Sentences
Imperative sentences are of three types Orders/Commands e.g.

• Open the door
• Follow my instructions.
• Stop the car, at once.

I? Sentences ‘let’ is used to change into passive voice. It is followed by ‘object’ and ‘be + V as follows.

Past perfect Tense
Active S + had + V, + O
Passive + had been + V + by + S

1. I had watched the movie earlier. (Active Voice)
   The movie had been watched earlier by me. (Passive Voice)
2. Sofia had informed the police of the incident. (Active Voice)
   The police had been informed of the incident by Sofia. (Passive Voice)

Active And Passive Voice Practice Exercises for Class 8 CBSE

A. Rewrite the passive sentences into Active.

1. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
_______________________________________________
2. This book was written by an Irishman.
_______________________________________________
3. The president was elected by the people.
_______________________________________________
4. The bag was packed by his mother.
_______________________________________________
5. The child was hit by a car.
_______________________________________________
6. The exercise is completed by the teacher.
_______________________________________________
7. Google was founded by Larry and Sergey.
_______________________________________________
8. Football is played by the children.
_______________________________________________
9. The computer is used by Patrick.
_______________________________________________
10. Coffee is sold by Marie.
_______________________________________________

B. Change the following sentences into Active Voice. The first one has been done for you.

1. The ball was kicked by him. – He kicked the ball.
2. An orange is being eaten by her. – ____________________
3. The work was done by them. – ____________________
4. The money has been stolen by him. – ____________________
5. It will be done by us. – ____________________
6. They were given some food by her. – ____________________
7. He was written a letter by me. – ____________________
8. We were laughed at by them. – ____________________
9. A song was being sung by her. – ____________________
10. The story has been told by me. – ____________________

C. Complete the definitions. Put in an active or passive participle of these verbs.

a. add
b. arrive
c. block
d. own
e. play
f. smuggle
g. take
h. tell
i. watch
j. wear

1. Cricket is a game _________ in English-speaking countries.
2. A wrist watch is a watch _________ on your wrist.
3. A latecomer is a person _________ late.
4. An instruction is a statement _________ you what to do.
5. A spectator is someone _________ a game or a play.
6. An extension is a new part _________ to a building.
7. An obstacle is something _________ your way.
8. Contraband is something _________ into a country.
9. A competitor is someone _________ part in a competition.
10. Your property is everything _________ by you.

D. Rewrite these sentences in passive voice.

1. I have sold my old books. __________________
2. Someone has broken my ruler. __________________
3. Anybody can borrow books from this library. __________________
4. They seli books here. __________________
5. She told me to come early. __________________
6. People will soon forget that incident. __________________
7. The company will provide more buses. __________________
8. People will hate you. __________________
9. Somebody has bought that house. __________________
10. They opened the supermarket last week. __________________

E. Change the Voice in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. Who did the job? By whom was the iob done?
2. Can you break the door? __________________?
4. Is he speaking English? __________________?
5. Are you eating a banana? __________________?
6. Why are you washing the car? __________________?
7. When will he give the money? __________________?
8. Where will he meet you? __________________?
9. How do you make a cake? __________________?
10. Whom did you tell the story? __________________?

F. Rewrite the Active sentences into Passive.

(i) They understand Spanish.
_______________________________________________
(ii) My friend bought a new car.
_______________________________________________
(iii) Johnson cleaned the bathroom.
_______________________________________________
(iv) The teacher closes the window.
_______________________________________________
(v) The girls can play handball.
_______________________________________________
(vi) Our dog did not bite the cat.
_______________________________________________
(vii) The mechanic repairs cars.
_______________________________________________
(viii) The electricians test the fire alarm.
_______________________________________________
(ix) Levi Strauss invented blue jeans.
_______________________________________________
(x) Frank takes photos.
_______________________________________________

G. Change the following sentences into Passive Voice. Mention the agent only when necessary. The first one has been done for you.

1. A tourist guide showed us round the picturesque countryside.
We were shown sound the picturesque countryside by a tourist guide.

2. A lorry ran over the dog.
______________________________________________________
3. Someone switched off the lights.
______________________________________________________
4. The author will write the book at the end of the year.
______________________________________________________
5. Did someone find a solution to the problem?
______________________________________________________
6. The police gave the informer a reward of fifty thousand rupees.
______________________________________________________
7. The blind man has made the chair very well.
______________________________________________________
8. An unseen hand closed the window.
______________________________________________________
9. A. R. Rehman composed this lovely piece of music.
______________________________________________________
10. What have people done about this?
______________________________________________________
11. A good friend told me the news this morning.
______________________________________________________
12. William Blake wrote many outstanding poems.
______________________________________________________
13. Didn’t they tell you to be here by three o’clock?
______________________________________________________
14. Lightning knocked a tree down last night.
______________________________________________________
15. They tell me that somebody stole your pen. (two passives )
______________________________________________________

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 6 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Sentence Exercise for Class 6 CBSE With Answers Pdf

Sentence: A group of words that expresses a complete idea or thought is called a sentence.
Example

• She bought a pencil.

The above group of words “She bought a pencil” expresses a complete thought hence it is a sentence. A sentence begins with capital letter and ends with a period, question mark or an exclamation mark.

• A sentence consists of two parts i.e. subject and predicate.
• Sentence = Subject + Predicate

Subject:
The part of sentence which performs some action in a sentence is called Subject.
Examples

• He is flying a kite.
• Mohan is driving a taxi.
• She ate an apple.
• I wrote him a letter.

Predicate:
The part of sentence which tells about the subject is called Predicate.
Examples:

• He is flying a kite.
• Mohan is driving a taxi.
• She ate an apple.
• I wrote him a letter.

Subject refers to the actor of a sentence. The part of a sentence about which something is told in a sentence is the subject of sentence. While the part of a sentence that tells something about subject is the predicate of sentence.
Example

• Kinds of Sentences on the basis of function:

a. Assertive or Declarative Sentence:A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called an assertive or declarative sentence. Assertive sentence ends with a period.
Examples

• Mr. Singh goes to office.
• We like to play cricket.
• They are singing a song.

b. Interrogative Sentence:A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. Interrogative sentence ends with question mark?
Examples

• Where do you live?
• Do you use your mobile phone?

c. Imperative Sentence:A sentence that expresses a request, command or advice is called an imperative sentence.
Examples

• Open the window, (an order)
• Please give me a glass of water, (a request)

d. Exclamatory Sentence:A sentence that expresses strong feelings or emotions is called an exclamatory sentence. These sentences express surprise, joy, sorrow, appreciation, love excitement, frustration, anger etc. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.
Examples

• What a beautiful weather it is!
• How nicely he is dancing!
• That is just wonderful!
• Hurrah! We have won the tournament!

Kinds of Sentences according to Structure: A sentence may consist of one clause (independent clause) or more clauses (independent and dependent clauses). An independent clause is also called main clause. A dependent clause is also called subordinate clause. On the basis of numbers of clause and types of clauses present in a sentence, sentences are divided into four kinds.

Simple Sentence Definition And Examples

A simple sentence consists of only one independent clause containing a subject and a verb and it expresses a complete thought. It has is no dependent clause.

“An independent clause (also called main clause) is called a simple sentence.”
Examples:

• She laughed.
• She ate a banana.
• They are running.
• I bought a watch.

Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of at least two independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. There is no dependent clause in a compound sentence. The coordinating conjunctions used to join independent clauses are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so”. Independent clauses can also be joined by a semicolon (;). A comma may or may not be used before the conjunction in a compound sentence.
Examples:

• I like ice-cream but my brother likes chocolate.
• I did not help him and he became unhappy.
• He failed many times yet he is not discouraged.
• I asked him a question; he replied correctly.

Complex Sentence
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause joined by subordinating conjunction (because, although, since, when, unless, etc.) or relative pronoun (that, who, which, etc.).
Examples

• I met the girl who had helped me last year.
• He is wearing a cap which looks beautiful.
• You can’t cross the river unless you have boat for it.

If a complex sentence begins with an independent clause, a comma is not used between clauses in a complex sentence. If a complex sentence begins with dependent clause then a comma is used after dependent clause in a complex sentence.

See the following example.

• He is running fast although he is ill.
• Although he is ill, he is running fast.

Complex – Compound Sentence
A complex-compound sentence consists of at least two independents and one or more dependent clauses. It is also sometimes called compound- complex Sentence.
Examples

• He went back home and I went to a market where I bought a fruit.
• I like Science but my bother likes English, because I want to be a doctor.

In the first sentence of above sentence, there are two independent clauses “he went back home” and “I went to a market”, and one dependent clause “where I bought a fruit”.

Sentence Exercises With Answers for Class 6

A. Read each group of words. Write “sentence” if the group of words form a sentence and write “fragment” if it does not form a complete thought.
Example:

• Deepak went to the garden.
  Answer:
  Sentence

1. Mohan hit ___________.
2. Sameer and Sarika went to class. ___________.
3. Go to the movies ___________.
4. The animal lives in the forest ___________.
5. Happy day. ___________.
6. She is sad the year is over. ___________.
7. Jump for joy. ___________.
8. The zookeeper showed the animal. ___________.
9. All day. ___________.
10.1 played basketball today. ___________.
11. Hit the ball ___________.
12. Sandeep brought his bat to the game. ___________.
13. We will go to the movies ___________.
14. Animals live in forest ___________.
15. Sad day. ___________.

B. Form assertive sentences using .the jumbled words. The first one has been done for you.

1. We/write/test/sometimes/.
Answer:
We sometimes write tests.

2. Every/to the club/the girls/go/Saturday/ ___________.
3. Is/from/Scotland/she!? ___________.
4. Books/at home/ I/read/ ___________.
5. Two/has/one/he/brothers/sister/and/ ___________.
6. In the forest/walk/we/often/ ___________.
7. They/sit/on/ the/ bench/ ___________.
8. Are/playing/the boys/hockey/ ___________.

C. Change ihe following affirmative sentences into negative sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. My mother makes delicious cakes.
Answer:
My mother does not make delicious cakes.

2. Suman writes plays for television.
_________________________________
3. My sister runs a website.
_________________________________
4. They are anxious about his safety.
_________________________________
5. I was studying for the test.
_________________________________
6. It was an unforgettable experience.
_________________________________
7. We enjoyed the evening very much.
_________________________________
8. She recognised him instantly.
_________________________________
9. My dad wanted me to become a doctor.
_________________________________
10. He was interested in the offer.
_________________________________

D, Change the foiiowing assertive sentences into exclamatory sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. You are very slow.
Answer:
How slow you are!

2. She is very beautiful.
_________________________________
3. They are very happy here.
_________________________________
4. It was a very marvelous sight.
_________________________________
5. This is a very moving story.
_________________________________
6. I am very fortunate.
_________________________________
7. It was a very difficul puzzle.
_________________________________
8. They are very excited about the journey.
_________________________________
9. I was very surprised when I heard the news.
_________________________________
10. It was a very hot day.
_________________________________

E, Change the following affirmative sentences into interrogative sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. She lives in Canada.
Answer:
Does she live in Canada?

2. Meera writes plays for the television.
_________________________________

3. He has always wanted to be an inventor.
_________________________________

4. He teaches Sanskrit at a government school.
_________________________________

5. He wants to quit his job.
_________________________________

6. They launched their business last year.
_________________________________

7. He made a fortune when he sold his apparel business to a foreign company.
_________________________________

8. The mother reprimanded the boy for coming home late.
_________________________________

9. She put the books on the table.
_________________________________

10. Rahul met his ex-girlfriend at the party.
_________________________________

F. Put the correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence.

1. Name several safety tips for hiking and climbing
2. Wearing proper clothing and footwear is a basic tip
3. Why is it important to carry water
4. Penny wants to know more about camping
5. Why must climbers sign up before beginning their climb

G. Read each sentence. Write whether it is declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory.

1. What a wonderful camping trip that was! ____________
2. Think about what Pawan said about staying safe on a hike ____________
3. How many times have you climbed in the Shawangunk Mountains? ____________
4. Don’t delay getting down the mountain before sunset ____________
5. Rohan couldn’t decide whether or not to go ____________
6. I’m so excited to be on this hike! ____________
7. He wants to eat an ice-cream ____________

H. Add to the beginning of each group of words so that it forms a sentence. The information in brackets will tell you what type of sentence it should be. Be sure to begin each sentence with a capita! letter and end it with the correct punctuation mark. The first one has been done for you.

1. know the location of the nearest ranges station (interrogative)
Answer:
Do you know the location of the nearest ranges station?

2. embarrassing to the group (exclamatory)
____________________________________
3. extra food and clothing (imperative)
____________________________________
4. good idea to have an extra map (declarative)
____________________________________
5. with her buddy Tanya, (declarative)
____________________________________
6. know they were such good friends (interrogative)
____________________________________
7. can check your supplies (imperative)
____________________________________
8. never shows up late (declarative)
____________________________________

I. Read each sentence. Identify the subject and predicate in the following sentences.

1. Reena learns languages as part of her schoolwork.
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

2. She and her classmates practice their English with each other.
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

3. Sometimes at home Reena speaks English and French.
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

4. She even knows a little Spanish!
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

5. The dean of the language department at Reena’s university approves.
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

6. Spanish is a difficult language to learn.
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

7. She works hard to master the characters.
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

8. Late into the night, Reena can be found often studying.
Subject _______________
Predicate _______________

j. The following sentences are either a simple sentence, a compound sentence, a complex sentence or a compound/complex sentence. Identify the sentences telling what kind each is.

1. Rohit and his friend Mohit had planned to return to India _______________
2. Although we searched everywhere, Shoraya could find no trace of his shoes _______________
3. Sarita wrote an original poem, and her mother corrected her spelling _______________
4. Since he was entrusted with the secret, Harry became very serious, and he was no longer a practical joker _______________
5. The real story is that he was injured while he was hiking _______________
6. None of the other juniors asked me to change my mind _______________
7. Monika and Pooja whispered and giggled all night _______________
8. That he is my cousin cannot be denied _______________
9. The boy who is speaking is my brother, and he will be staying with us _______________
10.1 know you don’t like him, but that doesn’t matter _______________

K. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option.

1. I don’t believe ____________
a. in.
b. if.
c. it.
d. is.

2. Whowantstogo ____________
a. first.
b. second time?
c. that?
d. first?

3. Itwasonlya ____________
a. agree.
b. fun.
c. joke.
d. good.

4. Give mea ____________
a. egg.
b. ring.
c. apple.
d. ring me.

5. We don’t know what to ____________
a. think,
b. thought.
c. wished.
d. did.

6. It was chucking it ____________
a. in.
b. down.
c. with.
d. up.

7. Can I help at ____________
a. the morning?
b. with you?
c. all.
d. all?

8. My mum sent me a ____________
a. shopping.
b. present.
c. letter.
d. blue.

9. We didn’t enjoy ____________
a. camping.
b. camped.
c. the curtains.
d. us.

10.1 live in ____________
a. india,
b. India?
c. India.
d. IndiA

L. Directions: In the following exercises, turn the sentence pairs into single compound sentences, each with a coordinating conjunction. You can rearrange or add words in the sentence to make it sound better, but only if it’s necessary. The first one has been done for you.

1. The black dog has won many prizes. He doesn’t know many tricks.
Answer:
The black dog has won many prizes but he doesn’t know many tricks.

2. She saw a cat run in front of her. She fell down while roller-skating.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

3. There was a meteor shower. The crew did not know how to avoid the meteors.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

4. I wanted to buy a puppy. I started to save my money.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

5. Gaurav did not like to read. He was not very good at it.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

6. Mohit liked Priya. Anu liked Mohit.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

7. The little boy did not like going to school. He went anyway.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

8. You can cry like a baby. You can clean your room like an adult.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

9. She didn’t want to play with Jatin. She didn’t want to play with Tanya.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

10. Meena could not play with that boy. Meena could not play with that other boy.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

M. Convert the following compound sentences into simple sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. Let’s go to the swimming pool, for it’s hot inside the house.
Answer:
Let’s go to the swimming pool. It’s hot inside the house.

2. I don’t want to eat and drink.
________________________________________________

3. I don’t want to practice playing the violin, yet I don’t want to disobey my mother.
________________________________________________

4. I want to form my own company, and I want to pay all my workers a lot of money.
________________________________________________

5. I need to go to the store, but I’m feeling too sick to drive.
________________________________________________

6. Rabbits make good pets, for they don’t make too much noise and they are clean.
________________________________________________

7. I want to go to the circus, and I want to ride a pony.
________________________________________________

8. I didn’t do my homework, so my parents punished me.
________________________________________________

9. I have never visited Asia, nor have I visited Africa.
________________________________________________

10. You can make a big poster, or you can make a little clay statue.
________________________________________________

N. Complete the following complex sentences with suitable conjunctions. The first one has been done for you,

1. I’m going to the bank because I need some money.
2. I made lunch _____________ I got home.
3. _____________ it’s raining, she’s going for a walk in the park.
4. _____________ she finishes her homework soon, she will fail the class.
5. He decided to trust Ankush _____________ he was an honest man.
6. _____________ we went to school, she decided to investigate the situation.
7. Ruhi decided to leave Puneet _____________ he was too worried about his job.
8. Pradeep bought a new jacket _____________ he had received one as a gift last week.
9. Rohit claims that there will be trouble _____________ he doesn’t complete the job.
10. Manshu will have finished the report _____________ the time you receive the letter.

O. Combine the sentences to make one compound-complex sentence. The first one has been done for you.

1. Suman teaches the kids who live in the neighbourhood. They meet in the evenings after she comes home from work.
Suman teaches the kids who live in the neighbourhood in the evenings after she comes home from work.

2. The doctor wants to prescribe physical therapy, and he asked me to see a specialist. He recommended Dr. Mittal.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

3. Amit told us about the assembly of the products. Unfortunately, he didn’t tell us about where they were made.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

4. We managed to finish the exercise on time and passed the exam. However, it was very difficult.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

5. The man spoke little English. Maya understood him, but couldn’t help.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

6. We didn’t have much time, so we didn’t read the final chapter. However, we still enjoyed the book.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

7. We will miss our father greatly. He taught us many lessons. Those lessons have helped us succeed in life.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

8. The eagles attract many tourists. They live in the local mountain range.The local politicians still to refuse to protect them
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

A debate is a formal discussion on a particular theme or topic. It is mostly conducted in a public setting in which people present their opposing arguments for or against a particular theme or topic.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Debate Writing for Class 7 CBSE Format, Examples, Topics, Samples

Fundamentals:

• A debate is a contest between two speakers or two groups of speaker to show skill and ability in arguing.
• Speakers are required to speak for or against a proposition, a question or a problem.
• It is a battle with words, facts and a little imagination.
• To participate in a debate, one must prepare an outline of the main points in order in which one is going to argue.
• Every topic/subject has its own vocabulary. These must be learnt.

The speaker addresses the chair (Mr. President/Madam), ‘submits’ an argument, ‘appeals’ for sympathetic understanding and support, ‘questions’ the opponent’s views and ‘concludes’ an argument. He also ‘Answer:s’ questions in the rebuttal session.

focus:
Following expressions can be useful in preparing your own arguments.
Use powerful expressions like:

• I’d like to argue
• In my opinion
• May I ask? etc.
• Refer to your opponent’s view/views.
• Stick to your view point either in favour or against.

The layout of the Debate

• Greeting the audience, introducing yourself, taking a clear position.
• Introduce the topic with a quotation.
• Make a dramatic opening statement.
• Address the audience. Introduce yourself. Take your position for or against the motion.
• Present your arguments in a sequence.
• Support your claims and counter claims with facts, statistics, quotations and news – items, etc.
• Refer to the speech (es) of your opponent(s) and tear apart their forceful rebuttal, denials and counter arguments.
• Give your opinion in the concluding paragraph.
• Sound a warning, make an appeal or express a fear or hope.
• The conclusion should be as dramatic and effective as the beginning.
• Don’t forget to thank the audience.

Points To Remember

1. Begin with – “Honourable Judges and my dear friends, I stand before you to express my views for/against the motion ‘Topic’.
2. Total agreement or disagreement with the topic should be expressed forcefully and clearly.
3. Use argumentative style and logical reasoning.
4. Bank up arguments with relevant information.
5. At the end write Thank you’ at extreme end on the left.
6. Always make a rough draft, edit and give time to yourself.

Debate Writing Exercises With Answers for Class 7 CBSE

Write a debate in favour of the motion “Online smart classes are the future education style”.

Honourable judges and worthy listeners If you think computers will be distracting children from studies, with a sincere sorry for you, let me tell you that the young generation has gone a long way with computers! When most parents think of learning from computers, social networking sites like Facebook appear before their eyes. It is the biggest cyber tragedy. There are definitely a large number of sites apart from Facebook. I am not here to debate if these social networking sites are doing good or bad – certainly, they do both but I am here to talk about the endless possibilities of computer and Internet-based teaching method. Khan’s academy, Baiju teaching app, learn – next, merit nation, good – reads, the list of online teaching platforms is endless and ever-growing. There are millions of students and teachers who use these websites and apps for their exam preparation. They are mostly free this is what makes one turn away from traditional paper guides. With smart phone in every hand, city and village alike these online libraries are within everyone’s reach. Google has already replaced the word Guru because this portal gives you knowledge. The need of an hour is to minimise the use of paper. In this context, you can find no better solution than e-learning. Rather than living the life of a consumer, let’s be contributors. Instead of buying books, let’s buy e-books and stop collecting a thousand books in our shelves. Let’s convert our phones or computers into a virtual library. Thank you.

Debate Writing Examples CBSE Class 7

1. Zoos should not be banned because there is a need to protect as well as to conserve global biodiversity and wildlife. Zoos should be banned because all animals should be left to live freely in their own environment. In the light of above statements, discuss both the views whether Zoo should be abolished or not?

_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

2. Write a debate in favour of the motion “Humans are responsible for the possible end of life on earth.”

_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

Definition of Pronoun:
A pronoun is a word that is used in place of noun and does the work of a noun. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common noun or a proper noun.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Pronoun Exercises for Class 7 CBSE With Answers Pdf

Personal Pronouns

The Words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.

My name is David. I am the youngest in the family.
This is my father. He is a teacher.

Grammar help
The subjects of a sentences is the person, animal, place or thing that does the action shown by the verb.
The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns. These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a sentence.

Grammar help
The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that receives the action shown by the verb.

Grammar help
There are three groups of pronouns: first person, second person and third person.
The person speaking is called the first person. The first person pronouns are I or me (in the singular) and we or us (in the plural).
The person spoken to is called the second person. The second–person pronoun is you (in both singular and plural).
The person (or animal, or thing) spoken about is called the third person. The third person pronouns are he or him, she or her, and it (in the singular), and they or them (in the plural).
The word I is always spelled with a capital letter.
The pronoun he is used for men and boys, she for women and girls, and it for things and animals.

Here is a table to help you.

	Subject	Object
First-person singular	I	me
Second-person singular	you	you
Third-person singular	he	him
	she	her
	it	it
First-person plural	we	us
Second-person plural	you	you
Third-person plural	they	them

Reflexive Pronouns
The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called reflexive pronouns. They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb.

Grammar help
Here is a table to remind you about reflexive pronouns.

	Singular	Plural
First-person	(I, me) myself	(we, us) ourselves
Second-person	(you) yourself	(you) yourselves
Third-person	(he, him) himself	(they, them) themselves
	(she, her) herself	(they, them) themselves
	(it) itself	(they, them) themselves

Interrogative Pronouns,
The words who, whom, whose, what, and which are called interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are used to ask questions.

Grammar help
Who can be used as the object of a verb as well as the subject?
Which is used only as of the object. For example, you can say:
Who are you playing with?
or
Whom are you playing with?

Demonstrative Pronouns
The words this, these, that and those are called demonstrative pronouns. They are showing words.

Grammar help
You use this and these when you point to things near you.
You use that and those when you point to things farther away.
Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural.
Singular – Plural
this – these
that – those

	Subject Pronouns	Object Pronouns	Possessive Adjectives	Possessive Pronouns	Reflexive Pronouns
1st Person	I	me	my	mine	myself
2nd Person	you	you	your	yours	yourself
3rd Person (Male)	he	him	his	his	himself
3rd Person (Female)	she	her	her	hers	herself
3rd person	it	it	its	not used	itself
1st Person (Plural)	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
2nd Person (Plural)	you	you	your	yours	yourselves
3rd Person (Plural)	they	them	their	theirs	themselves

Pronoun Exercises With Answers for Class 7 CBSE

A. Use an appropriate interrogative pronoun to complete each question.
1. ________ of these colours do you prefer?
2. To ________ should I address the letter?
3. ________ has left their shoes outside the front door?
4. To ________ of these address did you send the parcel?
5. ________ is the title of the poem that you recited?
6. These are your shoes ________ are you wearing?
7. _______ should we invite as the chief guest on Founder’s Day?
8. ________ are you doing with that piece of wood?

B. Choose correct pronouns from the brackets to fill in the blanks given below.

1. Why didn’t ____________ (he, him) tell ____________ (we, us) about ____________ (they, them) when ____________ (he, him) came yesterday?

2. It is likely that ____________ (we, us) shall be in time to see. ____________ (she, her) when ____________ (she, her) arrives.

3. Please give ____________ (I, me) the message for ____________ (he, him).

4. My friend and ____________ (I, me) went to see ____________ (she, her) to ask ____________ (she, her) about her brother.

5. The man gave Sandeep and ____________ (I, me) some free samples which ____________ (he, him) had with ____________ (he, him).

C. Rewrite the following sentences with appropriate pronouns. The first one has been done for you.

1. You and me are so alike that we appear like twin brothers.
You and I are so alike that we appear like twin brother.

2. I still remember I and you used to swim in that polluted river.
________________________________________________
3. My neighbour has three daughters. She and them often argue.
________________________________________________
4. It was him, not me who threw the big stone at the police car.
________________________________________________
5. She returned the withered bouquet of flowers to they, the boys who sent it to her.
________________________________________________
6. These dogs are her. She likes to give it a pat on their heads.
________________________________________________

D. Fill in the blanks with a reflexive pronoun.
1. The man cut ____________ when he was sharpening a knife.
2. My brother and I had the whole house to ____________ while our parents were away on holiday.
3. With the new campaign, the government has made ____________ a laughing stock
4. We took great care of ____________ when we were camping in the forested valley.
5. She introduced ____________ as the only female magician in town.

E. Choose the noun, personal pronoun or verb that agrees with the distributive pronoun in the following sentences.
1. Each new day/days is different in some way.
2. I enjoy each moment/moments I spend with you.
3. Neither of the boys want/wants to dance.
4. Each of us has/have our own problems.
5. Both the candidates are untrained. Neither fir/fits the job profile.
6. Neither of the girls is/are completely blameless.
7. Each of them described the experience in his/her/their own way.
8. Each of them has/have been told to some early.
9. Both the partners were asked to come for the hearing. Neither has/have come.
10. Each of the proposal proposals has some advantages and disadvantages.

F. Use suitable relative pronouns from the following – who, which, whom or whose – to join each pair of sentences.
Examples::

• That’s the teacher. He used to live next door.
  That’s the teacher who used to live next door.

1. The sports are tennis and fencing. I like to watch them.
________________________________________________
2. She met her former husband. She had not seen him in 5 years.
________________________________________________
3. The boys are Ricky and Vicky. They love to solve a jigsaw together.
________________________________________________
4. This is the knitwear. She made it last week.
________________________________________________
5. I am visiting my friend. His new house overlooks the mountain.
________________________________________________
6. That is the fireman. His house was burnt down last night.
________________________________________________

G. Rewrite each of these sentences using a possessive pronoun in place of a possessive adjective (e.g. my, your, his, her, its and their). The first one has been done for you.

1. I think that is Alok’s watch and this one is her watch.
I think that is Alok’s watch and this one is hers.

2. Look at that big monkey. Its tail is the longest among the many there.
________________________________________________
3. He said that your head is darker than my head. We both nodded our heads in agreement.
________________________________________________
4. You must do your homework first before you can help them do their homework.
________________________________________________
5. These are all his things, not even one item that is not his thing.
________________________________________________
6. Take this if it is your book, don’t take his book, tell her to take her book, and leave my book alone. The remaining are their books. They can collect their books later.
________________________________________________

H. Fill in the blanks with distributive pronouns. The first one has been done for you.
1. ______________ Everyone must finish the breakfast.
2. ______________ of you can help me in this matter.
3. ______________ of you has qualified this exam to go ahead.
4. ______________ of the parents should take care of their children.
5. ______________ of you may answers the questions asked by me.
6. ______________ of the answer given by you is correct.
7. ______________ of you can join the program as the leader of the team.
8. ______________ of our friends went to the Christmas party.

CBSE Class 9 Science Practical Skills – Separation of Mixture

EXPERIMENT

AIM
To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Sand, common salt (NaCl), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) or camphor, filter paper, funnel, china dish, tripod stand, wire gauze, beaker, glass rod, burner, cotton plug.

THEORY
In a mixture, the components retain their properties and can therefore, be separated by physical methods based upon their properties.

1. Camphor and ammonium chloride on heating directly convert into vapour. This is called sublimation. In contrast to this, sand and common salt do not sublime. So from a mixture, containing ammonium chloride (or camphor), common salt and sand, ammonium chloride (or camphor) can be easily separated by the process of sublimation. On heating ammonium chloride (or camphor) converts into vapour leaving behind the non-volatile components. On cooling the vapour of ammonium chloride (or camphor) changes into solid.
   
2. Common salt is soluble in water but sand is not soluble in water.
3. When a mixture of common salt and sand in water is passed through filter paper, sand particle remain on the filter paper but other components of mixture i.e., common salt and water pass through filter paper.
4. From a solution of common salt in water, common salt can be obtained by evaporation.
5. For separation of different components of a mixture of ammonium chloride (or camphor) common salt and sand, methods of sublimation, Alteration and evaporation are applied.

PROCEDURE
A. Steps for separation of ammonium chloride:

1. Take the mixture of sand, ammonium chloride and common salt in a china dish and cover it with an inverted funnel.
   
2. Plug the end of stero funnel with cotton.
3. Place the china dish over a tripod stand and heat it gently.
4. Observe the changes. It is observed that ammonium chloride undergoes sublimation, i.e. vapours of NH4C1 are formed which get condensed on the cooler sides of the funnel.
5.  Scrap the condensed ammonium chloride from the inner walls of the funnel (see figure). The non-sublimed mixture contains sand and common salt which remain behind in the china dish.
   

B. Steps for separation of Sand:

1. To the non-sublimate mixture add water.
2. Stir the mixture with a clean glass rod.
3. Filter the solution as shown in figure. Common salt solution is obtained as the filtrate, whereas sand is obtained as the residue on the filter paper.
   

C. Steps for separation of common salt (sodium chloride):

1. Take the filterate in a china dish.
2. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, where water evaporates leaving behind sodium chloride (common salt) in the china dish (see figure).
   

RESULT
Sand, common salt and ammonium chloride mixture is separated by sublimation, Alteration and ‘ evaporation.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Heat ammonium chloride carefully as it is volatile.
2. Fix a cotton plug at the end of the funnel so that vapours of ammonium chloride do not escape.
3. Moisten the filter paper before filtering.
4. Wash your hands with soap after completing the experiment.

INTERACTIVE SESSION

Examiner :
What is a pure substance?
Examinee:
A pure substance is one which is made up of only one kind of atoms or molecules.

Examiner :
What is a mixture?
Examinee:
A mixture contains more than one element/compound, which can be separated by physical methods.

Examiner :
Based upon composition, how many types of mixtures are there?
Examinee:
Mixtures are of two types-homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Examiner :
What is a homogeneous mixture? Give an example.
Examinee:
A mixture which has uniform composition is called a homogeneous mixture, e.g. sugar solution. .

Examiner :
What is a heterogeneous mixture? Give an example.
Examinee:
A heterogeneous mixture is one in which the composition is not uniform, e.g. chalk and sand mixed together.
Examiner :

Why can a mixture be separated by physical methods?
Examinee:
In a mixture, the components retain their properties and based upon these properties the components can be separated using physical methods.

Examiner :
Can water (H₂O) be separated into its components hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) using physical methods?
Examinee:
No, since water is a compound, it cannot be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by physical methods.

Examiner :
Define sublimation.
Examinee:
A process in which a solid directly gets converted into vapour phase below its melting point is called sublimation. Also the vapours on cooling directly get converted into the solid.

Examiner :
Give an example, other than NH₄Cl, which undergoes sublimation.
Examinee:
Iodine.

Examiner :
Give a method which can be used to separate two compounds with different solubilities in a solvent.
Examinee:
Recrystallization is used to separate two compounds with different solubilities in a solvent.

Examiner :
A mixture contains benzoic acid and common salt. How can this mixture be separated?
Examinee:
Sublimation can be used, as benzoic acid sublimes whereas common salt does not.

Examiner :
Can you separate a mixture of iodine and naphthalene by sublimation?
Examinee:
No, as both undergo sublimation.

Examiner :
Give the principle behind distillation.
Examinee:
Distillation is used to separate

1. volatile liquids from non-volatile impurities and
2. liquids having sufficient difference in their boiling points. Based upon the difference in their boiling points the components vapourize at different temperatures and the vapours are cooled and collected.

Examiner :
How would you separate cream from milk?
Examinee:
Cream can be separated from milk by centrifugation. Cream being lighter floats at the top.

Examiner :
What is the principle involved in fractional distillation?
Examinee:
If the difference in boiling points of liquids is not much, simple distillation cannot be used. In fractional distillation, vapours of liquid with lower boiling point condense first, the vapours rising up become richer in the more volatile component and can be separated from the less volatile component.

Examiner :
Can a mixture of sugar and common salt be separated by sublimation?
Examinee:
No, as neither sugar nor common salt undergoes sublimation.

Examiner :
What type of change is the formation of a mixture?
Examinee:
Formation of a mixture is a physical change and is reversible.

Examiner :
Out of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride, which is volatile?
Examinee:
Ammonium chloride is volatile as it undergoes sublimation.

Examiner :
Iodine and ammonium chloride both undergo sublimation. How can you separate a mixture of these?
Examinee:
On adding water to a mixture of iodine and ammonium chloride, ammonium chloride being soluble in water dissolves in water and on filtering iodine will be obtained as residue. On evaporating the aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, water will evaporate, leaving behind ammonium chloride.

Examiner :
Give the principle involved in crystallization.
Examinee:
On heating a saturated solution, the concentration of the solution increases and on cooling the solubility decreases and pure crystals are taken out of the solution.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
In your view, what could be the reason for direct conversion of some solids to vapours and vice-versa?
Answer:
It is because of the high vapour pressure of the liquid state of the solid. The liquid state is practically non-existent.

Question 2:
In the above experiment, you have observed conversion of solid to vapours. Is this a physical or a chemical change?
Answer:
Conversion of solid to vapours directly is a physical change.

Question 3:
Could you think of some applications of this change in daily life?
Answer:
Preparation of moth repellent balls, odonil, camphor, etc.

Question 4:
If in the first step the mixture had been dissolved in water what would have been the difficulty in separation?
Answer:
If in the first step the mixture had been dissolved in water, both ammonium chloride and sodium chloride being water soluble would have dissolved in water and their separation would not be possible.

Question 5:
Instead of common salt if one component in the given mixture is sulphur, how would you carry out separation process then?
Answer:
If instead of sodium chloride, one component of the mixture is sulphur, the following technique would be followed for separation

1. Sublimation – NH₄Cl undergoes sublimation, leaving behind sulphur and sand.
2. To the mixture of sulphur and sand, add CS₂ (carbon disulphide). Sulphur is soluble in CS₂ while sand is not.
3. Evaporate the mixture of sulphur in CS₂ to obtain solid sulphur.

Question 6:
Can the two components of a mixture that are soluble in water be separated by any technique? Justify your answer?
Answer:
Yes, two components of mixture, if solube in water, can be separated on the basis of difference of solubilities of the compound in water. The technique used will be crystallisation. Another technique that can be used is chromatography.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions/VSA (1 Mark)

Question 1:
A mixture of common salt and water can be separated completely by the process of
(a) filtration
(b) distillation
(c) sublimation
(d) all of these.

Question 2:
Recovery of salt from salt solution in water can be done by
(a) evaporation
(b) distillation
(c) filtration
(d) dissolving in more water.

Question 3:
Which of the following does not undergo sublimation?
(a) Camphor
(b) Sugar
(c) Iodine
(d) Benzoic acid

Question 4:
Look at the diagram and identify the method used for separating a mixture.

(a) Chromatography
(b) Distillation
(c) Crystallization
(d) Filtration

Question 5:
Which one of the following is a pure compound?
(a) Air
(b) Crude oil
(c) Sugar
(d) Tea

Question 6:
Identify the substance which sublimates and is used to protect warm clothes.
(a) Ammonium chloride
(b) Iodine
(c) Neem leaves
(d) Naphthalene

Question 7:
When a mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride is heated, it is observed that
(a) solid common salt gets deposited on the cooler parts of the funnel while solid ammonium chloride remains in the china dish
(b) mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride turns into greenish crystals when allowed to cool
(c) ammonium chloride gets deposited on the cooler parts of the funnel and solid common salt remains in the china dish
(d) droplets containing both common salt and ammonium chloride appear on the upper part of the funnel while some molten mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride remains in the china dish

Question 8:
The components of compound can be separated by using
(a) physical method
(b) chemical method
(c) cannot be separated by using any method
(d) none of the above.

Question 9:
Sublimation is used to separate
(a) two liquids having different boiling points
(b) two liquids having same melting point
(c) volatile and non volatile solids
(d) volatile solids having same melting point.

Question 10:
A liquid is said to be volatile
(a) if forces of interaction between the molecules are less
(b) if forces of interaction between the molecules is more
(c) forces of interaction first increase and then decrease
(d) all the above i.e. (a), (b), (c).

Question 11:
Brine solution is
(a) milk in water
(b) aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide
(c) concentrated solution of sodium chloride
(d) molten butter.

Question 12:
What is the order of methods applied to separate the components of a mixture of salt, sand and ammonium chloride?
(a) Dissolving in water, evaporation and sublimation.
(b) Dissolving in water, filtration, evaporation and sublimation.
(c) Sublimation, dissolving in water, filtration and evaporation.
(d) Moving a magnet, dissolving in water and sublimation.

Question 13:
In the given figure, identify the place at which you can find only pure ammonium chloride (NH4C1) after heating.

(a) B
(b) C
(c) A
(d) A and B both

Question 14:
How would you separate a mixture of sulphur, iron filings and salt?
(a) Magnet, dissolve in water, filter, crystallize.
(b) Magnet, filter, decant, crystallize.
(c) Dissolve in water, filter, crystallize, decant.
(d) Decant, crystallize, filter, dissolve in water.

Question 15:
When sodium chloride and ammonium chloride are dissolved in water and filtered, the residue is
(а) sodium chloride
(b) ammonium chloride
(c) both
(d) none

Question 16:
The aqueous mixture of salt and sand can be separated by the following method.
(a) Filtration
(b) Sublimation
(c) Condensation
(d) Melting

Question 17:
A mixture can be characterized by
(a) no fixed composition of the components
(b) homogeneity
(c) no occurrence of a chemical reaction
(d) both (a) and (c).

Question 18:
An example of a heterogeneous mixture is
(a) cream
(b) butter
(c) jelly
(d) all the three.

ANSWER KEY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS/VSA

1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (a)
11. (c)
12. (c)
13. (d)
14. (a)
15. (d)
16. (a)
17. (d)
18. (d)

Science Practical SkillsScience LabsMath Lab ManualMath Labs with ActivityMath Labs

CBSE Class 10 Science Practical Skills – Light is Necessary for Photosynthesis

BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS
Photosynthesis (Greek word photos: light; synthesis-, putting together) is the process by which the green plants synthesise their own food (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water as raw materials in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. During this process oxygen is released as a by-product. The overall process of photosynthesis can be represented by the following equation:

AIM
To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
A potted plant, black paper strips or Ganongs light screen, clips or cellotape, alcohol, iodine solution, water bath, beaker, burner, water, petri dish, dropper.

THEORY
Light is one of the requirements for photosynthesis. When a part of the leaf is covered from both upper and lower sides with a black paper strip, light will not reach to covered part. Hence, photosynthesis will not take place in covered part of the leaf. On the other hand, as light will be available to uncovered part of the leaf, cells of this region will carry out photosynthesis actively and hence, glucose will be synthesised in the uncovered part of the leaf. In the leaf a part of this glucose is utilised to carry out various metabolic activities and rest of the amount converts into starch. Presence of starch in the leaf, which can be detected by performing iodine test, indicates occurrence of photosynthesis.

PROCEDURE

1. Select a healthy potted plant and destarch the plant by placing it in complete darkness for at least 48 hours.
2. After 48 hours, using clips or cellotape cover a part of the leaf of the plant from both upper and lower sides with black paper strips.
3. Now, keep the potted plant in sunlight for at least 3-4 hours.
4. After 3-4 hours, pluck the leaf and remove black paper strips.
5. Boil the leaf in water for about 2 minutes.
6. Now, to decolourise the leaf, transfer the leaf from boiling water to a beaker containing ethanol and boil the leaf in a water bath.
7. Remove the leaf from beaker and wash it in water at room temperature.
8. Place this leaf in petri dish and add few drops of iodine solution over the decolourised leaf.
9. The area of the leaf that was uncovered performed photosynthesis and will have starch, therefore turned blue-black with iodine solution.
10. The covered portion of the leaf remains yellow as it does not perform photosynthesis.
    [Note: Ganong’s light screen can be used in place of black paper strip]
    
    

OBSERVATIONS

1. The uncovered part of the leaf turns blue-black. This confirms the presence of starch.
2. The covered portion of the leaf remains yellow showing that no starch synthesis occured in this region.

RESULT
This proves that light is necessary for the photosynthesis.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Use healthy potted plant.
2. Plant should be destarched by placing in the dark.
3. The black paper strip should be attached tightly on both sides of leaf so that no sunlight enters in covered portion of leaf.
4. Always use a water bath for boiling leaf in alcohol as alcohol is inflammable.
5. Wash the leaf before performing iodine test.

INTERACTIVE SESSION

Question 1.
Name the process which acts as a source of oxygen in atmosphere.
Answer:
Photosynthesis.

Question 2.
What is photosynthesis?
Answer:
It is a process by which green plants synthesise their own food from carbon dioxide and water in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.

Question 3.
Name site of photosynthesis in plants.
Answer:
Mesophyll cells of green leaves.

Question 4.
Name the two reactions involved in photosynthesis.
Answer:
Light reaction and dark reaction.

Question 5.
Name the site of light reaction and also mention the products formed during light reaction.
Answer:
Light reaction occurs in thylakoids of chloroplast and leads to formation of ATP and reducing power (NADPH).

Question 6.
Dark reaction doesn’t require light, then what is the source of energy for dark reactions to occur?
Answer:
ATP and reducing power synthesised during light reactions are used in dark reactions.

Question 7.
From where does oxygen get released during photosynthesis?
Answer:
Oxygen gets released by photolysis of water during light reactions.

Question 8.
Glucose is formed during photosynthesis but then why in the above experiment, test for starch was performed?
Answer:
The glucose formed during photosynthesis is polymerised to form starch, which is more stable. Hence, we perform the test for starch.

Question 9.
Why is it important to place the plant in dark before conducting the experiment?
Answer:
It is done so that all the starch produced through photosynthesis present in leaves is used up and the plant is destarched.

Question 10.
Why do we boil leaf in alcohol?
Answer:
To decolourise the leaf and remove all the chlorophyll.

Question 11.
Why do we need to decolourise the leaf?
Answer:
Leaf needed for the experiment should be decolourised as otherwise the chlorophyll will mask the blue-black colour of iodine test.

Question 12.
A water bath is used for boiling of leaf in alcohol. Why?
Answer:
Alcohol being inflammable, may catch fire if boiled directly over the flame.

Question 13.
Which wavelength of visible spectrum is used for photosynthesis?
Answer:
400-700 nm

Question 14.
Name the cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
Answer:
Chloroplasts of plant cells.

Question 15.
Why does leaf appear green?
Answer:
Chlorophyll, the important light absorbing pigment in plants, does not absorb light in the green part of the spectrum. Light in this range of wavelength is reflected. That is why leaves appear green.

Question 16.
Which fraction of VIBGYOR is used during photosynthesis?
Answer:
Blue and Red fraction.

Question 17.
Why do we cover a portion of leaf with black paper strips?
Answer:
Black paper is used to cover the leaf as it is a good absorber of light and blocks the entry of light to the leaf and hence no photosynthesis occurs in the covered portion.

Question 18.
Name the form in which food is synthesised in plants and the form in which it is transported in plants.
Answer:
Food is synthesised in the form of glucose and transported in the form of sucrose.

Question 19.
Name the chemical used to test starch.
Answer:
Iodine.

Question 20.
Name the factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis are- light, temperature, water and C02 concentration.

Question 21.
What are the features present in green leaves that make it a suitable site for photosynthesis?
Answer:
Features include

• Large surface area for absorbing maximum light
• Presence of numerous stomata
• Presence of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells.

Question 22.
Name the energy currency of the cell.
Answer:
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What is meant by destarching? Why do plants get destarched when kept in continuous darkness for about forty eight hours?
Answer:
Destarching is removal of all the starch from the plant. Plants when kept in darkness become destarched as there is no photosynthesis occurring in the plant and plant utilises its stored starch.

Question 2.
Will you get the same result if you perform the experiment without destarching the plant? Give reason.
Answer:
No, the already present starch would interfere with the result.

Question 3.
Why do we warm the leaves in alcohol?
Answer:
To remove the chlorophyll or decolourise the leaves so that chlorophyll does not interfere in starch test.

Question 4.
Arrange the following steps in correct sequence:
(i) destarching the plant;
(ii) treatment with iodine;
(iii) attaching black paper strips to the leaf;
(iv) keeping the set-up in sunlight;
Answer:
(i),(iii), (iv), (ii)

Question 5.
Why do we keep the experimental plant in bright sunlight?
Answer:
For photosynthesis to occur.

Question 6.
Can this experiment be performed with a destarched leaf detached from the plant? Give reasons.
Answer:
No, because raw materials like H20 are supplied by xylem and detached leaf cannot perform photosynthesis.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions/VSA (1 Mark)

Question 1.
In the experiment to prove that light is necessary for photosynthesis, which one of the following is not required? [Foreign 2010]
(a) Alcohol
(b) Iodine
(c) KOH
(d) Water

Question 2.
When iodine was added to a particular vegetable which had been crushed into a paste, blue-black colour was obtained. This indicates the presence of [Foreign 2010]
(a) glucose
(b) sugar
(c) starch
(d) protein

Question 3.
A leaf from a destarched potted plant is covered with black paper strip as shown in Figure 1 and plant is kept in sunlight. The starch test is done on the leaf after 8 hours. The results will be as shown in

Question 4.
For the experiment, “light is necessary for photosynthesis”, the potted plant is first kept in darkness for a day. This is to [AT 2009]
(a) deactivate the chloroplasts
(b) destarch leaves
(c) activate chloroplasts
(d) prepare leaves for photosynthesis

Question 5.
Which of the following solvent is used to decolourise the leaf?
(a) Water
(b) Iodine solution
(c) Alcohol
(d) Starch solution

Question 6.
The experiment, “To show light is necessary for photosynthesis”, involves following steps. Select the incorrect step.
(i) After boiling leaf in alcohol and washing in water, place in Fehling’s solution to test for starch.
(ii) Destarch the plant by keeping it in dark for 2-3 days.
(iii) Cover the leaf with black paper strips and expose plant to sunlight for 3-4 hours.
(iv) Remove paper strips from leaf and boil the leaf in alcohol.
(a) (ii)
(b) (i)
(c) (iii)
(d) (iv)

Question 7.
The figure depicts one of the steps of the experiment. What does labelling (1) denote?

(a) Starch solution
(b) Alcohol
(c) Water bath
(d) Benzene

Question 8.
In an experiment to show that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis, the leaf is boiled in alcohol for a few minutes using a water bath. It is essential because [CBSE 2012, CBSE Sample Paper]
(a) alcohol is highly volatile.
(b) steam from the water bath heats the leaf rapidly.
(c) steam from the water bath dissolves the chlorophyll.
(d) alcohol is flammable.

Question 9.
A portion of each of four destarched leaves of a
plant was covered with paper strips of various kinds. The plant was exposed to sunlight for 5 hours. Thereafter, the strips were removed and the leaves tested for starch in the covered portion. [AI2007]
Which one out of the four leaves gave the starch test in the covered portion?
(a) That covered with black paper strip
(b) That covered with green paper strip
(c) That covered with white paper strip
(d) That covered with a transparent paper strip

Question 10.
Given here is a sketch of a leaf partially covered
with black paper and which is to be used in the experiment to show that light is compulsory for the process of photosynthesis. At the end of the experiment, which one of the leaf parts labelled I, II and III will become blue black when dipped in iodine solution? [Delhi 2008]

(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and III
(d) II and III

Question 11.
Before testing the leaf for starch at the end of the experiment, “light is necessary for photosynthesis”, the experimental leaf should be boiled in [Delhi 2008]
(a) water
(b) alcohol
(c) KOH solution
(d) hydrochloric acid

Question 12.
In an experiment on photosynthesis, a student fixed a strip of black paper on the dorsal surface of a Bougainvillea leaf in the morning. In the evening she tested the leaf for starch. The result was
(a) the dorsal surface of the leaf was white but the ventral surface turned blue.
(b) both the surface of the covered portion remained white.
(c) the entire leaf turned blue-black.
(d) the entire leaf remained white.

Question 13.
Which one of the following is the combination of relevant materials required for setting up an experiment to show that light is necessary for photosynthesis? [AI 2007]
(a) Destarched leaves, strips of black paper, starch solution and iodine crystals.
(b) A potted plant, strips of coloured paper, starch solution, iodine and potassium iodide.
(c) A potted plant, black strips, water, water bath
(d) A potted plant, black paper strips, alcohol, iodine solution, water bath, water.

Question 14.
In an experiment to test for the presence of starch in a leaf, the leaf is boiled in alcohol for a few minutes using a water bath. This is an essential step in the experiment because alcohol [AI 2007C]
(a) softens the leaf
(b) disinfects the leaf
(c) allows iodine to enter the leaf
(d) dissolves chlorophyll.

Question 15.
A student performed the starch test on a leaf. Some steps involved are shown below.

The correct sequence of steps should be
(a) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)
(b) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i)
(d) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)

ANSWER KEY

1. (c)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (c)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (c)
11. (b)
12. (c)
13. (d)
14. (d)
15. (d)

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is destarching? Why is this step necessary for performing the experiment to prove that light is necessary for photosynthesis?
Answer:
Destarching is the removal of starch from the plant. When a plant is kept in dark, photosynthesis does not occur in plant and therefore, it utilises stored starch. In this way, we can destarch a plant.
Destarching is necessary to remove all the starch present in the plant. If the plant is not destarched, starch will interfere with result.

Question 2.
While performing experiment ‘light is necessary for photosynthesis’, the uncovered part of the leaf on treating with iodine solution turns blue- black while the covered portion remains yellow. Why?
Answer:
During the experiment, the uncovered portion received light and hence photosynthesis took place in this part. Because of this, starch is formed in the uncovered portion. This starch with iodine gives blue-black colour.
Contrary to above, the covered portion of the leaf does not receive light and therefore starch is not formed in the region. Hence, the covered portion remains yellow on treating with iodine solution.

Question 3.
What are the precautions that should be considered while performing the experiment ‘light’ is necessary for photosynthesis’?
Answer:
Destarch the potted plant by placing it in dark.
The black paper strip should be attached tightly on .both sides of the leaf.
Always use water bath for boiling leaf in alcohol.
Wash the leaf before performing iodine test.

Question 4.
Various steps associated with iodine test are as follows:

1. Boil the leaf in water.
2. Boil the leaf in alcohol on a water bath.
3. Wash the leaf in water.
4. Add few drops of iodine solution.

Answer:

1. This step makes the leaf soft, killing the cell membrane so that iodine enters it easily.
2. This step decolourises leaf, and destroys chloroplast.
3. This step removes alcohol from leaf surface.
4. This step tests the presence of starch in leaf.

Question 5.
Mention the importance of steps given above.
Give reasons.

1. We use water bath for boiling leaf in alcohol.
2. We cover a portion of leaf with black paper strip.

Answer:

1. Alcohol being inflammable may catch fire if boiled directly over the flame.
2. Black paper is used to cover the leaf as it is a good absorber of light and blocks the entry of light to the leaf and hence no photosynthesis occurs in the covered portion.

Science Practical SkillsScience LabsMath LabsMath Labs with Activity

A speech is used to convey information orally to a number of people. The purpose of a speech is:

• to convince the listeners about the speaker’s point of view
• to pass on a wide range of information
• to express an opinion, share a point of view, experience, observation, etc.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 6 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other

Speech Writing Class 6 Format, Examples, Topics, Exercises PDF

Fundamental:

• A speech does not require a strict format or a fixed style.
• There is no need of a headline/caption. If you wish, you can begin with the question number.
• Begin with a pleasant address.

For example:

• Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, respected principal, teachers and my dear friends.

A self-introduction is very common.

For example:
I am Rajan Sharma from class VI B and I feel honoured to be given an opportunity to speak about global warming.

• Follow the FCCS method. FCCS stands for Facts, Causes, Consequences and Solutions. To know more about FCCS, read
• Introduction to Writing.
• Attract the audience with lively jokes, quotes, news, songs, etc.
• Convince the audience with facts.
• Conclude by leaving a message.
• End with a word of thanks.

Speech Writing Class 6 CBSE Sample Example With Answer

Some people say that television is a very useful tool when it comes to education. Others argue that television is a medium of entertainment only. Discuss both of these views and write a speech upon the usefulness of television as an educational tool in not more than 150 words.

Television- A Tool for Education or Entertainment Respected Principal Madam, worthy teachers and my dear friends. Today I am! going to speak on the topic TV- A Tool for Education or Entertainment. One of the most important inventions of the human history is the television (TV). Since j it was invented, the broadcasting machine has been used for many purposes. It j helps people relax, entertain them, and help in education. Nowadays, in this hasty pace of life, people are spending more and more time on getting knowledge on TV not only for their jobs but also for daily purposes. The entertaining purpose of TV is apparent, and it is an important purpose, too. After working hard, a person needs to rest, also, after being educated, he craves I for being entertained. Teaching is not all, but when teaching and entertaining can j go together then it can have a good effect on TV viewers. The knowledge that they got earlier can be absorbed more easily later on. They can listen to music, watch game-shows and other pleasure activities. This way, the j stress that has strained viewers can be blown out more easily. The entertaining I programs on TV can also connect people all around the world, especially through interactive programs. People can share their opinions, their thoughts about certain I global issues, therefore, not only the understanding among countries is improved but also the problems at the time can be solved more easily. To sum up, the educating purpose of TV cannot be denied, there are also many programs on TV that are designed to make people laugh, cry, be happy or sad. TV should be seen as a device that can both educate and entertain viewers, not just a strict teacher who always forces his learners to be stressed with dry knowledge. Thank you.

Speech Writing Class 6 CBSE Practice Example

A. “You may take a thousand risks and get away with it every time, but it takes only one accident, just one, to cause you injury or death.” In the light of the above statement, prepare a speech on the topic ‘Road Safety’ for the morning assembly. Give a suitable title. Do not exceed more than 150- 200 words.
_________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________
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CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Staffing

STAFFING
Staffing: Definition
Staffing is concerned with obtaining, utilising and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied work force.

Importance of the Staffing

• It helps in discovering and obtaining competent personnel for various jobs within an organisation.
• By putting right person on the right job, it leads to a higher performance of the employees.
• It ensures the continuous survival and growth of the enterprise through the succession planning for managers.
• It helps to ensure optimum utilisation of the human resources.
• It improves job satisfaction and morale of the employees through objective assessment and fair rewarding for their contribution.

Steps Involved in the Staffing Process

• Estimating the manpower requirements on the basis of workload analysis and workforce analysis.
• Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.
• Selection is the process of choosing from among the pool of the prospective job candidates developed at the stage of recruitment.
• Placement and Orientation is done by giving the charge of the post to the employee for which he has been selected. It also includes introducing him to the other employees and familiarising him with the rules and policies of the organisation.
• Training and development is done in order to ensure continuous learning of their employees so that they contribute effectively and efficiently towards the realisation of the organisational goals. Training is given to make a person job fit whereas development seeks to increase their potential for higher level jobs.
• Performance appraisal is undertaken to evaluate the worth of an employee to the organisation.
• Promotion and career planning are an integral part of people’s career and enhance their job satisfac tion.
• Compensation refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees.

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Human Resource Management: Definition
Human Resource Management refers to the process of managing the employees within an organisation as human factor is recognised as the most important instrument of success in an organisation.

Staffing is considered to be an inherent part of human resource management as it deals with the human element of management and is concerned with obtaining, utilising and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied work force.

Scope of Human Resource Management:

• Recruitment
• Analysing jobs, collecting information about jobs to prepare job descriptions.
• Developing compensation and incentive plans.
• Training and development of employees for efficient performance and career growth.
• Maintaining labour relations and union management relations.
• Handling grievances and complaints.
• Providing for social security and welfare of employees.
• Defending the company in law suits and avoiding legal complications

RECRUITMENT
Recruitment: Definition
Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisa tion.

Sources of Recruitment

1. Internal recruitment
   • Promotion
   • Transfer
2. External recruitment
   • Direct Recruitment
   • Casual Callers
   • Advertisement
   • Employment Exchange
   • Placement Agencies and Management
   • Consultants
   • Campus Recruitment
   • Recommendations of Employees
   • Labour Contractors
   • Advertising on Television
   • Web Publishing

SELECTION
Selectiort: Definition
Selection is the process of choosing the best candidate from a pool of applicants for the job.

Important Tests Used for Selection of Employees:

• Intelligence Tests include important psychological tests used to measure the level of intelligence quotient of an individual.
• Aptitude Test is a measure of an individual’s potential for learning new skills.
• Personality Tests give an insight into a person’s emotions, reactions, maturity and value system etc.
• Trade Test seek to measure the existing skills of the individual.
• Interest Tests are used to know the pattern of interests or involvement of a person.

Steps in the Process of Selection

• Preliminary Screening of the applications is done to eliminate those applicants who do not fulfill the minimum requirements of the job.
• Selection Tests help in an objective assessment of certain characteristics of individuals and is free from personal bias.
• Employment Interview is a face-to- face interaction between the interviewer(s) and prospective candidate.
• Reference and Background check is carried out for the purpose of verifying information and gaining additional information about an applicant.
• Selection Decision is made from among the candidates who pass the tests and interview.
• The selected candidates are asked to undergo a medical examination before the job offer is made.
• Job Offer is made to those applicants who have passed all the previous tests.
• Contract of Employment is issued to the selected candidate and includes information like job title, duties, responsibilities, date of joining, pay and allowances, etc. if the applicant accepts the job offer.

Differences between Recruitment and Selection

S.No.	Basis	Recruitment	Selection
1.	Meaning	Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.	Selection is the process of choosing the best candidate from a pool of applicants for the job.
2.	Process	It is a positive process.	It is a negative process.
3.	Sequence	It precedes selection.	It follows recruitment.

 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
Training: Definition
Training is the process of increasing the knowledge and skill of the employees to perform specific jobs.

Development: Definition
Development is the process of the overall growth of a person in all aspects.

Benefits of Training to the Organization

• Training imparts systematic learning to employees thereby helping to avoid wastage of efforts and money and is considered better than the hit and trial method.
• It increases the employees’ productivity both in terms of quantity and quality, leading to higher profits.
• Training increases the morale of the employees and reduces absenteeism and employee turnover.
• It helps in obtaining effective response to fast changing environment – technological and economic.
• Training equips the future manager who can take over in case of emergency.

Benefits of Training to the Employee

• Training leads to better career of the individual due to improved skills and knowledge during training.
• It helps an individual earn more due to increased productivity.
• It makes the employee more efficient in handling machines and less prone to accidents.
• It increases the satisfaction and morale of employees.

Methods of Training:

1. Internship Training is a method for providing on the job training to the employees through a joint programme in which educational institutions and business firms cooperate. The learners carry on with their regular studies for the prescribed period. They also work in some factory or office to acquire practical knowledge and skills related to their specific field of expertise.
2. Vestibule training is a popular method for providing off the job training through which the trainees learn their jobs on the equipment they will be using at tKeir actual work place. This is usually done when employees are required to handle sophisticated machinery and equipment.
3. Induction training is given to the new employees in order to familiarise them with the key employees of the organisation and give information about the working of the organisation.
4. Apprenticeship training is provided to the people seeking to enter skilled jobs like plumbers, electricians or iron workers. They are provided training under the guidance of a master worker.

Differences between Training and Development

S.No.	Basis	Training	Development
1.	Meaning	It is a process of increasing knowledge and skills.	It is a process of learning and growth.
2.	Purpose	It is to enable the employee to do the job better.	It is to enable the overall growth of the employee.
3.	Scope	It is a job oriented process.	It is a career oriented process.
4.	Level of employees	It is suitable for the employees at the lower level.	Developmental programmes are designed for middle and top level managers.

 MIND MAP

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Why is ’employment interview’ conducted in the process of selection? (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
An employment interview is a formal, in-depth conversation conducted to evaluate the applicant’s suitability for the job in the process of selection. At the same time the interviewee may also seeks information from interviewer (if needed).

Question 2.
Alpha Enterprises is a company manufacturing water geysers. The company has a functional structure with four main functions-Production, Marketing, Finance and Human Resource. As the demand for the product grew, the company decided to hire more employees.
Identify the concept which will help the Human Resource Manager in deciding the actual number of persons required in each department. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Workload analysis is the concept which will help the Human Resource Manager in deciding the actual number of persons required in each department.

Question 3.
Explain briefly ‘transfers’ and ‘promotions’ as internal sources of recruitment. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:

1. Transfer: Transfers involves a horizontal movement of employees. In case of transfers an employee is shifted from one job to another, one department to another or from one shift to another. However, the salary remains unchanged and it may not result in any substantive change in the responsibilities and status of the employee. It is a good source of filling the vacancies with employees from over-staffed departments and is thus helpful in avoiding termination and in removing individual problems and grievances. At times it serves as a useful tool for training of employees for learning new jobs skills .
2. Promotion: Promotion is a vertical shifting of employees to a higher position, thereby increase in the responsibilities, facilities, status and salary. It helps to boost the morale, loyalty and level of job satisfaction of the employees. Moreover, a promotion at the higher level may lead to a chain of promotions at lower levels in the organisation.

Question 4.
Why is ‘Aptitude Test’ conducted in the process of selection? (CBSE, OD 2017)
Answer:
An aptitude test seeks to measure the potential of individuals for learning new skills.

Question 5.
Bhagwati Enterprises is a company engaged in the marketing of air-conditioners of a famous brand. The company has a functional structure with four main functions—Purchase, Sales, Finance and Staffing. As the demand for the product grew, the company decided to recruit more employees. (CBSE, OD 2017)
Idetify the concept which will help the Human Resource Manager to find out the number and type of personel availale so that he could decide and recruit the required number of persons for each department.
Answer:
Workforce analysis will help the human resource manager to find out the number and type of personnel available in the organization.

Question 6.
Explain briefly ‘Casual Callers’ and ‘Labour Contractors’ as external sources of recruitment.
(CBSE, OD 2017)
Answer:

1. Casual callers: Casual callers is considered to be relatively cheaper source of recruitment in comparision to the other sources. This is because the organizations has to primarily maintain a database in their offices of the unsolicited applicants who sent their resume in anticipation of job prospects. As an when a vacancy arises in the organization such job-seekers may be screened.
2. Labour contractors: Labour contractors proves to be a very useful resource for appointing the required number of unskilled workers at short notice. However, if the labour contractors who themselves are the employees of the organization decide to leave it for any reason then all the workers recommended by him are also likely to leave the work along with him.

Question 7.
Human Resource Management includes many specialized activities and duties which the human resource personnel must perform. In the light of this statement, explain any four such duties performed by Human Resource Manager. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017)
Answer:
Human Resource Management includes many specialised activities and duties which the human resource personnel must perform. These duties are stated below:

• Recruitment i.e., search for qualified people and stimulating them to apply for the job within the organisation.
• Prepare job descriptions by analysing jobs, collecting information about jobs etc.
• Developing suitable compensation and incentive plans for the employees.
• Designing appropriate training and development of employees to foster efficient performance and career growth.

Question 8.
Resolutions Pvt. Ltd. is a publishing company. Its book on Business Studies for class XII is in great demand. As a result, the employees in the marketing department are always racing against time. The employees have to work overtime and on holidays to cater to the demand.
Managers in the marketing department are under stress as they have to handle more than two territories. The work stress has led to dissatisfaction among the employees and managers.

1. Name and explain the step of staffing process which has not been performed properly.
2. State the next two stages immediately following the step identified in part ‘a’.
   (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017)

Answer:

1. The step of staffing process which has not been performed properly is:
   Estimation of manpower requirements: It is the first step in the staffing process and is carried out with the help of workload analysis (assessment of the number and types of human resources necessary for the performance of various jobs and accomplishment of organisational objectives) and work force analysis (assessment of the number and type available).
2. The next two stages immediately following the step Estimation of manpower requirement are as follows:
   • Recruitment: Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.
   • Selection: Selection is the process of choosing the best candidate from a pool of applicants.

Question 9.
Joseph Bros is a firm manufacturing jute lampshades. It uses leftover jute pieces from various jute factories to manufacture economical lampshades which are supplied to various hotels in nearby towns. It employs men and women from nearby villages as workers for creating good lampshade designs.
Joseph Bros, is not able to meet its targets. Namish, the supervisor of the company, was told to analyse the reasons for the poor performance. Namish found the following problems and suggested certain solutions in the working of the business. The number of workers employed was less than what was required for the work. As a result, the existing workers were overburdened. The firm decided to search for new workers and it asked the present employees to introduce candidates or recommend their friends and relatives to the firm. This enabled the firm to ‘put people to jobs’ and assured the attainment of objectives according to plans.

1. Identify the functions of management being performed by the firm in the above situation.
2. Name the concept and its source used by the firm to attract more workers for the firm.
3. State any two values being followed by Jacob Bros. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)

Answer:

1. The ‘Staffing’ function of management is being performed by the firm.
2. Recruitment is the concept used by the firm to attract more workers to the firm.
   The firm is planning to use the external source of recruitment i.e ‘Recommendation of present employees’ to attract more workers to the firm.
3. The two values that are being followed by Jacob Bros are:
   • Generating employment
   • Optimum utilisation of resources.

Question 10.
Aakansha, Nikita and Parishma are the owners of a handicraft unit in the urban area of Dibrugarh in Assam, which is involved in the manufacturing and marketing of Sital Pati, traditional mats and Jappi (the traditional headgear). They decided to shift this manufacturing unit to a rural area with an objective of reducing the cost and providing job opportunities to the locals.
They followed the functional structure in this organisation with a view to increasing managerial and operational efficiency.
They assessed and analysed the type and number of employees required, keeping in mind that they had to encourage the women and the people with special needs belonging to the rural area.
State the next three steps that they will have to undertake for obtaining a satisfied workforce for their handicraft unit.
(CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)
Answer:
The next three steps that they will have to undertake for obtaining a satisfied workforce for their handicraft unit are as follows:

• Recruitment: Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.
• Selection: Selection is the process of choosing the best candidate from a pool of applicants.
• Placement and Orientation: Placement refers to the process of giving the charge of the job for which the employees have been appointed. Orientation may involve a series of activities related to introducing the new employee to other employees and familiarising him with the rules and policies of the organisation. Moreover, he is taken around the workplace and made aware of the fire safety policy, canteen, conference room etc.

Question 11.
Mrs. Rajlaxmi is working as the Human Resource Consultant in a firm that manufactures cosmetics, which is facing a problem of high employee turnover. The CEO of the company has invited suggestion from her for retaining the talented employees and reducing the employee turnover. Mrs. Rajlaxmi recommends that the good employees be rewarded in a way that it creates a feeling of ownership among the employees and at the same time, makes them contribute towards the growth of the organisation.

1. Identify the incentive and explain its type which has been suggested by Mrs. Rajlaxmi to the CEO of the company.
2. Also explain any two other incentives of the same type. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)

Answer:

1. Co-partnership / stock option, which is a type of financial incentive, has been suggested by Mrs. Rajlaxmi to the CEO of the company.
2. The two other financial incentives are described below:
   • Retirement Benefits: An organisation may provide several retirement benefits to its employees after their retirement such as provident fund, pension and gratuity which provide financial security. These benefits serve as an incentive when they are in service in the organisation.
   • Perquisites: In many companies perquisites and fringe benefits are offered over and above the salary such as car allowance, housing, medical aid, and education to the children etc.

Question 12.
Ashish, the Marketing Head, Raman, the Assistant Manager and Jyoti, the Human Resource Manager of Senor Enterprises Ltd. decided to leave the company.
The Chief Executive Officer of the company called Jyoti, the Human Resource Manager and requested her to fill up the vacancies before leaving the organisation. Informing that her subordinate Miss Alka Pandit was very competent and trustworthy, Jyoti suggested that if she could be moved up in the hierarchy, she would do the needful. The Chief Executive Officer agreecs for the same. Miss Alka Pandit contacted Keith Recruiters who advertised for the post of marketing head for Senor Enterprises Ltd. They were able to recruit a suitable candidate for the company.
Raman’s vacancy was filled up by screening the database of unsolicited applications lying in the office.

1. Name the internal/external sources of recruitment used by Senor Enterprises Ltd. to fill up the above stated vacancies.
2. Also state any one merit of each of the above identified source of recruitment.
   (CBSE, Delhi 2016)

Answer:

1. The internal and external sources of recruitment used by Senor Enterprise Ltd. to fill up the above stated vacancies are stated below:
   • The vacancy for the post of Human Resource Manager has been filled up through Promotion.
   • The vacancy for the post of Marketing Head has been filled up through the Placement Agencies and Management Consultants.
   • The vacancy for the post of Assistant Manager has been filled up through Casual Callers.
2. The relative merit of each of the internal and external sources of recruitment used by Senor Enterprise Ltd. to fill up the above stated vacancies are stated below:
   • Promotion: It boosts the morale of not only the employee who is promoted but also of other employees as they get an assurance that their competence will also be recognised in due course.
   • Placement Agencies and Management Consultants provide specialised services to the organisations to recruit technical, professional and managerial personnel at middle and top level.
   • Casual Callers as a source of recruitment reduces the cost of recruiting workforce in comparison to other sources.

Question 13.
Zenith Ltd. is a highly reputed company and many people wanted to join this company. The employees of this organisation are very happy and they discuss how they came in contact with this organisation.
Aman said that he was introduced by the present Sales Manager, Mr. John.
Benu said that he had applied through the newspaper and was appointed as the H.R. Manager.
Vaibhav said that he was neither related to any employee of the organisation nor was there any advertisement in the newspaper, even then, he was directly called from IIM Ahmedabad from where he was about to complete his MBA.

1. The above discussion is indicating an important function of management. Name the function of management.
2. The management function identified in part (1) follows a particular process. Explain the step of this process which is being discussed in the above paragraph.(CBSE, Sample Paper 2015)

Answer:

1. The function of management being referred to in the above lines is ‘Staffing’.
2. Recruitment is the step in the staffing process which is being discussed in the above paragraph. Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.
   The various sources of recruitment mentioned in the above paragraph are:
   Aman: Recommendation of present employee.
   Benu: Advertisement in newspaper Vaibhav: Campus recruitment.

Question 14.
Blue Heavens Ltd. purchased a new machinery from Germany for manufacturing some auto components. It was a cost-effective and quality production machine but during the production process, manager observed that the quality of the production was not as per standards. On investigation, it was found that there was lack of knowledge of using these hi-tech machines. So, frequent visits by engineers were required from Germany but this resulted in high overhead charges.
Suggest what can be done to develop the skills and abilities of employees for producing quality products by using these hi-tech machines. Also state how the employees or the organisation will be benefited by your suggestion. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2015)
Answer:
Training should be provided to the employees to develop their skills and abilities for producing quality products by using these hi-tech machines.
The benefits of imparting training to the employee are as follows:

1. Better career: Training leads to better career opportunities for the employees as it helps to improve their skills and knowledge of doing the job.
2. Increased earnings: Training leads to increased performance by the employees thereby helping them to earn more.
3. Increased efficiency: Training makes the employees more efficient in handling machines and less prone to accidents.
4. Improved motivation: Training increases the satisfaction and morale of employees thereby motivating them to work with greater enthusiasm.

Question 15.
The workers of Gargya Ltd. are unable to work on new computerised machines imported by the company to fulfill the increased demand. Therefore, the workers are seeking extra
guidance from the supervisor and the supervisor is overburdened with frequent calls of the workers.
Suggest how the supervisor, by increasing the skills and knowledge of workers, can make them handle their work independently.
Also state any three benefits that the workers will derive by the decision of the supervisor.
(CBSE, OD 2015)
OR
The workers of Vyam Ltd. are unable to work on new and hi-tech machines imported by the company to fulfill the increased demand. Therefore, the workers are seeking extra guidance from the supervisors.
The supervisor is overburdened with the frequent calls of workers.
Suggest how the supervisor, by increasing the skills and knowledge of workers, can make them handle their work independently?
Also state any three benefits that the workers will derive by the decision of the supervisor.
(CBSE, Delhi 2015)
Answer:

1. The supervisor may provide Vestibule training to the workers in order to enable them handle their work independently.
   Vestibule training is a popular method for providing off the job training during which the trainees learn their jobs on the equipment they will be using at their actual work place. This is usually done when employees are required to handle sophisticated machinery and equipment.
2. The benefits of imparting training to the employee are as follows:
   • Better career: Training leads to better career opportunities for the employees as it helps to improve their skills and knowledge of doing the job.
   • Increased earnings: Training leads to increased performance by the employees thereby helps them to earn more.
   • Increased efficiency: Training makes the employees more efficient in handling machines and less prone to accidents.

Question 16.
Mohit Gupta is working with Yellow Security Services Ltd. He is also recruiting security guards for the company. The company provides security services in Delhi and Noida at short notice to various companies. The guards are recruited on a temporary basis. The guards provided by this company are known for their honesty and punctuality. Mohit Gupta is well-known in his village for providing employment to unskilled people.

1. Name the source of recruitment used by Yellow Security Services Ltd.
2. State any one disadvantage of this source of recruitment.
3. Identify the need of security guards which is being fulfilled by the company as per Maslow’s need hierarchy.
4. Identify any two values communicated to society in the above stated case. (CBSE, OD 2015)

Answer:

1. External source of recruitment i.e. Labour contractor has been used by Yellow Security Services Ltd.
2. One disadvantage of the external source of recruitment is that the new employees may take longer time to settle in the organisation.
3. The basic physiological needs of the security guards are being fulfilled by the company.
4. The two values that are being communicated to the society are
   • Reliability /Dependability
   • Generating employment opportunities

Question 17.
Prashant, the Director of a company, is planning to manufacture rugs for utilising waste materials from one of his garment factories. He decided that this manufacturing unit will be set-up in a rural area so that people of that area will have more job opportunities. For this, he wanted four different heads for Sales, Accounts, Purchase and Production Departments. He decided that one of them will be a differently-abled person, another from a minority community and one from a disadvantaged section of society. He gave an advertisement in the newspaper for the above vacancies.

1. Identify and state the next three steps Prashant has to follow in the staffing process after advertising for the above vacancies.
2. Identify any two values that Prashant wants to communicate by setting up this manufacturing unit. (CBSE, OD 2013)

Answer:

1. The next three steps to be followed by Prashant in the staffing process after advertising for the above vacancies are as follows:
   • Selection: Selection is the process of choosing the best candidate from a pool of applicants.
   • Placement and Orientation: Placement refers to the process of giving the charge of the job for which they have been appointed. Orientation may involve a series of activities related to introducing the new employee to other employees and familiarising him with the rules and policies of the organisation. Moreover, he is taken around the workplace and made aware of the fire safety policy, canteen, conference room etc.
   • Training and Development: Organisations either have in-house training centres or make alliances with training and educational institutes. This is done to ensure continuous learning of their employees in order to strengthen their competencies for both present and future jobs. This helps to motivate them and enables them to perform better and contribute more towards the realisation of the organizational effectiveness and efficiency.
2. The two values that Prashant wants to communicate by setting up this manufacturing unit are:
   • Optimum utilisation of resources
   • Rural development.

Question 18.
Nishant, the director of a garment company, is planning to manufacture bags for the utilisation of waste material from one of his garments unit. He has decided that his manufacturing unit will set-up in a rural area of Odisha where people have very few job opportunities and labour is available at very low rates. He also thought of giving equal opportunities to men and women.
For this, he wanted four different heads for sales, accounts, purchase and production. He gave an advertisement and short listed ten candidates per post after conducting different selection tests.

1. Identify and state the next three steps for choosing the best candidate out of the short¬listed candidates.
2. Also identify two values which Nishant wants to communicate to society by setting up this manufacturing unit.
   (CBSE, Delhi 2013; OD 2013)

Answer:

1. The next three steps to be followed by Nishant in the selection process after giving an advertising and short listing ten candidates per post after conducting different selection tests are as follows:
   • Employment Interview: It is a face-to-face interaction between the interviewers and prospective candidate. It involves a formal, in-depth conversation that is conducted to evaluate the applicant’s suitability for the job.
   • Reference and Background Checks: At the time of filling up of the job application form,the prospective candidates are required to provide names, addresses, and telephone numbers of references for the purpose of verifying information and gaining additional information about him/her.
   • Selection Decision: The final decision about the selection is made from among the candidates who pass the tests and interview.
2. The two values that Nishant wants to communicate to the society by setting up this manufacturing unit are:
   • Rural development
   • Gender equality

Question 19.
Harish, the director of a company, is planning to manufacture stuffed toys for utilising waste materials from one of his garment factories. He decided that this manufacturing unit will be set-up in a rural area so that people of that area will have more job opportunities. For this, he selected Rehman, Anita Banerjee, Harpreet Kaur and Umesh (a differently abled but very intelligent and creative person in designing) as the heads of Sales, Accounts, Purchase and Production Departments respectively.

1. Identify and state the next three steps that Harish has to follow in the staffing process after selecting the heads of different departments.
2. Identify any two values that Harish wants to communicate by setting-up this manufacturing unit. (CBSE, Delhi 2013)

Answer:

1. The next three steps that Harish has to follow in the staffing process after selecting the heads of different departments are as follows:
   • Placement and Orientation: Placement refers to the process of giving the charge of the job for which they have been appointed. Orientation may involve a series of activities related to introducing the new employee to other employees and familiarising him with the rules and policies of the organisation. Moreover, he is taken around the workplace and made aware of the fire safety policy, canteen, conference room etc.
   • Training and Development: Organisations either have in-house training centres or make alliances with training and educational institutes. This is done to ensure continuing learning of their employees and in order to strengthen their competencies for both present and future jobs. This helps to motivate them and enables them to perform better and contribute more towards the realisation of the organizational effectiveness and efficiency.
   • Performance Appraisal: It is a process of evaluating the worth of an employee to the organisation. It may be done in both formal and informal way. The process performance appraisal includes defining the job, appraising performance and providing feedback.
2. The two values that Harish wants to communicate to the society by setting up this manufacturing unit are:
   • Rural development
   • Sustainable development

Question 20.
Sahil, the director of a garments company, is planning to manufacture bags for the utilisation of waste materials from one of his garments units. He decided that his manufacturing unit will be set up in the rural area of Odisha where people have very less job opportunities and labour is available at a very low rate. He also thought of giving equal opportunities to men and women.
For this, he selected S. Chatterjee, Inderjeet Kaur, Aslam and Sarabjeet as heads of the Sales, Accounts, Purchase and Production Departments.

1. Identify and state the next two steps that Sahil has to follow in the staffing process after selecting the above heads.
2. Also identify two values which Sahil wants to communicate to society by setting up this manufacturing unit. (CBSE, OD 2013)

Answer:

1. The next two steps that Sahil has to follow in the staffing process after selecting the above heads are:
   • Placement and Orientation: Placement refers to the process of giving the charge of the job for which they have been appointed. Orientation may involve a series of activities related to introducing the new employee To other employees and familiarising him with the rules and policies of the organisation. Moreover, he is taken around the workplace and made aware of the fire safety policy, canteen, conference room etc.
   • Training and Development: Organisations either have in-house training centres or make alliances with training and educational institutes. This is done to ensure con¬tinuous learning of their employees and in order to strengthen their competencies for both present and future jobs. This helps to motivate them and enables them to perform better and contribute more towards the realisation of the organisational effectiveness and efficiency.
2. The two values that Sahil wants to communicate to the society by setting up this manufacturing unit are:
   • Generating employment opportunities
   • Gender equality

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Owing to the increased workload after demonetisation, the income tax employees of Karnataka and Goa region had urged the centre to increase manpower of the I-T department by filling up 35% vacancies which were lying vaccant. As there were confirmed reports about misuse of bank accounts, foreign exchange mechanism, gold purchases and adoption of various other dubious means for investing the unaccounted cash.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the function of management being discussed in the above lines.
2. Identify and explain the particular step related to the function of management as identified in part (1) of the question which has already been performed. Also, state the next three steps to be performed after this step.

Answer:

1. Staffing is the function of management which is being referred to in the above lines. The managerial function of staffing is concerned with obtaining and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied workforce.
2. The step in the process of staffing which has already been carried out is Estimating manpower requirements.
   Estimating the Manpower Requirements: It is the first step in the staffing process and is carried out with the help of workload analysis (assessment of the number and types of human resources necessary for the performance of various jobs and accomplishment of organisational objectives) and work force analysis (assessment of the number and type available).
   The next three steps to be performed after estimating manpower requirements are described below:
   • Recruitment: Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.
   • Selection: Selection is the process of choosing the best candidate from the pool of applicants.
   • Placement and Orientation: Placement refers to the process of giving the charge of the job for which they have been appointed. Orientation may involve a series of activities related to introducing the new employee to other employees and familiarising him with the rules and policies of the organisation. Moreover, he is taken around the workplace and made aware of the fire safety policy , canteen, conference room etc.

Question 2.
Sia plans to start a play school at a prime location in the city. She offers a partnership proposal to her family friend Jyotika who has done a diploma in human resource management. As Sia understands that human resource management is critical to starting and running the school. The school needs an experienced and dynamic principal. It also needs talented and dedicated teachers and a competent administrative staff. Therefore, after determining the organisational structure of the school she initiates the staffing process with the help of Jyotika to fill in the various job positions as staffing is considered to be an inherent part of human resource management.
In the context of the above case:

1. Outline the concept of human resource management.
2. Why is staffing is considered to be an inherent part of human resource management?

Answer:

1. Human Resource Management refers to the process of managing the employees within an organisation as human factor is recognised as the most important instrument of success in an organisation. Therefore, it is a specialised activity which may require the expertise of many people depending upon the nature and size of the business.
2. Staffing is considered to be an inherent part of human resource management as it deals with the human element of management and is concerned with obtaining, utilising and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied work force.

Question 3.
Nakul belongs to a small village in Varanasi. Being the only literate person in his immediate family, he decides to settle in a city. So he opens a sweets shop in Chandni Chowk, Delhi as he possesses extraordinary culinary skills. Very soon he starts getting requests from his cousins in the village to engage them in some kind of job in his business. Considering it to be his moral obligation, he engages five of his cousins in his business without paying any specific attention to their individual capabilities. This leads to wastage of materials, time, effort and energy, resulting in lower productivity and poor quality of products. As a result, the profitability of his business starts falling. Soon, he realised that for the success of the business it is essential that right kind of people must be available in right number at the right time.
In the context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the function of management that has been overlooked by Nakul.
2. Describe briefly the importance of the function of management as identified in part (1).

Answer:

1. Staffing is the function of management that has been overlooked by Nakul.
   Staffing is the process of manning the roles designed into the organisational structure. It is concerned with obtaining, utilising and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied work force. –
2. The importance of the staffing function of management is described below:
   • It helps in discovering and obtaining competent personnel for various jobs within an organisation.
   • By putting right person on the right job, it leads to a higher performance of the employees.
   • It ensures the continuous survival and growth of the enterprise through the succession planning for managers.
   • It helps to ensure optimum utilisation of the human resources. By avoiding over manning, it prevents under-utilisation of personnel and high labour costs. At the same time it avoids disruption of work by indicating in advance the shortages of personnel.
   • It improves job satisfaction and morale of the employees through objective assessment and fair rewarding for their contribution.

Question 4.
Anuroop runs a law firm in Hyderabad. His firm offers valuable financial and legal consultancy services to the clients. Whenever the firm hires any new employees, on the first day of their joining, they are welcomed to the organisation and are given details about hours of work, holiday requests, sickness procedure, dress code, lunch arrangements, introduced to the daily operations and key people in the workplace, etc. They are also familiarised with the organisation’s policies and procedures, including complaints and dispute resolution, sexual harassment, emergency exits and evacuation procedure.
In the context of the above case:

1. Name the type of training which is being referred to in the above lines.
2. Identify and explain the human needs of the new employees that are being fulfilled by Anuroop through this training.

Answer:

1. Induction training is being referred to in the above lines.
2. The various types of human needs of the new employees that are being fulfilled by Anuroop through induction, training are stated below:
   • Basic Physiological Needs: These needs are most basic in the hierarchy and are linked to primary needs like hunger, thirst, shelter etc. “they are given details about hours of work, holiday requests, sickness procedure, dress code, lunch arrangements etc.”
   • Safety/Security Needs: These needs offer security and protection from physical and emotional harm. “They are also familiar with the organisation’s policies and procedures, including complaints and dispute resolution, sexual harassment, emergency exits and evacuation procedure.”
   • Affiliation/Belonging Needs: These needs refer to affection, sense of belongingness, acceptance and friendship. “Whenever the firm hires any new employees, on the first day of their joining, they are welcomed to the organisation.”

Question 5.
Deeksha is the general manager of a firm offering Telemarketing services. Telemarketing is a method of direct marketing in which a representative of the company solicits prospective customers to buy products or services, either over the phone or through a subsequent face to face, or Web conferencing appointment scheduled during the call. Deeksha ensures that all the call centre representatives are well versed with the local languages so that they can interact effectively with the prospective buyers. Moreover, the employees are provided training to improve upon their troubleshooting skills so that they do not spend too much time with every customer. By acquiring these skills the callers are able to add value to their message and also shorten the call durations, leading to increased customer satisfaction and profitability of the business.
As a part of the firm’s policy, Deeksha encourages women, persons from backward communities and persons with special abilities to assume responsible positions in the organisation.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the type of communication barriers that Deeksha is able to overcome by ensuring that all the call centre representatives are well versed with the local languages.
2. What are benefits of training employees to an organisation?
3. List any two values that the firm wants to communicate to the society.

Answer:

1. Deeksha is able to overcome the semantic barriers by ensuring that all the call centre representatives are well versed with the local languages.
2. The benefits of training to an organisation are as follows:
   • Training imparts systematic learning to employees thereby helping to avoid wastage of efforts and money. It is considered better than the hit and trial methods.
   • It increases the employees’ productivity both in terms of quantity and quality, leading to higher profits.
   • Training increases the morale of the employees and reduces absenteeism and employee turnover.
3. The two values that the firm wants to communicate to the society are:
   • Women empowerment
   • Humanity.

Question 6.
Srija runs an NGO under the name ‘Sarthak’ in Delhi. The organisation is engaged in offering waste paper recycling services to all kinds of institutions in the Delhi NCR region. It also manufactures custom made paper stationery out of recycled paper on order for the interested institutions at a very competitive price. The website of ‘Sarthak’ provides a link to a Careers site wherein the people desirous of joining the NGO can use simple Job Search to find the right opportunity for themselves. The NGO also keeps a database of unsolicited applicants in its office so that job seekers may be notified of future opportunities when they arise.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the two sources of external recruitment being used by the NGO ‘Sarthak’ by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. List any two values that Srija wants to communicate to the society.

Answer:

1. The two sources of external recruitment being used by the NGO ‘Sarthak’ are as follows:
   • Web Publishing:”The website of ‘Sarthak’ provides a link to a Careers site wherein the people desirous of joining the NGO can use simple Job Search to find the right opportunity for themselves”
   • Casual Callers: “The NGO also keeps a database of unsolicited applicants in its office so that job seekers may be notified of future opportunities when they arise.”
2. The two values that Srija wants to communicate to the society are:
   • Environment sustainability .
   • Responsibility.

Question 7.
Race Tech Ltd. is one of the top IT companies in India. The company does mass recruitment each year from different colleges offering fresher level job to the final year students. This helps in recruiting the brightest and the best available talent in the educational institutions.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the source of external recruitment adopted by the company.
2. Explain briefly any three advantages of using the external sources of recruitment.

Answer:

1. Campus Recruitment is the source of external recruitment adopted by the company.
2. The advantages of using the external sources of recruitment are stated below:
   • Qualified Personnel: Through the external sources of recruitment,the management is able to attract qualified and trained people to apply for the vacant job positions in the ^manisation.
   • Wider Choice: As the vacancies are advertised widely a large number of applicants from outside the organisation are likely to apply. This gives the organisation a wider choice while selecting the people for employment.
   • Fresh Talent: The organisations cannot fulfil all the vacancies from within the organisation. Therefore by using the sources of external recruitment they get a wider choice and it brings new blood into the organisation.

Question 8.
Prateek has started an advertising agency in Gurgaon. One of the page on his company’s website contains the following information, “Welcome to all the visitors of this page who are looking for an opportunity to make a career in the field of advertising. The openings are available in the company at various levels, so don’t miss the chance.” This page includes a link to provide further details about the vacancies available in terms of the desired qualifications, experience, personality characteristics and so on. Through a continuous assessment of the number and types of human resources necessary for the performance of various jobs and accomplishment of organisational objectives and in relation to the number and type available, he gets the information on this page updated.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the steps in the staffing process being carried out by Prateek by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. Name the concept that relates to the details about the vacancies available in terms of the desired qualifications, experience, personality characteristics and so on.

Answer:

1. The two steps in the staffing process being carried out by Prateek are as follows:
   • Estimating the Manpower Requirements: It is the first step in the staffing process and is carried out with the help of workload analysis (assessment of the number and types of human resources necessary for the performance of various jobs and accomplishment of organisational objectives) and work force analysis (assessment of the number and type available).
     “Through a continuous assessment of the number and types of human resources necessary for the performance of various jobs and accomplishment of organisational objectives and in relation to the number and type available.”
   • Recruitment: Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.
     “One of the pages on his company’s website contains the following information, “Welcome to all the visitors of this page who are looking for an opportunity to make a career in the field of advertising. The openings are available in the company at various levels, so don’t miss the chance.”This page includes a link to provide further details about the vacancies available.”
     “..he gets the information on this page updated.”
2. Job description is the concept that relates to the details about the vacancies available in terms of the desired qualifications, experience, personality characteristics and so on.

Question 9.
Sunidhi runs a KPO (Knowledge Process Outsourcing) in Gurgaon. The services provided by her firm include all kinds of research and information gathering in fields such as financial market, medicine, animation and design, etc. Sunidhi believes that the success of the company can be achieved mainly through the people it chooses to employ. Therefore, she aims to attract the best people and provides them innumerable opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skill relevant to their position.
In context of the above case, identify and explain the aspects of staffing being taken into consideration by Sunidhi by quoting lines from the paragraph.
Answer:
The three aspects of staffing being taken into consideration by Sunidhi are as follows:

1. Recruitment: Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.
   “she aims to attract the best people”
2. Selection: Selection is the process of choosing the best candidate from a pool of applicants.
   “Sunidhi believes that the success of the company can be achieved mainly through the people it chooses to employ.”
3. Training: Training helps to upgrade the knowledge and skills of the employees so that their ability to perform in the present job can be enhanced.
   “..provides them innumerable opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skill relevant to their position.”

Question 10.
Anushka is doing a course in fashion designing from an institute of repute. As a part of the course, she has been asked to take on-the-job training in an export house for a fortnight in order to gain an insight about various practical aspects related to designing. Anushka, through the references from her senior, joins an export house owned by an upcoming designer, Nandita.
In context of the above case:

1. Name and explain the type of training which Anushka has been asked to undertake.
2. Explain briefly any one method for providing off-the-job training.

Answer:

1. Internship Training is the type of training which Anushka has been asked to undertake. It is a joint programme of training in which educational institutions and business firms co-operate. The learners carry on with their regular studies for the prescribed period. They also work in some factory or office to acquire practical knowledge and skills related to their specific field of expertise.
2. Vestibule training is a popular method for providing off-the-job training. The term ‘vestibule’ means duplicate or replica. Under this method, the trainees learn their jobs on the equipment they will be using at their actual work place. The training is conducted away from the actual work floor at a place where actual work environments are created in a class room and employees use the same materials, files and equipment. This is usually done when employees are required to handle sophisticated machinery and equipment. .

Question 11.
The employees of ‘Food Darbar,’ a restaurant, are trained through a structured programme that provides training in each area within the restaurant. The trainees learn the skills necessary for running each of the 12 workstations in the restaurant, from taking orders to the cooking area. This enables the employees to gain a broader understanding of all parts of the business and how the restaurant functions as a whole. The trainee gets fully involved in the department’s operations and also gets a chance to test her own aptitude and ability. When employees are trained by this method, the organisation finds it easier at the time of promotions, replacements or transfers.
In context of the above case:

1. Name the type of training which ‘Food Darbar’ provides to its employees.
2. Distinguish between training and development on the basis of meaning, purpose and scope.

Answer:

1. Job rotation is the type of training which ‘Food Darbar’ provided to its employees. It is a method of on-the-job training
2. The difference between Training and Development is given below:
   

   S.No.	Basis	Training	Development
   1.	Meaning	It is a process of increasing knowledge and skills.	It is a process of learning and growth.
   2.	Purpose	It is to enable the employee to do the job better.	It is to enable the overall growth of the employee.
   3.	Scope	It is a job oriented process.	It is a career oriented process.

Question 12.
Sunder Lai runs a security service providers agency. Considering that psychological testing is a critical step for judging the potential of the prospective candidates for a career in law enforcement, he uses various types of psychological tests as part of the selection processes. This is done to ensure that potential new officers are emotionally and psychologically suited to carry out the requirements of the job.
In context of the above case:

1. Briefly outline any one more type of test that Sunder Lai may use to assess the potential of the prospective candidates.
2. Briefly outline the steps involved in the selection process after conducting the assessment tests.

Answer:

1. Interest Tests: Interest tests are used to know the pattern of interests or involvement of a person.
2. The further important steps in the process of selection, after conducting assessment tests are as follows:
   • Employment Interview: It is a face-to-face interaction between the interviewers and prospective candidate. It involves a formal, in-depth conversation that is conducted to evaluate the applicant’s suitability for the job.
   • Reference and Background Checks: At the time of filling up of the job application form, the prospective candidates are required to provide names, addresses, and telephone numbers of references for the purpose of verifying information and gaining additional information about him/her.
   • Selection Decision: The final decision about the selection is made from among the candidates who pass the tests and interview.
   • Medical Examination: After the selection decision and before the job offer is made, the candidate is required to undergo a medical fitness test.
   • Job Offer: The next step in the selection process is job offer, given to those applicants who have passed all the previous tests.
   • Contract of Employment: After candidate accepts the job offer, a contract of employment is issued. Basic information that should be included in a written contract of employment will vary according to the level of the job, but it will include information like job title, duties, responsibilities, date of joining, pay and allowances, etc.

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CBSE Class 10 Science Practical Skills – Binary Fission in Amoeba and Budding in Yeast

BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS
Reproduction is the ability of an individual to produce new generation of individuals of same species.
It involves the transmission of genetic material from the parental generation to the next generation, thereby ensuring that characteristics, not only of the species but also the parental organisms, are perpetuated.

Types of Reproduction
Reproduction is of two types – Asexual and Sexual.

1. Asexual reproduction – Production of offspring by a single parent without the involvement of gamete formation is called asexual reproduction. The off springs produced by asexual reproduction are identical to parents. Such identical off springs from a single parent are referred to as clone.
   Asexual reproduction is of various types which are listed in the following flow chart.
   
2. Sexual reproduction – Sexual reproduction involves two parents. Male parent produces male gametes and female parent produces female gametes. Male and female gametes fuse together to form a zygote. Zygote is the first cell of next generation.

AIM
To study

• binary fission in Amoeba, and
• budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Compound microscope, permanent slides of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast.

THEORY
Binary Fission – This is a type of asexual reproduction which takes place in Amoeba. In this type of reproduction, parent cell divides into two small, nearly equal sized identical daughter cells. The two daughter cells then grow into adult organism. In binary fission parental identity is lost.
Budding – This is also a type of asexual reproduction which is common in yeast. In this type of reproduction a small bud-like outgrowth develops at the parent cell. This bud enlarges in size. The nucleus also enlarges in size and divides to form two nuclei. Out of these two nuclei, one goes into developing bud. When the bud attains almost the same size as that of parent cell, a separating wall is laid down between the bud and parent cell. This bud may detach from the parent cell or may produce another bud over it.

PROCEDURE

1. Select the slide of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast.
2. Set-up a compound microscope. While looking through the eye piece, adjust the mirror and diaphragm so that microscope is illuminated.
3. Now, place the slide on stage and focus at low power. Observe it.
4. Without removing the slide, now change the focus to high power. Observe it.

OBSERVATIONS
(a) Binary Fission in Amoeba

• This is a type of asexual reproduction in which two daughter cells (or two individuals) are formed from a single parent.
• Parent cell becomes elongated.
• Nucleus divides first and then the cytoplasm divides.
• At the point of fission, constriction appears and deepens to divide the cell into two daughter cells.
  

(b) Budding in Yeast

• In this type of asexual reproduction, a small protuberance or outgrowth arises from the parent body called bud.
• Nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei, of which one passes into the bud.
• The bud now detaches from the parent body and grows independently as a new individual or may remain attached to parent body, forming chain of cells.
• Parental identity is not lost.
  

RESULT
The slides show reproduction by binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Always focus the slide, first at low power and then at high power.
2. While focussing at high power, do not use coarse adjustment of microscope. Only use fine adjustment.

INTERACTIVE SESSION

Question 1.
What is reproduction?
Answer:
Reproduction is the process by which individuals produce offsprings of their own species.

Question 2.
What are the types of reproduction?
Answer:
Reproduction is of two types-

1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual reproduction.

Question 3.
Define sexual reproduction.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is the production of offsprings by the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote which develops into a mature organism.

Question 4.
What is asexual reproduction?
Answer:
Asexual reproduction is the production of offsprings by a parent without fertilisation and formation of gametes.

Question 5.
Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Answer:

Question 6.
Out of sexual and asexual reproduction, which one leads to more variations among offsprings. Why?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction leads to variations as it involves fusion of gametes and crossing over of chromosomes during gamete formation.

Question 7.
What is binary fission?
Answer:
Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which parent cell divides amitotically to form two daughter cells. In cell division, first the nucleus divides and then the cytoplasm.

Question 8.
How is binary fission different from multiple fission?
Answer:
In binary fission, one cell divides to form two daughter cells, whereas in multiple fission, one cell forms several daughter cells.

Question 9.
Why do we classify budding, fission or fragmentation as a type of asexual reproduction?
Answer:
All these are categorised as types of asexual reproduction as they all involve one single parent and no gamete formation takes place.

Question 10.
Give examples of organisms which show the following –

1. Binary fission
2. Budding.

Answer:
Examples of organisms which reproduce by binary fission are – Amoeba, Paramoecium, Euglena.
Examples of organisms which reproduce by budding are – Yeast, Hydra.

Question 11.
In Amoeba, which event occurs first; division of nucleus or division of cytoplasm?
Answer:
Division of nucleus followed by division of cytoplasm.

Question 12.
Define budding.
Answer:
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a small outgrowth or protuberance called bud appears. Bud may or may not separate from parent body.

Question 13.
Distinguish between budding in yeast and budding in Hydra.
Answer:
Yeast is a unicellular fungi. The bud formed is unicellular and may remain attached to parent cell, whereas bud in Hydra is multicellular and appears as branch. This branch separates from parent body and grows as separate individual.

Question 14.
Name the most common method of reproduction in yeast.
Answer:
Budding.

Question 15.
Name the type of cell divisions involved in asexual reproduction.
Answer:
Amitosis and mitosis.

Question 16.
What is vegetative propagation?
Answer:
It is a method of asexual reproduction in which a vegetative part of plant is used to produce new individual.

Question 17.
Give one term for the division of nucleus.
Answer:
Karyokinesis.

Question 18.
Offsprings formed by asexual reproduction are called clones. What are clones?
Answer:
All individuals which are morphologically and genetically similar to each other and are derived from a single parent are called clone.

Question 19.
What are spores?
Answer:
A spore is a small unit involved in asexual reproduction. These are microscopic, unicellular structures which contain small amount of cytoplasm and nucleus.

Question 20.
Amoeba is immortal. Comment.
Answer:
Amoeba divides into two by binary fission, each grows to live and no dead body is left.

Question 21.
Which organisms have better survival value-asexually or sexually reproducing?
Answer:
Sexually reproducing organisms have better survival value as they show more variations.

Question 22.
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Answer:
Advantages include

• Offsprings are identical to the parents.
• Rapid multiplication of organisms.
• Vegetative propagation is the only method of reproduction for plants which does not produce viable seeds.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Which type of cell division is involved in binary fission?
Answer:
Mitosis

Question 2.
How many daughter cells are formed in binary fission?
Answer:
Two

Question 3.
Why are binary fission and budding included under asexual reproduction?
Answer:

• Only one parent is involved.
• Offsprings are genetically identical.

Question 4.
Are binary fission and budding faster process of reproduction when compared to sexual reproduction. Justify.
Answer:
Yes, as by simple cell division, daughter cells are formed. In sexual reproduction, formation and fertilisation of gametes are involved.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions /VSA (1 Mark)

Question 1.

The figures given above are drawn from slides showing reproduction in yeast and Amoeba. The correct description of the above is [Delhi 2010]
(a) Amoeba undergoing binary fission is at a ; stage when nucleus is elongating, while yeast is undergone budding.
(b) Yeast is undergoing binary fission and ;
daughter nuclei have already formed, while a j newly formed daughter Amoeba is undergoing growth.
(c) The nucleus of a parent Amoeba is undergoing ; division to pass into its bud while yeast has j already divided into two daughter cells.
(d) Amoeba is undergoing cytokinesis and Yeast is undergoing budding.

Question 2.
After observing slides showing stages of j reproduction in Amoeba and yeast, students j reported the following observations. [Delhi 2012, AI 2010]
(i) Cytokinesis was seen in the yeast cell.
(ii) A chain of buds was seen due to reproduction in Amoeba.
(iii) In Amoeba, elongated nucleus was dividing to form two daughter nuclei.
(iv) Single cells of Amoeba and yeast were undergoing binary fission and budding respectively.
The correct observations are
(a) (i) and (ii) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (iii) and (iv) only
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) only

Question 3.
A chain of yeast cells are formed because [Foreign 2010]
(a) yeast cells do not separate after budding
(b) daughter cells are unable to survive without parent cells
(c) buds reproduce as soon as they are formed
(d) daughter cells stick together with the help of mucus

Question 4.
Out of the following diagrams which one depicts a stage in binary fission of Amoeba?
[Delhi 2012, CBSE Sample Paper 2009]

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 5.
The following figures illustrate binary fission in Amoeba in an incorrect sequence. [Foreign 2012, AI 2012,11, CBSE Sample Paper 2009]

The correct sequence is :
(a) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
(b) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i)
(c) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)
(d) (iii),(iv),(ii),(i)

Question 6.
Four stages of binary fission in Amoeba are shown below. The stage at which nuclear fission and cytokinesis both are observed is, the stage [Delhi 2009, 2008C, AI 2008, 2008 C]

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Question 7.
Out of the given diagrams, the correctly labelled diagram showing budding in yeast is [AI 2009]

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Question 8.
Name the type of asexual reproduction in which parental identity is maintained.
(a) Multiple fission
(b) Binary fission
(c) Budding
(d) All of these

Question 9.
During binary fission in Amoeba, which of the following occurs first?
(a) Cytokinesis
(b) Karyokinesis
(c) Both (a) and (b), simultaneously
(d) None of these

Question 10.
In the slides showing binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast, the correct observations are [Delhi 2007C]
(a) the daughter cells of Amoeba and the bud of yeast are smaller than their respective parental cells.
(b) the daughter cells of Amoeba and the bud of yeast are of the same size as their respective parental cells.
(c) the daughter cells of Amoeba are bigger than the parent but bud of yeast is smaller than the parent.
(d) the daughter cells of Amoeba are smaller than the parent but bud of yeast is larger than parent.

Question 11.
A student observed a slide of yeast under a microscope and saw collection of cells in different parts of the slide marked A, B, C and D as shown below. Which one of the following parts of the slide shows budding in yeast? [Foreign 2008]

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 12.
Mention sequence of budding

Correct sequence is
(a) A, B, C, D
(b) A, D, B, C
(c) C, A, B, D
(d) D, A, B, C

Question 13.
What do F and E represent in the given diagram?

(a) Parent yeast cells
(b) Daughter Amoebae
(c) Yeast buds
(d) Parent Amoebae

Question 14.
Which of the following is not a feature of asexual reproduction?
(a) Two individuals of different sexes involved.
(b) No meiosis occurs.
(c) New individuals are genetically identical to the parents. .
(d) Offsprings are clones of parents.

Question 15.
From the following diagrams, select the correct ones showing stages of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast in their proper sequence

(a) 5, 1, 4 and 2, 3, 6
(b) 3, 4, 7 and 2, 8, 6
(c) 7, 4, 1 and 3, 8, 6
(d) 8, 7, 4 and 3, 2, 6.

ANSWER KEY

1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (b)
6. (b)
7. (b)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (a)
11. (b)
12. (a)
13. (b)
14. (a)
15. (c)

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is binary fission? Name any two organisms that reproduce by binary fission.
Answer:
Binary fission is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides to form two small, nearly equal sized daughter individuals. Amoeba and Paramecium reproduce by binary fission.

Question 2.
Give various steps of budding in yeast.
Answer:

• A small bud-like outgrowth develops on the parent cell.
• Bud enlarges in size.
• Nucleus enlarges and divides into two.
• One nucleus goes into developing bud.
• Bud detaches from parent cell.

Question 3.
Differentiate between binary fission and multiple fission.
Answer:

Question 4.
Why are binary fission and budding included in asexual reproduction?
Answer:
As in both-binary fission and budding, only one parent is involved, so these two modes of reproduction are included in asexual reproduction.

Question 5.
Differentiate between binary fission and budding.
Answer:

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