Category: CBSE

Idioms Meaning: An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from its literal meaning. Some common idioms and their meanings are given below.

Idioms are words, phrases, or expressions that are either grammatically unusual. Example: “Long time, no seel”, or their meaning cannot be taken literally. Example: “It’s raining cats and dogs!” This expression does not mean that cats and dogs are falling from the sky, but it is a metaphorical expression (word picture) that means that it is raining very heavily.

What are idioms?
An Idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word, or phrase that don’t mean exactly what the words say. They have, however, hidden meanings.

Examples

• “Kick the bucket”
• “Spill the beans”

The meaning of these expressions is different from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which they are made. Their meanings are however used figuratively. They mean respectively:

• “to die”
• “to tell people secret information”

Idioms With Meanings And Sentences For Class 7 CBSE

1.	Once in a blue moon:
	Meaning: Something that happens very rarely.
	Sentence: The earthquakes hit once in a blue moon in this part of the earth.
2.	Beating around the bush:
	Meaning: Avoiding the main topic
	Sentence: The President was beating around the bush when the citizens demanded a reason for the forgery of legal documents.
3.	The chip on your shoulder:
	Meaning: When someone is upset about something that happened a while ago
	Sentence: He has a chip on his shoulder for being abandoned by his parents in his childhood.
4.	Cry over spilled milk:
	Meaning: Complaining about a loss or failure from the past
	Sentence: He was mad because he couldn’t get admission due to a silly mistake. But, then he realised there was no use crying over spilt milk and decided to become more careful.
5.	Spill the beans
	Meaning: To disclose a secret
	Sentence: The little one spilled the beAnswer: about the surprise vacation we had planned.
6.	Piece of cake:
	Meaning: Something that is easy to understand or do
	Sentence: I thought that the problem would be tough, but it turned out to be a piece of cake!
7.	Blessing in disguise:
	Meaning: Something good and useful that did not initially seem that way
	Sentence: His accident was a blessing in disguise because it gave him a lot of time to think about his life.
8.	Come hell or high water:
	Meaning: Possible obstacles in your path (will not stop you)
	Sentence: I have decided that come hell or high water I will become an engineer.
9.	Taste of your own medicine:
	Meaning: When someone receives the same treatment, usually negative, that he/ she gives to others
	Sentence: She is always taunting others and hurting their sentiments. I just wish someone would give her a taste of her own medicine.
10.	Golden handshake:
	Meaning:  A big sum of money given to a person when he/she leaves a company or retires
	Sentence: The management of the company wanted to decrease their workforce. They offered a golden handshake to their aged employees.
11.	Mean business:
	Meaning:  Being serious/dedicated
	Sentence: The border is sealed by troops who mean business.
12.	Apple of one’s eye:
	Meaning:  Being cherished more than others are
	Sentence: Sameer is adored by his teacher for his childlike nature. He is the apple of her eye.
13.	The best of both worlds:
	Meaning:  The benefits of widely differing situations, enjoyed at the same time.
	Sentence: I had the best of both worlds since I worked as an ordinary member of the team but got to learn from the leaders.
14.	Feeling a bit under the weather:
	Meaning:  Feeling slightly ill
	Sentence: I may not be able to jog today, as I am feeling a bit under the weather.
15.	Icing on the cake:
	Meaning:  Something that turns good into great
	Sentence: India’s victory over England on India’s Independence Day was like icing on the cake.
16.	Cost an arm and a leg:
	Meaning:  Be very expensive
	Sentence: His laziness made him miss his flight to Chandigarh. The next ticket cost him an arm and a leg.
17.	Jump the bandwagon:
	Meaning:  To join a popular activity or trend
	Sentence: When he was detected with diabetes, he quickly jumped on the bandwagon and joined the yoga classes.
18.	Ball is in your court:
	Meaning:  When it is up to you to make the next decision or step.
	Sentence: Now the ball is in your court; decide whether you want to reply or not.
19.	Bite off more than you can chew:
	Meaning:  To take up a task which you may not be able to accomplish due to lack of ability.
	Sentence: I bit off more than I could chew when I decided to take up the 300 page research project.
20.	Don’t judge a book by its cover:
	Meaning:  One should not judge something primarily on appearance.
	Sentence: The house looked impressive in the advertisement. Still I made a trip to 1 the house to check everything. It is wise not to judge a book by its cover.
21.	Hear it on grapevine:
	Meaning:  To hear rumours about something or someone
	Sentence:I heard it on grapevine that he had stiffed an old man asking for his pension.
22.	It takes two to tango:
	Meaning:  Actions or communications need more than one person
	Sentence: We really need to talk about the problems and adjust, after all it takes two to tango.
23.	Last straw:
	Meaning:  The final problem in a series of problems
	Sentence: My body was already in bad shape. The accident was the last straw. I am now on a complete bed rest.
24.	To be in the doldrums:
	Meaning:  To be in low spirits
	Sentence: Sahil was in the doldrums after he was insulted by the boss in front of his colleagues.
25.	To sit on the fence:
	Meaning:  To remain neutral
	Sentence: Since I wasn’t aware of the details, I decided to sit on the fence during the argument between my cousins.
26.	Break the ice:
	Meaning:  To initiate a social conversation or interaction
	Sentence: At the start of the lecture, the new professor tried to break the ice by telling a joke.
27.	A bird’s eye view:
	Meaning:  A view from a very high place that allows you to see a very large area.
	Sentence: The Singapore Big Wheel offers a bird’s eye view of the city.
28.	A litmus test:
	Meaning:  A method that helps to know if something is correct
	Sentence: Taking up the job served as a litmus test for me to know how good I was at applying my knowledge.
29.	At the drop of a hat:
	Meaning:  Willingness to do something instantly
	Sentence: She expects me to make dinner at the drop of a hat even if I am very busy with office work.
30.	Afraid of one’s own shadow:
	Meaning:  To become easily frightened
	Sentence: Scotty my dog, was afraid of his own shadow when he was a pup, but now he barks on everyone and looks at himself proudly.
31.	A house of cards:
	Meaning:  A poor plan
	Sentence: Rita has made a house of cards before her final examinations.
32.	Black and blue:
	Meaning:  Full of bruises
	Sentence: The young lad was all black and blue after a tiff with a raging senior.
33.	Be on cloud nine:
	Meaning:  Be very happy
	Sentence: I will be on cloud nine when my first article gets published.
34.	Bone of contention:
	Meaning:  A subject or issue over which there is continuing disagreement
	Sentence: The examination system has long been a serious bone of contention in the HRD Ministry.
35.	Eat humble pie:
	Meaning:  To apologise humbly
	Sentence: He will have to eat humble pie for the disrespect shown to the Captain.
36.	Fool’s paradise:
	Meaning:  False sense of happiness or success
	Sentence: They were living in a fool’s paradise, refusing to accept that they were facing poverty.
37.	Give cold shoulder:
	Meaning:  To ignore
	Sentence: I sent her a message to apologise for my misbehavior, but she gave me the cold shoulder.
38.	Get a raw deal:
	Meaning:  To not be treated as well as other people
	Sentence: The fact is that students in government schools get a raw deal.
39.	Hit the nail on the head:
	Meaning:  To do the correct thing
	Sentence: She hit the nail on the head when she laid out a list of justifiable grievances she had with the company.
40.	Hand to mouth:
	Meaning:  Live on only basic necessities
	Sentence: The severe drought led the farmers to live hand to mouth.
41.	Hit the bull’s eye:
	Meaning:  To be exactly right about something or achieve the best result possible.
	Sentence: The detective hit the bull’s eye when he figured out that nobody but the doctor could have had access to the poison.
42.	Let the cat out of the bag:
	Meaning:  To reveal the secret carelessly or by mistake
	Sentence: Now that she had let the cat out of the bag, she had no option but to confess.
43.	Make a face:
	Meaning:  To show dislike or disappointment through facial expressions
	Sentence: Ditya made a face at the sight of bitter gourd in her food.
44.	Open Pandora’s Box:
	Meaning:  To find a source of great troubles and problems
	Sentence: Finding the wallet on the road opened up a Pandora’s box. I was arrested for stealing when I went to report it at the police station.
45.	It’s Greek to me:
	Meaning:  Something that is not understandable
	Sentence: I failed my commerce test; it was all Greek to me!
46.	Don’t put all your eggs in one basket:
	Meaning:  Do not put all your resources in one basket.
	Sentence: The boy put all his money into his dream startup that eventually failed. I had told him not to put all his eggs in one basket.
47.	To call a spade a spade:
	Meaning:  To be brutally frank, outspoken, blunt in speech.
	Sentence: Let’s call a spade a spade popular he may be, but that man is a liar.
48.	To be a Good Samaritan:
	Meaning:  To be kind and compassionate to someone in distress
	Sentence: I was sure I would be stuck on the highway till the morning, but a good Samaritan offered me a ride home.
49.	To put in a nutshell:
	Meaning: To say in a few words or to make something concise
	Sentence: The Textbook Development Committee decided to put the 30 pages chapter, in a nutshell, to help save time for students during revision.
50.	To pour oil on troubled waters:
	Meaning: To make peace
	Sentence: I am always stuck pouring oil on troubled waters when my mother and wife start their bickering.
51.	To move heaven and earth:
	Meaning: To exert all efforts
	Sentence: He moved heaven and earth to ensure that his family was taken care of in the foreign land in his absence.

Idioms Exercises for Class 7 CBSE

A. Circle the idioms in the following sentences.

1. Sharon had butterflies in her stomach before the championship game.
2. My dad blew his stack when he saw my poor grades on my report card.
3. Jyoti was a bundle of nerves before getting her driving test results.
4. Last night, it was raining cats and dogs.
5. My parents rolled out the red carpet for our visiting relatives.
6. When I tried to get into the good school, the process involved a lot of red tape.
7. The athlete is as fit as a fiddle.
8. I am having a field day with my final exam.
9. The dog days of summer are starting to wear on me.
10. He was being a good Samaritan because he helped me out.

B. Read the idioms and write their meaning and sentences.

1. Fool’s Paradise _____________________
2. Hand to mouth _____________________
3. Be on cloud nine: _____________________
4. Once in a blue moon _____________________
5. Eat Humble Pie: _____________________

CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Planning

PLANNING
Planning: Definition
Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do and who has to do it. Thus, it involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve those objectives.

Features of Planning

• Planning focuses on achieving objectives by deciding upon the activities to be undertaken.
• Planning is a primary function as it precedes all functions of management i.e. organising, staffing, directing& controlling.
• Planning is pervasive as it is required at all the levels of management but its scope may vary.
• Planning is continuous as plans need to be made on a continuous basis till an organisation exists.
• Planning is futuristic as it seeks to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. Planning is, therefore, called a forward looking function.
• Planning involves decision-making as it involves rational thinking to choose the best alternative among the various available alternatives in order to achieve the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
• Planning is a mental exercise as it is based on intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualisation and judgement rather than guess work.

Importance of Planning

• Planning provides direction as it acts as a guide for deciding what course of action should be taken to attain the organisational goals.
• Planning reduces the risk of uncertainty arising due to the dynamic nature of business environment as it enables a manager to anticipate and meet changes effectively.
• Planning reduces overlapping & wasteful activities as it serves as the basis for coordinating the activities and efforts of different divisions and individuals.
• Planning promotes innovation as it encourages new ideas that can take shape of concrete plans.
• Planning facilitates decision making as it enables a manager to choose the best alternative course ‘of action among the various available alternatives in light of present and future conditions.
• Planning establishes standards for controlling. Planning provides standards against which the actual performance is measured and timely corrective actions the taken.

TYPES OF PLANNING
On the basis of use and duration

• Single use plans are the ones that are formulated to deal with new or non-repetitive situations that may arise in an organisation from time-to-time. For example- programmes, budgets and projects.
• Standing plans refer to the another type of plans which once formulated may be used for a long period of time in similar or repetitive situations that may prevail in an organisation. For example—objectives, strategies, policies, methods, procedures and rules.

On th basis of what a plan seeks to achieve

• Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence.
• A strategy is a comprehensive plan for achieving the objectives of the organisation.
• Policy is a set of general guidelines that help in managerial decision making and action.
• Method refers to the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective.
• Procedure refers to a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities.
• Budget refers to a financial plan that is expressed in numerical terms.
• Rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation.
• Programme is a comprehensive plan that contains detailed statements about a project which outlines the objectives, policies, procedures, rules and method and the budget to implement any course of action.

Steps Involved in the Planning Process

• Setting clear, specific and measurable objectives for the entire organisation and each department or unit within the organisation.
• Developing Premises which reflect the assumptions about the future that the manager is
  required to make since the future is uncertain.
• Identifying alternative courses of action through which the desired goals can be achieved.
• Evaluating alternative courses to analyse the relative pros and cons of each alternative in light of their feasibility and consequences.
• Selecting an alternative or a combination of plans which appears to be most feasible.
• Implement the plan with the help of a strategy.
• Follow up action in order to monitor the plans to ensure that the desired objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively.

Limitations of Planning

• Planning leads to rigidity as plans are drawn in advance and managers may not be in a position to change them in the light of changed conditions.
• Planning may not work ina dynamic environment as through planning, everything cannot be foreseen.
• Planning reduces creativity as the top management undertakes planning of various activities whereas the middle managers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own.
• Planning involves huge costs in terms of time and money required to undertake scientific calculations and sometimes it may not justify the benefits derived from it.
• Planning is a time consuming process and sometimes there is not much time left for implementation of the plans.
• Planning does not guarantee success because it is not always essential that if a plan has worked before, it will work again, as things may change. This kind of complacency and false sense of security may actually lead to failure instead of success of a business.

MIND MAP

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1.
State any three points of importance of planning function of management. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The three points indicating the importance of planning is described below:

1. Reduces the risk of uncertainty: Planning relates to deciding in advance about the tasks to be performed in future. This enables a manager to anticipate changes and devise the way to deal with changes and uncertain events effectively.
2. Planning promotes innovative ideas: Planning is one of the basic managerial functions. Before doing something, the manager must formulate an idea of how to work on a particular task. Thus, planning is closely connected with creativity and innovation. It is the most challenging activity for the management as it guides all future actions leading to growth and prosperity of the business.
3. Avoiding overlapping and wasteful activities: Planning ensures clarity in thought and action and serves as the basis of coordinating the activities and efforts of different individuals and departments. Therefore, by curtailing useless and redundant activities it helps in smooth working of the organisations work is without interruptions. Moreover, it makes detection of inefficiencies easier so that timely corrective measures may be taken to avoid them in future.

Question 2.
Give the meaning of ‘objectives’ and ‘budget’ as types of plans. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:

1. Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives. Objectives are based on the mission or philosophy of the organisation. Objectives are determined by top level management. For example, the objectives of a newly started business is to earn 30% profit gn the amount invested in the first year.
2. Budget: A budget refers to a financial plan that is expressed in numerical terms. For example, the marketing manager prepared an area wise sales target for different products for the forthcoming quarter. It is a type of single use plan.

Question 3.
State any three limitation of planning. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The three limitations of planning are described below:

1. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is dynamic in nature. Every organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes in its environment in order to survive and grow. However, it difficult to anticipate all the likely future changes in the environment with utmost accuracy. Hence, even with planning everything cannot be foreseen.
2. Planning reduces creativity: The top management undertakes planning of various activities whereas the other members are expected to merely implements these plans. This restricts the creativity of the middle managers as they are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own.
3. Planning involves huge costs: The process of planning involves huge cost in terms of time and money as detailed planning is based on a series of scientific calculations. Moreover it may include a number of related costs as well, like expenses on boardroom meetings, discussions with professional experts and preliminary investigations to find out the viability of the plan. As a result the expenses on planning may turn out to be much more than benefits derived from it.

Question 4.
Give the meaning of ‘procedure’ and ‘rule’ as types of plans. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:

1. Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities. It is determined by lower and middle level management. It is a specific statement. There is no scope for managerial discretion. Procedure is framed to implement a policy. It is a type of standing plan.
2. Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation. Rules help to maintain discipline. Rules are both specific and rigid. For example, No smoking, No Parking. It is a type of standing plan.

Question 5.
State any three features of planning. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The three features of planning are described below:

1. Planning is pervasive: Planning is not an special function, is equally essential at all levels of management. But the scope of planning varies at different levels and among different departments.
2. Planning involves decision-making: Planning essentially involves*-application of rational thinking to choose the best alternative among the various available alternatives in order to achieve the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
3. Planning is a primary function: Planning precedes all the functions of management i.e. organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. This refers to primacy of planning. Planning provides basis of all other functions.

Question 6.
Give the meaning of ‘policy’ and ‘strategy’ as type of plans. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:

1. Policy: Policy are general statements that guide managerial decision making. If is determined by top level management. It is a general statement. It provides scope for managerial discretion. Policies are framed to achieve the objectives of an organisation. They all guides in implementing the strategy. It is a type of standing plan.
2. Strategy: A strategy is a comprehensive plan prepared for winning over the given challenge or problem. A strategy is based on the objectives of the organisation. A strategy may be determined by top level or middle level management.

Question 7.
Give the meaning of ‘Objective’ and ‘Procedure’ as types of plans. (CBSE, OD 2017)
Answer:

1. Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives. Objectives are based on the mission or philosophy of the organisation. Objectives are determined by top level management. For example, the objectives of a newly started business is to earn 30% profit on the amount invested in the first year.
2. Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities. It is determined by lower and middle level management. It is a specific statement. There is no scope for managerial discretion. Procedure is framed to implement a policy. It is a type of standing plan.

Question 8.
Give the meaning of ‘Strategy’ and ‘Rule’ as types of plans. (CBSE, OD 2017)
Answer:

1. Strategy: A strategy is a comprehensive plan prepared for winning over the given challenge or problem. It is based on the objectives of the organisation. It may be determined by top level or middle level management.
2. Rule: Rules are specific statements that tell people what should or should not be done. Violation of Rules may lead to imposition of penalties. Rules help to maintain discipline. Rules are both specific and rigid. For example, No smoking, No Parking. It is a type of standing plan.

Question 9.
Super Fine Rice Ltd. has the largest share of 55% in the market. The company’s policy is to sell only for cash. In 2015, for the first time company’s number one position in the industry has been threatened because other companies started selling rice on credit* also. But the managers of Super Fine Rice Ltd. continued to rely on it’s previously tried and tested successful plans which didn”t work because the environment is not static. This led to decline in sales of Super Fine Rice Ltd. The above situation is indicating two limitations of planning which led to decline in it sales.
Identify these limitations. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017)
Answer:
The two limitations of planning which led to decline in it sales are:

• Planning does not guarantee success.
• Planning may not work in dynamic environment.

Question 10.
State the main aspects in the concept of planning. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017)
Answer:
The concept of planning primarily involves three aspects namely;

• Setting objectives in clear specific and measurable terms for a given period of time.
• Identifying the various alternative courses of action which may be adopted to achieve the objectives.
• Selecting the best possible alternative course of action from among the various courses of action available.

Question 11.
Laxmi Chemicals Ltd., a soap manufacturing company, wanted to increase its market share from 30% to 55% in the long-run. A recent report submitted by the Research & Development Department of the company had predicted a growing trend of herbal and organic products. On the basis of this report, the company decided to diversify into new variety of soaps with natural ingredients having benefits and fragrances of Jasmine, Rose, Lavender, Mogra, Lemon Grass, Green Apple, Strawberry etc. The Unique Selling Proposition (USP) was to promote eco-friendly living in the contemporary life style. The company decided to allocate t 30 crores to achieve the objective.
Identify the type of one of the functions of management mentioned above which will help the company to acquire dominant position in the market. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)
Answer:
Strategy is the type of plan which will help the company to acquire dominant position in the market.

Question 12.
Suhasini, a home science graduate from a reputed college, has recently done a cookery course. She wished to start her own venture with a goal to provide ‘health food’ at reasonable prices. She discussed her idea with her teacher (mentor) who encouraged her. After analysing various options for starting her business venture, they short listed the option to sell ready made and ‘ready to make’ vegetable shakes and sattu milk shakes. Then, they weighed the pros and cons of both the short listed options.

1. Name the function of management being discussed above and give any one of its characteristics.
2. Also briefly discuss any three limitations of the function discussed in the case. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)

Answer:

1. Planning is the function of management which is being discussed above.
   Planning involves decision-making: Planning essentially involves application of rational thinking to choose the best alternative among the various available alternatives in order to achieve the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
2. The limitations of planning are described below:
   • Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is dy¬namic in nature. Every organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes in its environment in order to survive and grow. However, it is difficult to anticipate all the likely future changes in the environment with utmost accuracy. Hence, even with planning, everything cannot be foreseen.
   • Planning reduces creativity: The top management undertakes planning of various activities whereas the other members are expected to merely implement these plans. This restricts the creativity of the middle level managers as they are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own.
   • Planning involves huge costs: The process of planning involves huge cost in terms of time and money as detailed planning is based on a series of scientific calculations. Moreover, it may include a number of related costs as well, like expenses on boardroom meetings, discussions with professional experts and preliminary investigations to find out the viability of the plan. As a result, the expenses on planning may turn out to be much more than benefits derived from it.

Question 13.
Two years ago, Madhu completed her degree in food technology. She worked for sometime in a company that manufactured chutneys, pickles and murabbas. She was not happy in the company and decided to have her own organic food processing unit for the same. She set the objectives and the targets and formulated an action plan to achieve the same.
One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year. It was decided that raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months credit from farmers cultivating only organic crops. She also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through her own outlets. She appointed Mohan as the Production Manager who decided the exact manner in which the production activities were to be carried out. Mohan also prepared a statement showing the number of workers that will be required in the factory throughout the year. Madhu informed Mohan about her area wise sales target for different products for the forthcoming quarter. While working on the production table, a penalty of ? 100 per day for not wearing caps, gloves and apron was announced.
Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and explain the different types of plans discussed. (CBSE, Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The different types of plans discussed above are listed below:

1. Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that-an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives.
   “One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year.”
2. Policy: A policy is a set of general guidelines that helps in managerial decision making and action.
   “It was decided that the raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months credit from farmers cultivating only organic crops.”
3. Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities.
   “She also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through her own outlets.”
   “The exact manner in which the production activities are to be carried out.”
4. Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Dont’s that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation.
   “While working on the production table, a penalty of ? 100 per day for not wearing caps, gloves and aprons was announced.”
5. Budget: A budget refes to a financial plan that is expressed in numerical terms.
   “Mohan also prepared a statement showing the number of workers different products for the forthcoming quater.”

Question 14.
Two years ago, Mayank obtained a degree in food technology. For some time, he worked in a company that manufactured bread and biscuits. He was not happy in the company and decided to have his own bread and biscuits manufacturing unit. For this, he decided the objectives and the targets, and formulated an action plan to achieve the same.
One of his objectives was to earn 50% profits on the amount invested in the first year. It was decided that raw materials like flour, sugar, salt, etc. will be purchased on two months credit. He also decided to follow the steps required for marketing the products through his own outlets. He appointed Harsh as the Production Manager who decided the exact manner in which the production activities were to be carried out. Harsh also prepared a statement showing the requirement of workers in the factory throughout the year. Mayank informed Harsh about his are a wise sales target for different products, for the forthcoming quarter. While working on the production table, a penalty of ?150 per day was announced for not wearing the helmet, gloves and apron by the workers.
Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and explain the different types of plans discussed. (CBSE, OD 2016)
Answer:
The different types of plans discussed above are listed below:

1. Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives.
   “One of her objectives was to earn 50% profit on the amount invested in the first year.”
2. Policy: A policy is a set of general guidelines that help in managerial decision making and action.
   “It was decided that the raw materials like flour, wheat, sugar, etc. will be purchased on two months credit.”
3. Method: A method refers to the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective.
   “..decided the exact manner in which production activities were to be carried out.”
4. Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities.
   “He also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through his own outlets.”
5. Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Dont’s that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation.
   “While working on the production table, a penalty of Rs. 150 per day was announced for not wearing helmets, gloves and aprons by the workers.”

Question 15.
Rahul, a worker, is given a target of assembling two computers per day. Due to his habit of doing things differently, an idea struck him which would not only reduce the assembling time of computers but would also reduce the cost of production of the computers. Instead of appreciating him, Rahul’s supervisor ordered him to complete the work as per the methods and techniques decided earlier as nothing could be changed at that stage. The above paragraph describes one of the limitations of the planning function of management. Name and explain that limitation. (CBSE, Delhi Comptt. 2011)
Answer:
The limitation of the planning function of management described in the above paragraph is that ‘planning reduces creativity.’ The top management undertakes planning of various policies and procedures whereas the other members are expected to merely implement these plans. This restricts the creativity of the middle level managers as they are neither allowed to deviate from plans, nor permitted to act on their own.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Josh Ltd. is a one of the largest two-wheeler manufacturer in India. It has a market share of about 42% in the two-wheeler category. The company had witnessed almost a 35% drop in the booking as the currency crunch was prompting people to withhold new purchases due to demonetisation. Therefore, the production manager of the company had decided to align production to factor in slower sales in the market.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the function of management being discussed in the above lines.
2. Which limitations of the function of management as identified in part (a) of the question was the production manager trying to overcome due to demonetisation?

Answer:

1. Planning is the function of management which is being discussed in the above lines.
   Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do and who has to do it. Thus, it involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives.
2. The production manager is trying to overcome the following limitations of planning:
   • Rigidity
   • Planning may not work in dynamic environment

Question 2.
The term demonetisation has become a household name since the government pulled the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1,000 notes out of circulation in November 2016. Prior to the year 2016, the Indian government had demonetised bank notes on two prior occasions—once in the year 1946 and then again in the year 1978. In both cases, the purpose was to combat tax evasion by ‘black money’. Identify the types of one of the functions of management being discussed in the above lines.
Answer:
Objective and Strategy

Question 3.
The arrangement to demonetise the ? 500 and ?1000 bank notes began six to ten months prior to the public announcement and was kept highly confidential. The cabinet was informed about the demonetisation on 8th November 2016 in a meeting called by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. This was followed by Modi’s public announcement about the demonetisation in a televised address where he announced that currency notes with the denomination of ? 500 and ? 1000 would cease to be the legal tender from 9th of November 2016. The most interesting thing regarding the demonetisation is that people were devising various unique ways for transforming their black money in to white one by depositing money in the accounts of their poor relatives and friends, converting black money in to gold, paying a few months salaries in advance and so on.
In context of the above case:
Identify and explain the types of plans being discussed in the above lines with regard to demonetisation.
Answer:
The various types of plans being discussed in the above lines with regard to demonetisation are detailed below:

• Procedure: It is a series of chronological steps which are performed to do a particular activity.
• Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people.

Question 4.
Flipkart is an e-commerce company founded in the year 2007 by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal. The company is registered in Singapore, but has its headquarters in Bangaluru, India. The company seeks to increase traffic (more clicks on their products) and boost sales and revenue through integration of Mobile Apps, Display, Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization. In order to dispel the fear of people related to shopping online, Flipkart was the first company to implement the popular ‘Cash on Delivery’ facility. All the products sold by the company under a particular category may have different return/replacement period. Flipkart allows multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking, e-gift voucher and card swipe on delivery. The company operates both ways when an order is received. The products for which it holds inventory are dispatched by it directly. For the products they do not store in inventory, they just send the order received by them to the supplier who ships it. The company plans to spend about ? 75 crores on e-Commerce advertising in the year 2016. Flipkart reserves the right to terminate your membership and/or refuse to provide you with access to the website if it is brought to Flipkart’s notice or if it is discovered that you are under the age of 18 years. This is because as per the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the minors, un-discharged insolvents, etc. are not eligible to use the website.
In context of the above case, identify and explain the different types of plans being used by Flipkart by quoting lines from the paragraph.
Answer:
The different types of plans being used by Flipkart are listed below:

1. Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives.
   “The company seeks to increase traffic (more clicks on their products) and boost sales and revenue through integration of Mobile Apps, Display, Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.”
2. Strategy: A strategy is a comprehensive plan for achieving the objectives of the organisation. This comprehensive plan involves:
   • determining long term objectives
   • adopting a particular course of action
   • allocating resources necessary to achieve the objective.
     “In order to dispel the fear of people related to shopping online, Flipkart was the first company to implement the popular ‘Cash On Delivery’ facility.”
3. Policy: A policy is a siet of general guidelines that help in managerial decision making and action.
   “All the products sold by the company under a particular category may have different return/replacement period.”
4. Method: A method refers to the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective.
   “Flipkart allows multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking, e-gift voucher and card swipe on delivery.”
5. Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities.
   “The company operates both ways when an order is received. The products for which it holds inventory are dispatched by it directly. For the products they do not store in inventory, they just send the order received by them to the supplier who ships it.”
6. Budget: A budget refers to a financial plan that is expressed in – numerical terms.
   “The company plans to spend about ? 75 crores on e-commerce advertising in the year 2016.”
7. Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation.
   “Flipkart reserves the right to terminate your membership and/or refuse to provide you with access to the Website if it is brought to Flipkart’s notice or if it is discovered that you are under the age of 18 years. This is because as per the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the minors, un-discharged insolvents etc. are not eligible to use the Website.”

Question 5.
Rajender has been running a successful business of manufacturing traditional wedding wear for women including sarees and lehengas. His friend Surinder who is engaged in the business of providing web designing solutions to his clients, suggests him to explore the option of selling his products online. Rajender agrees to his suggestion and decides to venture into online business, keeping in view the various e-commerce regulations in order to avoid imposition of any penalty. In order to facilitate the sale of his products, Rajender decides to offer multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking to the buyers etc.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the two different types of plans mentioned in the above paragraph that relate to the online portal that Rajinder intends to startby quoting lines from the paragraph.
2.  Distinguish between the two types of plans as identified in part (a).

Answer:

1. Rule and Method are the two different types of plans that relate to the online portal that Rajender intends to start.
   • Rule: “Rajender agrees to his suggestion and decides to venture into online business keeping in view the various e-commerce regulations in order to avoid imposition of any penalty.”
   • Method: “However, he decides to offer multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking to the buyers etc.”
2. The difference between rule and method is as follows:
   

   Basis	Rule	Method
   Meaning	Rules are specific statements that tell people what should or should not be done.	Methods define the way of doing routine or respective job.
   Violation	Violation of rules may lead to imposition of penalties.	Method does not involve any penalties on violation.
   Purpose	Rules help to maintain discipline.	Methods help in carrying out the job efficiently.
   Nature	Rules are both specific and rigid.	Methods are specific (well defined) but flexible.
   Example	No smoking, No Parking etc.	Method of payment of fee-cheque, cash, online etc.

Question 6.
Wazir Ahmed joins ‘Ashiyana Ltd.’ a company dealing in real estate, as a human resource manager. Through a series of interactions with his team during lunch breaks, he comes to know that quite a few managers at middle and senior levels have recently left the organisation as their promotions were overdue. Therefore, in order to reinstate the confidence of the staff, he lays out a clear cut plan consisting of a set of general guidelines for both time bound and performance related appraisals of the mangers at all levels. Moreover, he develops standardized processes containing a series of steps specified in a chronological order for its implementation.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the two different types of plans that Wazir Ahmed proposes to implement in order to reinstate the confidence of the staff by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. Distinguish between the two types of plans as identified in part (a).

Answer:

1. Policy and Procedure are the two different types of plans that Wazir Ahmed proposes to implement in order to reinstate the confidence of the staff.
   Policy: “… he lays out a clear cut plan consisting of a set of general guidelines for both time bound and performance related appraisals of the mangers at all levels.”
   Procedure: “Moreover, he develops standardized processes containing a series of steps specified in a chronological order for its implementation.”
2. The difference between Policy and Procedure is outlined below:

Basis	Policy	Procedure
Meaning	Policies are general statements that guide managerial decision making.	It is a series of chronological steps which are performed to do a particular activity.
Level of management	It is determined by top level management.	It is determined by lower and middle level management.
Expression	It is a general statement.	It is a specific statement.
Manager’s Discretion	It provides scope for managerial discretion.	There is no scope for managerial discretion.
Purpose	Policies are framed to achieve the objectives of an organisation. They all guide in implementing the strategy.	A procedure is framed to implement a policy.

Question 7.
‘Apna Ghar/ a company dealing in consumer durables, plans to increase the sale of its products by 25% around Diwali this year. Moreover, in order to cash on the implementation of the seventh pay commission by that time, which is likely to raise the income of 47 lakh serving employees of the Central government and 52 lakh pensioners, the company has created 30 advertisement films which will be aired across 85 national and regional channels until Diwali.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the two different types of plans that ‘Apna Ghar’ proposes to implement by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. Distinguish between the two types of plans as identified in part(i).

Answer:

1. Objective and Strategy are the two different types of plans that ‘Apna Ghar’ proposes to implement.
   Objective: “Apna Ghar’, a company dealing in consumer durables, plans to increase the sale of its products by 25% around Diwali this year.”
   Strategy: “Moreover, in order to cash on the implementation of the seventh pay commission by that time which is likely to raise the income of 47 lakh serving employees of the Central government and 52 lakh pensioners, the company has created 30 advertisement films which will be aired across 85 national and regional channels until Diwali.”
2. The difference between objectives and strategy is outlined below:

S. No.	Basis	Objectives	Strategy
1.	Meaning	Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence.	A strategy is a comprehensive plan prepared for winning over the given challenge or problem.
2.	Source	Objectives are based on the mission or philosophy of the organisation.	A strategy is based on the objectives of the organisation.
3.	Level of persons involved	Objectives are determined by top level management.	A strategy may be determined by top level or middle level management.

Question 8.
After completing a diploma in Bakery and Patisserie, Payai sets up a small outlet at Goa Airport to provide a healthy food option to the travellers. To begin with, she has decided to sell five types of patties, three types of pizzas and low sugar muffins in four flavours. Thus, by deciding in advance what to do and how to do, she is able to reduce the risk of uncertainty and avoid overlapping and wasteful activities. But sometimes her planning does not work due to some unavoidable circumstances like cancellation of flights due to bad weather conditions, government alert etc. which adversely affects her clientele.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the points highlighting the importance of planning mentioned in the above paragraph.
2. Describe briefly the limitation of planning which adversely affects Payal’s business

Answer:

1. The points highlighting the importance of planning mentioned in the above paragraph are described below:
   • Reduces the risk of uncertainty: Planning relates to deciding in advance about the tasks to be performed in future. This enables a manager to anticipate changes and devise the ways to deal with changes and uncertain events effectively.
   • Avoiding overlapping and wasteful activities: Planning ensures clarity in thought and action and serves as the basis of coordinating the activities and efforts of different individuals and departments. Therefore, by curtailing useless and redundant activities, it helps in the smooth working of the organisation’s work without interruptions. Moreover, it makes detection of inefficiencies easier so that timely corrective measures may be taken to avoid them in future.
2. The limitation of planning which adversely affects Payal’s business is:
   • Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is dynamic in nature. Every organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes in its environment in order to survive and grow. However, it difficult to anticipate all the likely future changes in the environment with utmost accuracy. Hence, even with planning, everything cannot be foreseen.

Question 9.
‘Agile Ltd.’ is a well-known automobile manufacturing company in India. The company plans to increase the sale of its sedan cars by 20% in the next quarter. In order to achieve the desired target, the marketing team of the company considers the impact of policy of the government towards diesel vehicles and the level of competition in this segment of cars. They explore the various available options like offering more discount to dealers and customers, providing more customer friendly finance options, lucky draws on test drives, increasing advertising, offering more of free accessories on the purchase of the car, etc. A thorough analysis of the various available options is done keeping in view the relative viability of each option. The company decides to pursue the option of offering more discount to dealers and customers in order to boost the sale of sedan cars. In order to implement the plan, they determine the various discount packages and communicate the same to their product dealers. To make the prospective consumers aware about the new available benefits, advertisements are made through various sources of print and electronic media. The market analysts of the company keep a close watch on the revenue from the sedan cars to study the effect of new initiatives by the company to promote its sales.
In context of the above case:

1. Name the function of management described in the above paragraph.
2. Identify and explain the various steps involved in process the function of management as identified in part (a) by quoting lines from the paragraph.

Answer:

1. Planning is the function of management which is being described in the above paragraph.
2. The various steps involved in the planning process are explained below:
   • Setting objectives: The planning process is initiated by setting the objectives in clear, specific and measurable terms. The objectives may be set for the organization as a whole and for each department or unit within the organization.
     “The company plans to increase the sale of its sedan cars by 20% in next quarter.”
   • Developing Premises: Planning process is carried out keeping in view the assumptions related to the future, which is uncertain. These assumptions are called premises and may relate to government policy, interest rate, inflation, etc. Accurate forecasts are therefore essential for successful planning.
     “In order to achieve the desired target the marketing team of the company considers the impact of policy of the government towards diesel vehicles and level of competition in this segment of cars.” .
   • Identifying alternative courses of action: The next step in the planning process involves identification of the various ways in which the goals can be achieved.
     “They explore the various available options like offering more discount to dealers and customers, providing more customer friendly finance options, lucky draws on test drives, increasing advertising, offering more of free accessories on the purchase of the car, etc.”
   • Evaluating alternative courses: In order to select the best option, the relative positive and negative aspects of each alternative should be evaluated in the light of their feasibility and consequences.
     “A thorough analysis of the various available options is done keeping in view the relative viability of each option.”
   • Selecting an alternative: The best plan is adopted to achieve the desired goals. Sometimes, a combination of plans may be selected instead of one best course of action.
     “The company decides to pursue the option of offering more discount to dealers and customers in order to boost the sale of sedan cars.”
   • Implement the plan: This step is concerned with putting plans into action.
     “In order to implement the plan, they determine the various discount packages and communicate the same to their product dealers. To make the prospective consumers aware about the new available benefits, advertisements are made through various sources of print and electronic media.”
   • Follow up action: Monitoring of plans is equally important to ensure that objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively.
     “The market analysts of the company keep a close watch on the revenue from the sedan cars to study the effect of new initiatives by the company to promote its sales.”

Question 10.
Arush joins as a sales manager of a company dealing in naturotherapy products. Being proficient in his work, he knew that without good planning he will not be able to organise, direct, control or perform any of the other managerial functions efficiently and effectively. Only on the basis of sales forecasting, he would assist in the preparation of the annual plans for its production and sales. Besides, he will have to prepare sales plans regularly on weekly, monthly, quarterly and half yearly basis. While preparing the sales forecasts, he undertakes intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualization and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work. Most importantly, all these planning activities will be meaningful only if they will coincide with the purpose fob which the business is being carried out.
In context of the above case, identify the various features of planning highlighted in the above paragraph by quoting lines from it.
Answer:
The features of planning highlighted in the above paragraph are explained below:

1. Planning is a primary function: Planning precedes all the functions of management i.e. organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. This refers to primacy of planning. Planning provides the basis of all other functions.
   “… without good planning he will not be able to organise, direct, control or perform any of the other managerial functions efficiently and effectively. “
2. Planning is futuristic: Planning is called a forward looking function as it enables an organization to meet future events effectively.
   “Only on the basis of sales forecasting, he would assist in the preparation of the annual plans for its production and sales.”
3. Planning is continuous: Plans need to be continuously made, implemented and followed by another plan and so on till an organization exists
   “Besides, he will have to prepare sales plans regularly on weekly, monthly, quarterly and half yearly basis.”
4. Planning is a mental exercise: Planning is done on the basis of rational thinking involving foresight, visualization and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work.
   “While preparing the sales forecasts, he undertakes intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualisation and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work.”
5. Planning focuses on achieving objectives: Planning is a purposeful activity as it contributes to the achievement of predetermined goals of the organisation both efficiently and effectively.
   “Most importantly, all these planning activities will be meaningful only if they will coincide with the purpose for which the business is being carried out.”

Question 11.
Holistic Education Public School in Bahadurgarh decides to implement the literacy programme of the government in the school. It is decided that within the year, the forty five support staff employees of the school will be made literate by the school counsellors and social workers. In order to enhance the learning process, the school decides to use audio-visual aids. To start the programme, the school has to first procure the literacy books from State Resource Centre at Jamia. Besides the curriculum, each literacy book contains a series of nine tests which the volunteers have to get completed by the learners during the programme. Moreover, by implementing the plan of ‘each one teach one’, each student of the school from classes fifth to tenth will be encouraged to make one person literate. The student volunteers may select a learner by adopting any one of the two ways; either from the slum areas adopted by the school or on their own within the vicinity of their residence. As per the norms of the Delhi Government, it is mandatory for the volunteers to send back the filled copy of only the ninth test paper in the series to the authorities as a conclusive proof of the completion of the course, else the certificate of commendation will not be awarded to them. Considering the implementation of the programme to be a part of its corporate social responsibility initiative, the school has decided to spend around Rs. 50,000 on the distribution of free stationery items, refreshments of the learners, etc.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the various types of plans being used by Holistic Education Public School in order to implement the literacy programme in their school by quoting the lines from the paragraph.
2. Categorise the various types of plans as identified in part (a) into single use plans and standing plans.

Answer:

1. The various types of plans being used by the school to implement the literacy programme in the school are:
   • Objectives: “It is decided that within the year, all the forty five support staff employees of the school will be made literate by the school counsellors and social workers.”
   • Strategy: “In order to enhance the learning process, the school decides to use audio visual aids.”
   • Policy: “Moreover, by implementing the plan of ‘each one teach one,’ each student of the school from classes fifth to tenth will be encouraged to make one person literate.”
   • Procedure: “To start the programme the school has to first procure the literacy books from State Resource Centre at Jamia. Besides the curriculum, each literacy book contains a series of nine tests which the volunteers have to get completed by the learners during the programme.”
   • Method: “The student volunteers may select a learner by adopting any one of the two ways; either from the slum areas adopted by the school or on their own within the vicinity of their residence.”
   • Rule: “As per the norms of the Delhi Government, it is mandatory for the volunteers to send back the filled copy of only the ninth test paper in the series to the authorities as a conclusive proof of the completion of the course, else the certificate of commendation will not be awarded to them.”
   • Budget: “Considering the implementation of the programme to be a part of its corporate social responsibility initiative, the school has decided to spend around ? 50,000 on the distribution of free stationery items, refreshments of the learners, etc.”
2. Single use plans are the ones that are formulated to deal with new or non-repetitive situations that may arise in an organisation from time to time. This includes programmes, budgets and projects.
   Standing plans refer to the types of plans which once formulated may be used for a long period of time in similar or repetitive situations that may prevail in an organisation. These include objectives, strategies, policies, procedures methods and rules.

Case Studies in Business StudiesBusiness Studies Case StudiesBusiness StudiesCommerce

Make up your mind through different businesses one after one like the nr7 pattern follows.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Non-Finite Exercises With Answers for Class 7 CBSE Pdf

are used as nouns, adverbs and adjectives. They are also used to form non-finite clauses which are dependent clauses that use non-finite verbs.

Types of Non-Finites

1. The Gerund (Verbal Noun) and The Infinitive (Present and Perfect)
2. The Participle (Present and Past)

Gerunds and Infinitives

Fundamentals:
A verb that can be the subject of another verb is called a Gerund.
Examples:

• Swimming helps to build muscles.

A verb that can be the object of another verb is also called a Gerund.
Examples:

• I enjoy singing.

Infinitives are verbs that include the word ‘to’, as in ‘to go’, ‘to see’ and ‘to explain’.
Infinitives function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs in sentences.

Presentation:
Read the picture story.

Non-Finite Exercises With Answers For Class 7 CBSE

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What did Ali decide to do?
2. What did Ali’s friend advise him to do?
3. Why did Ali not delay in registering for a course?

B. Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in brackets.

1. (Cook) ___________ is one of her hobbies.
2. (Cycle) ___________ is fun.
3. (Get) ___________ a good job is not easy.
4. (Find) ___________ a parking space is quite difficult in this area.
5. (Drive) ___________ has become more and more expensive.

C. Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in brackets.

1. She is good at (dance) ___________.
2. He is crazy about (sing) ___________.
3. I don’t like (play) ___________ cards.
4. They are afraid of (swim) ___________ in the sea.
5. You should give up (smoke) ___________.

D. Write down the infinitive of the forms of the verbs into the gaps.

form of the verb	Infinitive
1. Presenting	………………………………..
2. Spelled	………………………………..
3. Watches	………………………………..
4. Reads	………………………………..
5. Hid	………………………………..
6. Whispered	………………………………..
7. Sung	………………………………..
8. Hits	………………………………..
9. Came	………………………………..
10. Reaches	………………………………..

Non-Finite Practice Exercises for Class 7 CBSE

A. Rewrite the following sentences by adding infinitives. The first one has been done for you.
1. Lata likes living a happy life.
Lata likes to live a happy life.

2. Mohit tried holding the chain __________________
3. Mother tried baking a pie on Friday __________________
4. Ditya loves going for dance classes. __________________
5. My brother works on the computer for hours. __________________
6. The Professor will speak now __________________
7. He likes playing chess __________________
8. His friend just called, asking about his health. __________________
9. She likes dreaming of fairies and wonderlands. __________________
10. He likes making people laugh __________________

B. Fill in the blanks with gerunds or infinitives.

1. He is determined ____________ (win) that race.
2. He lay in bed ____________ (plan) the days to come.
3. We went ____________ (run) in the morning.
4. Her fear of spiders made ____________ (travel) difficult.
5. They don’t mind ____________ (wait) outside.
6. The problem is ____________ (get) there on time.
7. I am accustomed to ____________ (take care) of myself.
8. Iwanthim ____________ (paint) the wall.
9. ____________ (be), on ____________ (not be), that is the question.
10. This guy is known for ____________ (break) the rules.

C. Use gerunds in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. Always check the oil, before you start the car.
Always check the oil, before you starting the car.

2. To praise all alike is to praise none.
________________________
3. He likes to workout in the morning.
________________________
4. To amass wealth ruins health.
________________________
5. To see is to believe.
________________________
6. To give is better than to receive.
________________________
7. To talk like this is foolish.
________________________

D. Look at the -ing word in each sentence. In the brackets, write G if it is gerund or P if it is a participle.

1. I wrote explaining the issues in great detail. ( )
2. Look at that monkey scratching all over the body. ( )
3. Writing poetry kept him busy during his leisure. ( )
4. It has been raining for an hour now. ( )
5. She had great difficulty in learning to read and write. ( )
6. While he was speaking, the guests were listening with great interest. ( )

E. Fill in the boxes with gerund or infinitive form of the verbs given in the brackets.

1. I can’t imagine Pawan ____________ (go) by bike.
2. He agreed ____________ (buy) a new car.
3. The question is easy ____________ (answer).
4. The man asked me how ____________ (get) to the airport.
5. I look forward ____________ (see) you at the weekend.
6. Are you thinking of ____________ (visit) London?
7. We decided ____________ (run) through the forest.
8. The teacher expected Sonali ____________ (study) hard.
9. She doesn’t mind ____________ (work) the night shift.
10. I learned ____________ (ride) the bike at the age of 5.

F. Underline the gerunds and infinitives in the following sentences.

1. Swimming is a good exercise. It keeps the mind and body fit and agile.
2. Pankaj likes baking cup-cakes.
3. Learning to speak French is interesting.
4. The man helped me to pull my suitcase.
5. Dancing is my passion.
6. Priti is an expert at cooking.
7. He needs Manshu’s help to solve the problem.
8. I want to visit Japan next year.
9. Puneet wants to go trekking in the mountains.
10. Can I go to the library for reading?

The following passage has not been edited. There is an erpr in each line against which a blank is given. Write the incorrect word and the corrected word in your answer sheet against the blank as given in the example. Underline the corrected word that has been supplied.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 6 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Editing Exercises for Class 6 CBSE With Answers PDF

Editing is a stage of the writing process in which a writer improves a draft by correcting errors and by making words and sentences more clearer, precise and effective.

Fundamentals:

• Always follow PPACTS RULE while doing editing of the passage.
• PPACTS stands for P – Preposition, P – Pronoun, A – Article/determiner,
• C – Conjunction, T – Tense/Verb Forms (singular/plural), S – Spelling
• After reading the passage, identify the tense and see whether it is appropriate to the context.
• Check the subject-verb agreement.

In the passage given below there is an error in each line which has been underlined. Write the correct word in the space provided.

During my summer vacation I have – had
go to a Jungle. There I saw – gone
many deers. They all looked – deer
much cute and naughty. The – very
baby deer keep fighting – kept
with each another and kept – other
roll in the mud. – rolling

Editing Practice Exercises for Class 6 CBSE

Editing Exercise Class 6 Pdf – 1

The following passage is not edited. There is one error in each line. Fill in the blank with the correct word.

A. England has been long famous for her dramatist	(a)	_________________
the greatest of who was William Shakespeare	(b)	_________________
It is hard to find the educated man in	(c)	_________________
the English Speaking world whom has not heard	(d)	_________________
for his name. The actor and playwright	(e)	_________________
born more than 400 years ago had	(f)	_________________
become not only for Englishman but for	(g)	_________________
the whole world chief symbol for	(h)	_________________
British culture. He is a dramatist and a poet.

Answer:
(a) dramatist – dramatists
(b) who – whom
(c) the – an
(d) whom – who
(e) for – of
(f) had – has
(g) Englishman – Englishmen
(h) for – of

Editing Exercises for Class 6 Pdf – 2

Read the following passage. There is one error in each line which has been underlined. Write the correction for this error in the space provided.

Education are the most important thing. One _____________
should study wholeheartedly. The illiterate person _____________
L has no value in the society. He was not _____________
given with respect. Education plays a very important _____________
role in order with earn good money. And money helps _____________
in running the family easily. An education person _____________
is also look after his family in a proper way. _____________

Editing Exercises for Class 6 Pdf – 3

In the passage given below, there is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the space given.

A. Ganesh Chathurthi was the religious	_________________	_________________
Festival dedicate to Ganesh	_________________	_________________
A son of lord Shiva. In Western	_________________	_________________
Parts especially, as well as all	_________________	_________________
Over India the idols to Ganesha	_________________	_________________
Or pictures are keep or hung	_________________	_________________
On walls into the houses for	_________________	_________________
Luck, peace or good fortune	_________________	_________________

Transformation of sentences means to change the form of a sentence without changing its meaning. A simple sentence can be changed into a complex or a compound sentence and vice versa. Similarly, an interchange of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences can be done; without changing their meaning. Given below are some of the ways to transform a sentence.

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Sentence Transformation Exercises for Class 7 CBSE With Answers Pdf

Transformation is changing the form of a sentence without changing its meaning. In doing a transformation, a student should have knowledge about the kinds of sentence and their formation. A brief direction about doing transformation is given below.

According to the meaning:

It is possible to transform one type of sentence to another type without changing the meaning of the sentence. This process is known as the transformation of sentences.

A declarative sentence can be changed to the interrogative and vice versa.

No one knows when the train will arrive in Delhi. (declarative)

Does no one know when the train will arrive in Delhi? (interrogative)

Is this the kind of dress to wear to school? (interrogative)

This is not the kind of dress one should wear to school. (declarative)

An exclamatory sentence can be changed to the declarative.

How peacefully the infant lies in its cot! (exclamatory)

The infant lies peacefully in its cot. (declarative)

How can I ever forget those happy days! (exclamatory)

I can never forget those happy days. (declarative)

Although an exclamatory sentence can be transformed into declarative sentences, on many occasions the exclamatory sentences are preferred for the emotional effect that it imparts.

Transforming affirmative sentences to Negative
It is possible to transform affirmative sentences into negative sentences and vice–versa, without changing their meaning.

By replacing certain words and expressions with their antonyms

Affirmative

• Negative All the students like the new teacher.
• This medicine is expensive.

Negative

• None of the students dislike the new teacher.
• This medicine is not cheap/inexpensive.

By changing the degree of comparison.

Affirmative

• Iron is more durable than wood.
• Aamir is the tallest boy is the class.

Negative

• Wood is not as durable as iron.
• No other boy in the class is as tall as Aamir.

By replacing too (adjective) ‘to’ infinitive with so (adjective) that … cannot / could not / would not.

Affirmative

• It is too hot to play outside.
• The man was too proud to beg.

Negative

• It is so hot that we cannot play outside.
• The man was so proud that he would not beg.

By replacing as soon as / hardly had … when with no sooner than.

Affirmative

• As soon as I reached the station the train arrived.

Negative

• No sooner did I reach the station than the train arrived.

A. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each, and making other changes that may be necessary. The first one has been done for you.

1. It is probable that he will never come back. (Begin: In …)
In all probability, he will never come back.

2. He said to me, “Where are you going?” (Begin: He asked me …)
___________________________________________________
3. As soon as the chief guest had arrived the play began. (Begin: No sooner….)
___________________________________________________
4. I was surprised at his behaviour. (Begin: His …)
___________________________________________________
5. He will certainly succeed. (Begin: He is …)
___________________________________________________
6. He is the best student in the class. (Use better instead of best)
___________________________________________________
7. He is too weak to stand up without help. (Use so… that)
___________________________________________________
8. He tucked the gun under his arm and rushed towards the bridge. (End:… his arm.)
___________________________________________________

B. Do as directed. The first one has been done for you.

1. Hammer the rock hard or you cannot break it. (Change into affirmative sentence)
Hammer the rock hard to break it.

2. Sameer loves his brother. (Change into negative)
___________________________________________________
3. Arthur is the most famous king. (Change into negative)
___________________________________________________
4. My brother is taller than me. (Change into negative)
___________________________________________________
5. Nobody was present for the meeting. (Change into affirmative)
___________________________________________________
6. He goes home. (Change into negative)
___________________________________________________
7. The news is too good to be true. (Remove too)
___________________________________________________
8. I am as strong as he. (Change into comparative)
___________________________________________________
9. He can do this work. (Change into interrogative)
___________________________________________________
10. How beautiful is the night! (Change into assertive)
___________________________________________________
11. Mumbai is one of the richest towns in India. (Change into positive)
___________________________________________________
12. This coffee is too cold for me. (Remove too)
___________________________________________________
13. Look how fast she runs! (Change into assertive)
___________________________________________________
14. Man is mortal. (Change into negative)
___________________________________________________

C. Change the following sentences into negative and question statements. The first one has been done for you.

1. I have a lot of work to do. I do not have much work to do.
Do I have much work to do?

2. Plenty of people want to buy cars
__________________________________________
3. There is a great deal of controversy about the language problem.
__________________________________________
4. The sea is a long way off.
__________________________________________
5. A great deal of research has been done on the subject.
__________________________________________
6. A lot of money has been spent on the project.
__________________________________________

D. Rewrite the following as exclamatory and interrogative sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. It is kind of you to invite us. How kind of you to invite us!
Isn’t kind of you to invite us?

2. It was foolish of him to behave like that
__________________________________________
3. It was prudent of the boy to alert the policeman
__________________________________________
4. It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked.
__________________________________________
5. It was good of him to help the poor man.
__________________________________________

E. Change the following exclamatory sentences into assertive sentences.

1. Exclamatory: What a beautiful flower!
Assertive: _________________
2. Exclamatory: What a great victory!
Assertive: _________________
3. Exclamatory: How kind of you to help him like that!
Assertive: _________________
4. Exclamatory: What a glorious morning!
Assertive: _________________

F. Convert the following assertive sentences into exclamatory sentences.

1. Assertive: He is truly noble.
Exclamatory: _________________
2. Assertive: This is indeed a pleasant surprise.
Exclamatory: _________________
3. Assertive: It was an extremely delightful party.
Exclamatory: _________________
4. Assertive: I wish I were young again.
Exclamatory: _________________

G. Change the following assertive sentences into interrogative sentences.

1. Assertive: She is my friend.
Interrogative: _________________
2. Assertive: He has finished his work.
Interrogative: _________________
3. Assertive: He is very intelligent.
Interrogative: _________________
4. Assertive: I never asked you to do it.
Interrogative: _________________
5. Assertive: There is no sense in doing that.
Interrogative: _________________

H. Change the following imperative sentences into interrogative sentences.

1. Imperative: Stop it.
Interrogative: _________________
2. Imperative: Please, give me a glass of water.
Interrogative: _________________
3. Imperative: Come here.
Interrogative: _________________
4. Imperative: Shut up.
Interrogative: _________________
5. Imperative: Get out of here.
Interrogative: _________________
6. Imperative: Speak loudly.
Interrogative: _________________
7. Imperative: Please take me to the director of the institute.

CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Marketing Management

MARKETING
Marketing: Definition
Marketing is a social process by which individual groups obtain what they need and want through creating offerings and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. – Philip Kotler
Marketing management is “the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value”.
– Philip Kotler

Elements of marketing mix

• Product
• Price
• Place
• Promotion

Market: Definition
A market consists of all the potential customers who have both the ability and willingness to buy a product or service to satisfy their needs or wants

Features of marketing

• It seeks to provide what individuals or groups need or want
• A market offering is created by the marketer.
• It adds value toa product by increasing its utility
• It is facilitated through the exchange mechanism

What can be Marketed?

• Physical product
• Services
• Ideas
• Persons
• Place
• Experience
• Properties
• Events
• Infomation
• Organisations

Functions of Marketing

• Gathering and analysing market information is done to know the taste and preference of the target market.
• Marketing planning is needed to meet the marketing objectives of the firm effectively and efficiently.
• Product designing and development is carried out to make the product innovative and attractive.
• Packaging and labelling are needed for product protection, product identification and product differentiation.
• Branding helps to createa unique identity of the products.
• Customer support services help to create a good image of the marketer in the eyes of consumers.
• Pricing of product is a crucial decision as it may greatly influence the demand for a product.
• Promotion helps to boost the sales of a product.
• Physical distribution ensures the availability of the product at the right place, at the right time and in right condition so as to facilitate its purchase.
• Transportation creates place utility through movement of goods from the production of goods to the place of distribution.
• Warehousing creates time utility by providing for the storage during the time gap between the production and distribution of goods.
• Standardisation helps to produce goods as per predetermined specifications and grading facilitates their classification into groups on the basis of some criterion like quality, size etc.

MARKETING MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHIES/CONCEPTS

Basis	The Production Concept	The Product Concept	The Selling Concept	The Marketing Concept	The Societal Marketing Concept
Starting point	Factory	Factory	Factory	Market	Market and society
Main focus	Quantity of product	Quality performance, features of product	Existing product	Customer needs	Customer needs and society’s welfare
Means	Availability and affordability of product	Product improvements	Selling and promoting	Integrated marketing	Integrated market
Ends	Profit through volume of production	Profit through product quality	Profit through sales volume	Profit through customer’s satisfaction	Profit through customer’s satisfaction and social welfare

 PRODUCT
Product: Definition
A product is anything of value i.e. a product or service offered to a market to satisfy needs or wants.

Important product decisions include

• Determining its layout, features, quality, design etc.
• Branding
• Labelling
• Packaging

A Product includes

• Physical product
• After sale services
• Handling grievances
• Replacement of parts etc.

Types of utilities offered by a product

• Functional utility
• Psychological utility
• Social utility

PACKAGING
Packaging: Definition
Packaging is the process of desiging a suitable wrapper or container for a product.

Importance of Packaging

• Rising standards of health and sanitation
• Useful in self service outlets
• Innovative packaging adds value to a product
• Facilitates product differentiation

Levels of Packaging

• Primary package refers to the immediate container of a product.
• Secondary packaging refers to the additional protection provided besides primary package.
• Transportation packaging refers further packaging that helps in storage, identification of transportation of the product.

Functions of Packaging

• Helps in product identification
• Provides protection to the product
• Facilitates the use of product
• Assists in promotion of the product

BRANDING
Branding: Definition
Branding is the process of assigning a name (brand name), sign or symbol (brand mark) or a combination of all to identify the products of a seller or a group of sellers and to distinguish them from those of the competitors.

Brand Mark: Definition
A brand mark is that part of a brand can be recognised but is not utterable.

Brand Name: Definition
A brand name is that part of a brand which can be spoken.

Trade Mark: Definition
Trade mark is used in context of a registered brand.

Advantages of branding to the customers

• Supports in product identification
• Certifies quality
• Considered to bea status symbol

Advantages of branding to the manufacturers

• Facilitates product differentiation
• Assists in advertising and display programmes
• Facilitates differential pricing
• Ease in the launching of new products

Qualities of a good brand name

• Short and easy to pronounce, spell and remember
• Reflects the functions of the product
• Distinctive/easily identifiable
• Adaptable can be used in labelling or packaging
• Versatile can be used for brand extension
• Should not become outdated soon
• Capable of being registered

LABELLING
Labelling: Definition
Labelling refers to the process of designing a label for a product which may vary from a simple tag to a complex graphic.

Functions of labelling

• Describes the product and specifies its contents
• Helps in identification of the product or brand
• Enables grading of products
• Assists in promotion of products
• Provides information required by law

PRICE
Price: Definition
Price is the monetary value paid in consideration for purchase ofa product or service by a buyer to its seller.

Factors affecting price determination

• Cost of product
• The utility and demand
• Extent of competition in the market
• Government and legal regulations
• Pricing objectives
• Marketing methods used.

PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Physical Distribution: Definition
Physical distribution includes all those activities that ensure the availability of the product at the right place, at the right time and in right condition so as to facilitate its purchase.

Determining the components of physical distribution

• Order Processing
• Inventory
• Warehousing
• Transportation

Functions of distribution channels

• Sorting
• Accumulation
• Allocation
• Assorting
• Product Promotion
• Negotiation
• Risk Taking

Factors determining choice of channel

1. Product related factors
   • Type of product
   • Nature of product
   • Degree of complexity of product
   • Unit value of the product
2. Company characteristics
   • Financial strength of the firm
   • Degree of control desired on channel members
3. Competitive factors
   • Policy of firm
4. Market factors
   • Geographical concenteration of buyers
   • Quantity purchased
   • Size of the market
5. Environmental factors
   • Economic conditions
   • Legal constraints

Two main decisions involved in physical distribution

• Physical movement of goods from producers to consumers
• Choice of channels of distribution

Channels of Distribution: Definition
Channels of distribution refers to the set of individuals and firms that act as intermediaries in the form of agents, wholesalers, retailers etc. that help to transfer the title of ownership to the buyer and also facilitate physical movement of the products.

Types of channels of distribution

1. Direct channel:
   • Manufacturer- consumer (zero level)
2. Indirect channels:
   • Manufacturer- retailer consumer (one level channel)
   • Manufacturer- wholesaler- retailer consumer(two level channel)
   • Manufacturer-agent wholesaler retailer consumer(three level channel)

PROMOTION
Promotion: Definition
Promotion refers to the set of activities undertaken by a marketer to inform the prospective buyers about the product and persuading them to make a purchase.

Promotion mix

• Advertising
• Personal selling
• Sales promotion
• Public relations

ADVERTISING
Advertisement: Definition
Advertisement is a paid form of non¬personal communication undertaken by the marketers to boost the sale of a product or a service.

Objections to Advertising

• Adds to cost
• Undermines social values
• Encourages sale of inferior products
• Some advertisements are in bad taste
• Confuses the buyers

Features of Advertising

• Paid form
• Impersonality
• Identified sponsor

Role of Advertising

• Enhancing customers awareness about the product
• Helps in creating demand for both old and new products
• Repeated advertisements increases the confidence of the consumers
• Improves the public image of the company
• Helps to create employment opportunities

PERSONAL SELLING
Personal Selling: Definition
Personal selling refers to a personal form of communication between the seller and the prospective buyer.

Merits of personal selling

• It isa flexible tool of promotion
• It seeks to provides direct feedback from the prospective buyers

Features of Personal selling

• Involves personal form of communication
• May lead to the development of long term relationship between the company and a buyer

Qualities of a Good Salesman

• He should havea neat and tidy appearance.
• He should be decently dressed up and carry himself well.
• He should be cheerful and confident in his dealings.
• He should be able to communicate assertively.
• He should be alert and intelligent so that he is able to mould his sales talk as per the need of the situations.
• He should also passess good knowledge about the product that he is selling.

SALES PROMOTION
Sales promotion: Definition
Sales promotion refers to the short term incentives offered by the marketers to promote the sale Of their products

Commonly used Sales Promotion activities

• Rebate
• Discount
• Refunds
• Product combinations
• Quality gift
• Instant draws and assigned gift
• Lucky draw
• Usable benefit
• Full finance @ 0%
• Sampling
• Contests

PUBLIC RELATIONS
Public Relations: Definition
Public relations refers to the practice of managing communication between an organisation and its public in order to create and maintain a positive image about itself and its products

Roles of Public Relations

• Public relations helps to create a positive image about the company in the eyes of various interest holders like consumers, government, suppliers etc.
• It helps in launching new products as they may be accepted easily because of they may be accepted easily because of good reputation of business.
• It helps the business to reinstate itself in wake of controversies or prejudices etc.

Functions of the Public Relation Department

• It manage relations with the press to present true and correct information about the company.
• It undertakes product publicity for new products through sponsorships.
• It is proactive in promoting or defending regulations that affect business by maintaining healthy relationships with associations of commerce and industry etc. through newsletters, brochures, articles or arranging for talk shows or speeches of high officials of the company.
• It initiates or supports various kinds of corporate social activities.

MIND MAP

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Sunita took her niece, Aishwarya for shopping to ‘Benetton’ to buy her a dress on the occasion of her birthday. She was delighted when on payment for the dress she got a discount voucher to get 20% off for a meal of Rs. 500 or above at a famous eating joint.
Identify the technique of sales promotion used by the company in the above situation.
(CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Useable benefits is the technique of sales promotion used by the company in the above situation.

Question 2.
Ginika, Tanish and Rohit were friends from college days and now they are doing different kinds of business. They regularly meet and discuss their business ideas and exchange notes on customer satisfaction, marketing efforts, product designing, selling techniques, social concerns etc.
In one of such meetings, Ginika drew the attention of Tanish and Rohit towards the exploitation of consumers. She told that most of the sellers were exploiting the consumers in various ways’ and were not paying attention towards the social, ethical and ecological aspects of marketing, whereas she was not doing so.
Tanish told that they were under pressure to satisfy the consumers, but stated that the consumers would not buy or not buy enough unless they were adequately convinced and motivated for the same.
Rohit stressed that a company cannot achieve its objectives without understanding the needs of the customers. It was the duty of the businessmen to keep consumer satisfaction in mind because business is run by the resources made available to them by the society. He further stated that he himself was taking into consideration the needs of the customers.
Identify the various types of thinking that guided Ginika, Tanish and Rohit in the marketing efforts of their business. Also, state one more feature of the various types of thinking identified that is not given in the above para. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The various types of thinking that guided Ginika, Tanish and Rohit in the marketing efforts of their business are described below:

• (Ginika) Societal marketing concept: The main focus of this philosophy is on both the needs of the potential buyers as well as concern for the society at large. The ends include profit maximisation through customer satisfaction and social welfare.
• (Tanish) Selling concept: The main focus of this philosophy is on existing products. The ends include profit maximisation through sales volume.
• (Rohit) Marketing concept: The main focus of this philosophy is on customers needs. The ends include profit maximisation through customer’s satisfaction.

Question 3.
Mediquip Ltd. is a company dealing in distribution of medical equipments. The company recently imported 15000 units of sugar testing machines to test the sugar levels without taking blood samples. For deciding the marketing strategy, the Chief Executive Officer of the company called a meeting of the marketing heads of different zones.
In the meeting, Sandeep, the North Zone Marketing Head, suggested that since the machines were sophisticated they need to visit hospitals personally, to explain its working to the hospital staff who would be using the machines. He also suggested that additional trained people may be recruited for the same.
Himanshu, another Zonal Head, added that since lot of money had been spent on the import of the machines, the company was short of funds to pay to the additional staff as suggested by Sandeep.
Rahul, a newly appointed Zonal Head of South Zone suggested that since the size of the order is not large, a detailed study of the factors determining the choice of channels of distribution is required before making the right choice.

1. Identify the factors influencing the choice of channels of distribution which were discussed in the meeting.
2. Also, explain briefly the other consideration to be taken care of in each factor identified in part (1). (CBSE, Delhi 2017)

Answer:

1. The factors influencing the choice of channels of distribution which were discussed in the meeting are listed below:
   • Product related factors: It has been mentioned that the machines were sophisticated.
   • Market related factors: It has been mentioned that the size of the order is not large. (in)
   • Company related factors: It has been mentioned that the company was short of funds
     to pay the additional staff which had to be recruited to personally visit and train the hospital staff.
2. The other considerations to be taken care of in each of these factors is explained below:
   • The market related factors:
     • Geographical concentration of potential buyers: If the potential buyers for the firm’s product are geographically concentrated at a few specific places, it is advisable for the marketer to adopt direct channels of distribution. If the market for the product is widely scattered, indirect channels of distribution will be more effective.
     • Size of market: If the size of the target market is small, it is advisable that the marketer adopts methods of direct channels of distribution like online selling, mail order house, personal selling etc. wherein there are no intermediaries between the manufacturer and the consumers. However, if the marketer intends to target larger markets he should adopt indirect channels of distribution (one level, two level or three level) by using intermediaries like wholesalers , retailers etc.
       

       S.No	Type of channel	Size of market	Geographical concentration of potential buyers
       1.	Direct	Small	Concentrated
       2.	Indirect	Large	Widely scattered

   • Product related factors:
     • Nature of product: Considering the technical nature of the industrial products they require short channels i.e., direct channel or involving few middlemen. Moreover, they are made to order and expensive products purchased by selective buyers. Whereas the consumer products, being standardised, less expensive, less bulky, non-technical can be better distributed by long network of channels, involving many middlemen. Moreover they are purchased frequently.
     • Type of product: If the product under consideration is perishable like fruits, vegetables, and dairy products short channels should be adopted in order to preserve their quality. Whereas non-perishable products like toiletry products (e.g., shampoo , toothbrush, deodorants etc.), groceries (cooking oil, pulses etc.), fabrics can be best marketed through longer channels so as to reach wide spread consumers.
     • Unit value of the product: If the unit value of a product is low as in case of most convenience products, long channels are considered more appropriate whereas products of high value should be sold through shorter channels.
       

       S.No	Type of channel	Nature of product	Type of product	Unit value of the product
       1.	Direct	Perishable	Industrial	More
       2.	Indirect	Non- perishable	Consumer	Less

   • Company related factors:
     • The degree of control it wants to hold on other channel members: Short channels may be used if the management of the firm desires to have greater control on the channel members, but if the management does not plan to exercise strict control over the middlemen indirect channels or large number of intermediaries may be opted for.
       

       S.No	Type of channel	The degree of control it wants to hold on other channel members
       1.	Direct	Concentrated
       2.	Indirect	Widely scattered

Question 4.
Mansi took her niece Ridhima for shopping to ‘Mega Stores’ to buy her a bag for her birthday. She was delighted when on payment of the bag she got a pencil box along with the bag free of cost. Idenfity the technique of sales promotion used by the company. (CBSE, OD 2017)
Answer:
Product combination

Question 5.
“Time Line” watch manufacturing company is a renowned company marketing watches. It performs various activities like, market analysis, product designing or merchandising,
packaging, warehousing, branding, pricing, promotion and selling. The company maintains good customer relations through various follow up activities. This helps the company in procuring repeat sales orders.

1. Name the concept related to the activities mentioned in the above paragraph.
2. Explain any two features of the concept identified in part (1) (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017)

Answer:

1. Marketing is the concept related to the activities mentioned in the above paragraph.
2. The two features of marketing are described below:
   • Needs and wants: Marketing is a social process that seeks to satisfy the needs and wants of individuals and organisations. Needs are basic to human beings like food, clothing and shelter and do not relate to a particular product. Whereas wants are culturally defined human needs which are shaped by multiple factors like personality, religion, culture etc. Needs are limited whereas wants are unlimited. Therefore, the success of marketing lies in the competence of the marketer to identify needs of target customers and develop products to satisfy such needs effectively.
   • Creating a market offering: The complete offer for a product or service possessing certain specific features like size, quality, colour etc. is known as a market offering. Thus, the success of the marketers lies in their proficiency to create a market offering in accordance with the needs and wants of the target market. For example a pack of 100 ml of mango juice is available for ? 20.

Question 6.
“Coconut Joy Ltd.” are the manufacturer of vegetarian frozen dessert food products made with coconut milk, agave syrup and other certified ingredients. The founders of the company Lovely and Lalita originally developed this treat to meet their own needs but found that their friends and families around were also keen to use the products. It was not only the vegetarians, but also those who could not get enough environment friendly sustainable food, that appreciated the product. It did not take long for Lovely and Lalita to recognise the potential of their little venture. In the beginning they started from their home with the product being sold through local family parties that enable guests to personally meet the owner. This helped to establish strong connections with the prospective buyers and the company could put the product on shelves of natural food store. The company used* all marketing activities to grow and expand. The company began sponsoring booths at festivals, drawing attention to its newly created vegetarian products. It also disseminated relevant information to media about its products and the people who helped in building the company’s reputation. Lovely and Lalita were invited for an interview with one of the leading TV channels in which they talked about their environment friendly vegetarian products. To show its gratitude to customers, local business and government officials who supported the company from the beginning, “Coconut Joy Ltd.” hosted a gala event and involved all of them to raise funds for a few local NGO’s. The company also asked its fans and customers to send songs and poetry conveying their impression about “Coconut ‘Joy’s Ltd.” products.

1. Identify and explain the communication tool used by “Coconut Joy Ltd”. .
2. Briefly explain the role of the tool identified in (1) above. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017)

Answer:

1. Public relations is the communication tool used by “Coconut Joy Ltd”. Public relations refers to the practice of managing communication between an organisation and its publics in order to create and maintain a positive image about itself and its products.
2. The role of public relations department is described below:
   • Press Relation: It manages relations with the press to present true and correct information about the company. Thus, public relations helps to create a positive image about the company in the eyes of various interest holders like consumers, government, suppliers etc.
   • Product Publicity: It undertakes product publicity for new products through sponsorships. Thus, it helps in launching new products as they may be accepted easily because of good reputation of business.
   • Corporate Communication: It promotes image of the company through different ways of corporate communication like publication of newsletters, brochures, articles or arranging for talk shows or speeches of high officials of the company.
   • Lobbying: It is proactive in promoting or defending regulations that affect business by maintaining healthy relationships with associations of commerce and industry, government officials and different ministers in charge of corporate affairs etc.

Question 7.
Good Living Ltd. manufactures mosquito repellent tablets tables. These tablets are packed in strips of 12 tablets each. Each of these strips is packed in a cardboard box, 48 such boxes are then placed in a big corrugated box and delivered to various retailers for sale. State the purpose of packaging the tablets in a corrugated box. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)
Answer:
The purpose of packaging the tablets in a corrugated box is to facilitate their transportation, warehousing and easy identification.

Question 8.
Shreemaya Hotel in Indore was facing a problem of low demand for its rooms due to off¬season. The Managing Director (MD) of the hotel, Mrs. Sakina was very worried. She called upon the marketing Manager, Mr. Kapoor for his advice. He suggested that the hotel should announce an offer of ‘3 Days and 2 nights hotel stay package’ with free breakfast and one-day religious visit to Omkareshwar and Mahakaleshwar Temples. The MD liked the suggestion very much. Identify the promotional tool which can be used by the hotel through which large number of prospective pilgrimage tourists all over the country and abroad can be reached, informed and persuaded to use the incentive.
(CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)
Answer:
Advertising is the promotion tool that can be used by the hotel.

Question 9.
“Every time I travelled, people asked me to bring them chips, khakra and pickles from all over the country,” says Anoushka. Finally, she and her colleague, Sumeet, decided to make a business out of it. They launched a Facebook page, asked people what they wanted, and they came up with a list of about 100 places and tied-up with two dozen vendors to begin with. They were servicing people from Jaipur who wanted spices from Kerala, people from Panipat who wanted halwa from Jammu and people from Delhi who ordered fresh tea leaves from Darjeeling. Through their business, they wished to bridge the gap between sellers and buyers. The business is now worth millions.
Explain any two important activities that Anouskha and Sumeet will have to be involved in for making the goods available to customers at the right place, in the right quantity and at the right time.
(CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)
Answer:
Anoushka and Sumeet need to perform the activities involved in physical distribution of goods.
Two such activities are explained below:

• Transportation: It creates place utility by facilitating the movement of goods from the place of production to the place of distribution. In the absence of efficient, reliable and cost effective transportation, facility marketing of goods is difficult.
• Warehousing: It creates time utility by providing for the storage of goods from the time they are produced till the time they are sold. Every marketer needs to take this decision wisely in order to create a balance between the level of customer service and cost of warehousing.

Question 10.
A company was marketing juicers which were very popular due to their quality and after sales services provided to the customers. The company was a leading company in the market and earning huge profits. Because of huge profits, the company ignored the after sales services. As a result, its relations with customers got spoiled and the image of the company in the public was damaged. The top management became concerned when the profits for the current quarter fell steeply. On analysis, it was revealed that ignoring the after sales services was its reason. Therefore, the company took all possible measures to protect and promote its favourable image. As a result, the goodwill of the company improved in the society.

1. Name and state the communication tool used by the marketer in the above case to improve its image.
2. Also explain the role of the tool as identified in part (1). (CBSE, OD 2016)

OR
A company was marketing water purifiers which were very popular due to their quality and after sales services provided to the customers. The company was a leading company in the market and earning huge profits. Because of huge profits, the company ignored the after sales services. As a result, its relations with customers got spoiled and the image of the company was damaged in the public. The top management became concerned when the profits for the current quarter fell steeply. On analysis, it was revealed that ignoring the after sales services was its reason. Therefore, the company took all possible measures to protect and promote its favourable image in the eyes of the public. As a result, the goodwill of the company improved in the society.

1. Name and state the communication tool used by the marketer in the above case to improve its image.
2. Also explain role of the tool as identified in part (1). (CBSE, Delhi 2016)

Answer:

1. Public Relations is being used as a promotional tool by the marketer. It refers to the practice of managing communication between an organisation and its publics in order to create and maintain a positive image about itself and its products.
2. The role of public relations as a promotional tool is described below:
   • Public relations helps to create a positive image about the company in the eyes of various interest holders like consumers, government, suppliers etc .
   • It helps in launching new products as they may be accepted easily because of good reputation of business.
   • It helps the business to reinstate itself in the wake of controversies or prejudices etc.

Question 11.
Maruti Vega Ltd. entered into the market with coloured televisions and have now introduced products like audio systems, air-conditioners, washing machines, etc. The company is not only offering the products but also handling complaints and offering after-sales services. Identify the element of marketing mix discussed here. (CBSE, OD 2015)
Answer:
Product is the element of marketing mix discussed here.

Question 12.
Radhika was a student of Business Studies of Class XII. Her father was a farmer who grew different varieties of rice and was well-versed in the various aspects of rice cultivation. He was also selected by the government for a pilot-project on rice cultivation. As a project work in Business Studies, she decided to study the feasibility of marketing good quality rice at a reasonable price. Her father suggested her to use the Internt to gather customers’ views and opinions. She found that there was a huge demand for packaged organic rice. She knew that there were no predetermined specifications in case of rice because of which it was difficult to achieve uniformity in the output. To differentiate the product from its competitors, she gave it the name of ‘Malabari Organic Rice’ and classified it into three different varieties, namely — Popular, Classic and Supreme, based on the quality. She felt that these names would help her in product differentiation.
Explain the three functions of marketing with reference to the above paragraph (CBSE, OD 2015)
Answer:
The three functions of marketing with reference to the above paragraph are described below:

• Gathering and analyzing market information: The prime focus of marketing is to ‘find wants and fill them’. Therefore, it is absolutely essential for a company to study the needs and preferences of its target market in order to satisfy their needs and wants optimally.
• Standardisation and grading: Standardisation refers to the process of manufacturing goods as per predetermined specifications. Grading refers to the process of classifying goods on the basis of certain criteria like quality, size etc. Usually, agricultural products are subject to grading.
• Branding: Branding is the process of assigning a name (brand name), sign or symbol (brand mark) or a combination of all to a product. It is considered to be a very important decision by the marketers because it facilitates product differentiation. This helps the company to obtain a desirable market share.

Question 13.
Beauty Products Ltd. is a natural and ethical beauty brand famous for offering organic beauty products for men and women. The company uses plant-based materials for its products and is the No.1 beauty brand in the country. It not only satisfies its customers but also believes in the overall protection of the planet.
Identify the marketing management philosophy being followed by ‘Beauty Product Ltd’.
(CBSE, Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Societal Marketing Concept

Question 14.
‘Haryaram’ is a famous chain selling a large variety of products in the Indian market. Their products include chips, biscuits, sweets and squashes. It charges a comparatively higher price than its competitors as it sells quality products. Besides, it offers regular discounts to its customers and easy credit terms to its retailers. It has five of its own retail shops. It also sells its products through various grocery stores so that the products are made available to customers at the right place, in the right quantity and at the right time. It regularly uses different communication tools to increase its sales.
The above paragraph describes the combination of variables used by Haryaram to prepare its market offering. Identify and explain the variables. (CBSE, Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The combination of variables used by Haryaramto prepare its market offerings are described below:

• Product: “Their products include chips, biscuits , sweets and squashes.”
  A product is anything of value i.e. a product or service offered to a market to satisfy its needs or wants. A product includes physical product, after ..sale service, handling grievances etc. Every marketer needs to constantly review and revise its products in order to enhance customer’s satisfaction and have a competitive edge.
• Price: “It charges a comparatively higher price than its competitors.”
  Price is the monetary value paid in consideration for purchase of a product or service by a buyer to its seller. It is a very crucial decision for the marketers as consumers are very sensitive to the pricing. The factors affecting price determination are cost of product, the utility and demand, extent of competition in the market, government and legal regulations, pricing objectives and marketing methods used.
• Place: “It has five of its own retail shops.”Or “It also sells its products through various
  grocery shops.”
  It is considered an important element of marketing mix because it includes all those activities that help in making the goods and services available to the prospective buyers in the right quantity, at the right time and in right condition. The two main decisions involved in physical distribution are physical movement of goods from producers to consumers and choice of channels of distribution.
• Promotion: “It regularly uses different communication tools to increase its sales.”
  Promotion refers to the set of activities undertaken by a marketer to inform the prospective buyers about the product and persuading them to make a purchase. The various components of promotion mix are advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relation.”

Question 15.
Radha found a worm crawling out of newly opened tetra pack of juice manufactured by a reputed company, Zest Ltd. She went back to the shopkeeper from whom the pack was purchased who directed her to call up the customer care centre. When all her efforts fell free, she went to a consumer activist, group to seek advice. The group decided to help Radha and take measures to impose restrictions on the sales of the firm’s products of the particular batch and urge customers to refrain from buying the products of the company. Zest Ltd. lost its image in the market. The CEO gave the responsibility of bringing back the lost image of the company to the Manager.

1. Identify the concept of marketing management which will help the Manager to get the firm out of the above crisis.
2. Also explain the role of above identified concept by stating any two points.
   (CBSE, Sample Question Paper 2015)

Answer:

1. Public relations will help the manager to get the firm out of the above crisis.
2. The role of public relations as a promotional tool is described below:
   • Public relations helps to create a positive image about the company in the eyes of various interest holders like consumers, government, suppliers etc.
   • It helps in launching new products as they may be accepted easily because of good reputation of business.
   • It helps the business to reinstate itself in wake of controversies or prejudices etc.

Question 16.
Zoom Udyog, a car manufacturing company, has started its business with Zoom-800 and slowly launched Zoom-1000, Wagon-Z, Swy-fy etc. and offered various services like after sales services, availability of spare parts, etc. Identify the element of marketing mix referred here.
(CBSE, Sample Question Paper 2015)
Answer:
Product is the element of marketing mix referred here.

Question 17.
Crackers Ltd., a fire-cracker manufacturing company launched some new products on eve of Diwali which attracted many buyers. To meet the increased demand, the company employed children from nearby villages. Although the product was in great demand, appropriate safety warnings for use were not mentioned on the packets that led to many accidents.

1. Identify and explain the important product-related decision that was not taken into consideration by the company.
2. Also, identify any two values which were violated by the company. (CBSE, Annual 2014)

Answer:

1. The company has ignored ‘Labelling’. It is an important product-related decision. Labelling refers to the process of designing a label for a product containing product description and other relevant information which is likely to affect a prospective buyers decision in making a purchase. It may vary from a simple tag to a complex graphic.
2. The two values being violated by the company are:
   • Abiding by law as child labour has been employed
   • Concern for human life as appropriate warnings were not placed on the label.

Question 18.
ABC Crackers Ltd., a fire-cracker manufacturing company, launched some new products on the eve of Diwali in the market which attracted many buyers. To meet the increasing demand, the company employed people from nearby villages where there was a lot of unemployment. Because of the good behaviour of the management with the employees, more and more people wanted to join the company. As the products were in great demand in the market, a competitor imitated the products. The products of the competitor were not accepted by the consumers as it was a status symbol to buy the products of ABC Crackers Ltd. because of their quality.

1. Identify and explain the product-related decision because of which consumers preferred the products of ABC Crackers Ltd.
2. Also, identify any two values which ABC Crackers Ltd. wanted to communicate to the society. (CBSE, OD 2014)

Answer:

1. Branding is the product-related decision because of which consumers preferred the products of ABC Crackers Ltd.
   Branding is the process of assigning a name (brand name), sign or symbol (brand mark) or a combination of all to a product. Branding facilitates product differentiation, assists in advertising and display programmes, facilitates differential pricing , promotes consumers loyalty etc.
2. The two values that ABC Crackers Ltd. wants to communicate to the society are:
   • Generating employment opportunities
   • Providing good working environment.

Question 19.
As a project work in Business Studies, the Commerce students of Himachal Public School, Himachal Pradesh thought of preparing apple jam from the apples grown in their school premises and sell it in the school annual fete. They approached the Principal who not only appreciated the students but also gave her consent for the same. The school decided to donate 50% of the revenue generated from the sale to a nearby orphanage. After the school fete, the school also decided to extend this project by providing employment to visually challenged and disadvantaged sections of society on regular basis.

1. Explain any two product-related decisions which the students had to take.
2. Suggest any two functions that the ‘label’ of the jam-bottle must perform.
3. Identify two values communicated to society by this project of Himachal Public School, Himachal Pradesh. (CBSE, OD 2013)

Answer:

1. The two product-related decisions which the students had to take are branding and packaging.
2. The two important functions that the label of the jam -bottle must perform are:
   • Describe the product and specify its contents: The label on the jam bottle must provide information about the core function of the product i.e. how and why is the product is likely to be beneficial to the prospective buyer. It should educate them about the usage and precautions related to the product. It also gives detailed information about the ingredients of the product.
   • Helps in identification of the product or brand: The label should contain the logo, brand name, tagline, name and address of the manufacturer etc. of the product for easy identification of the product.
3. The two values communicated to the society by the project of Himachal Public School are:
   • Generating employment opportunities
   • Humanity

Question 20.
Ajay was appointed as the marketing head of Alfa Enterprise, a manufacturer of toothpastes and toothbrushes. His target sale was 2000 units a month. Apart from thinking about various channels of distribution to achieve the target, he himself started visiting schools in backward areas. He found that even after taking various steps and counselling, some school children had not started brushing their teeth. He investigated and found that they could not start brushing their teeth. He investigated and found that they could not afford to buy toothbrush and toothpaste. So with due permission, he started donating 200 toothbrushes and toothpastes every month to the school.

1. Identify the channel of distribution Ajay would adopt for the distribution of toothpaste and toothbrushes and justify it by giving one reason.
2. State any two values which Ajay ants to communicate to society. (CBSE, Delhi 2013)

Answer:

1. Ajay would adopt indirect channels of distribution for marketing of toothpaste and tooth brushes because it is a consumer product. It can be easily marketed through longer channels, for example (Manufacturer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer).
2. The two values that Ajay wants to communicate to the society are:
   • Good health
   • Social welfare.

Question 21.
Amar is engaged in the manufacturing of refrigerators. He surveyed the market and found that customers need a refrigerator with a separate provision of water cooler in it. He decided and launched the same refrigerator in the market. Identify and explain the marketing philosophy involved.
(CBSE, Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Amar is following the philosophy of marketing concept. The prime focus of marketing concept is to ‘find wants and fill them’. Therefore, the marketer first assesses the needs and preferences of its target market and manufactures products accordingly in order to satisfy their needs and wants optimally. It aims at profit maximization through customer satisfaction.

Question 22.
‘An important task in the marketing of goods relates to designing a label as it provides useful and detailed information about a product.’ In the light of the above statement, draw a label for a ‘liquid soap’ and highlight the important information to be provided on it. (CBSE, Delhi 2010)
Answer:
A label for a ‘liquid soap’.

Question 23.
Mansi, a shoe manufacturer for school students, decided to maximise profits by producing and distributing shoes on a large-scale and thus reducing the average cost of production.

1. Identify the marketing management philosophy adopted by Mansi.
2. Explain this philosophy on the basis of the following:
   • Main Focus
   • Means and Ends (CBSE, OD 2012)

Answer:

1. Mansi has adopted the production philosophy.
2. The main focus of this philosophy is on the quantity of products produced.
   Means: The production philosophy can be brought into effect by making products affordable and widely available.
   Ends: The production philosophy aims at maximizing profits through high volume of production.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Unilever has found a new way to make ice creams by using an ingredient called ‘ice structuring protein’ which is widely found in nature especially, in fishes which allows them to survive in freezing arctic waters. Combining ISP with stabiliser technology allows to make ice creams that don’t melt so easily thereby making it more convenient for small children and consumers in hot countries.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the component of marketing mix being taken into consideration by the company.
2. Explain briefly the function of marketing highlighted here.
3. List any two values that the company wants to communicate to the society.

Answer:

1. The component of marketing mix being taken into consideration by the company is ‘Product’.
2. Product designing and development: Every marketer strives to achieve his marketing objectives by creating offerings to satisfy a need or a want. Therefore, one of the core functions of marketing is to develop the product in the most effective and efficient way. Every marketer endeavours to add value to his product by introducing constant innovations in the product to enhance both its utility and attractiveness in the eyes of the potential buyers and gain a competitive edge.
3. The two values that the company wants to communicate to the society are:
   • Responsibility towards consumers
   • Technological advancement.

Question 2.
Ranger India Limited, is an automobile manufacturer in India. It makes 1.5 million family cars every year. That’s one car every 12 seconds. It has a sales network of company approved retailers that spreads across 600 cities.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the type of the channel of distribution adopted by the company.
2. State the market related factors that are likely to affect the decision of a marketer about the choice of channel of distribution.

Answer:

1. Indirect channel: One level channel of distribution adopted by the company
   
2. The market related factors that are likely to affect the decision of a marketer about the choice of channel of distribution are explained below:
   • Size of market: If the size of the target market is small, it is advisable that the marketer adopts methods of direct channels of distribution like online selling, mail order house, personal selling etc. wherein there are no intermediaries between the manufacturer and the consumers. However, if the marketer intends to target larger markets he should adopt indirect channels of distribution (one level, two level or three level) by using intermediaries like wholesalers, retailers etc.
   • Geographical concentration of potential buyers: If the potential buyers for the firm’s product are geographically concentrated at a few specific places, it is advisable for the marketer to adopt direct channels of distribution. If the market for the product is widely scattered, indirect channels of distribution will be more effective.
   • Quantity purchased: If the potential customers are likely to buy the firm’s product in small quality, indirect channels of distribution should be used by the marketer whereas if the order size is expected to be big, direct channels of distribution may be adopted.
     

     S.No	Type of channel	Size of market	Geographical concentration of potential buyers	Quantity purchased
     1.	Direct	Small	Concentrated	Size of order is large
     2.	Indirect	Large	Widely	Size of order is small

Question 3.
As a global leader in the consumer electronics and entertainment industries, Sony has set forth ‘Road to Zero environmental plan’, to achieve a zero environmental’ effect by the year 2050 by producing world-class products in a manner that both protects and promotes a healthy and sustainable planet.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the marketing philosophy being implemented by the company.
2. Outline the main focus and ends of the relevant marketing philosophy.
3. State any two values that the company wants to communicate to the society.

Answer:

1. Societal marketing concept is being pursued by the company.
2. The main focus of this philosophy is on both the needs of the potential buyers as well as concern for the society at large. The ends include profit maximisation through customer satisfaction and social welfare.
3. The two values that the company wants to communicate to the society are :
   • Concern for the environment
   • Welfare of the society

Question 4.
As the number of people making online purchases has increased manifolds, there is a growing concern about the disposal and management of packaging waste. Every item bought is delivered with excess packaging and sometimes even non-biodegradable materials are used.
In the context of above case:

1. Name the other two levels of packaging that the marketers may be using besides the immediate package.
2. Describe briefly any two points highlighting the functions of packaging.
3. State any two factors that should be kept in mind by the marketers while designing the packaging of its products.

Answer:

1. Secondary packaging and Transportation packaging.
2. The functions of packaging in the marketing of goods and services is explained below:
   • Product Identification: Packaging facilitates the identification of the product with the use of different colours like wrapper of maggi noodles is red whereas yippe noodles are sold in orange colour packaging. Also, the shape of different brands of cold drinks bottles is different.
   • Product Protection: One of the basic purposes of packaging is to safeguard the contents of a product from any kind of damage due to mishandling, adverse weather conditions etc. during the activities related to physical distribution like storing, transportation etc.
   • The marketers should use biodegradable packaging material and packaging should enhance the usability of the products.

Question 5.
Rastro Inc., is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics, personal computers, servers and computer software. The company also has a chain of retail stores known as Restro Stores. Despite high competition, Restro has succeeded in creating demand for its products, giving the company power over prices through product differentiation, innovative advertising and ensured brand loyalty.
In the context of above case:

1. What is product differentiation?
2. Name any one function of marketing that facilitates product differentiation.
3. Identify the component of promotion mix being used by the company by quoting lines
   from the paragraph. .
4. Describe briefly the pricing objective pursued by the company.

Answer:

1. Product differentiation is a strategy used by the marketers to gain an edge over its
   competitors by creating a distinguished perception of the product in the minds of the potential buyers in terms of its utilities.
2. Branding is a function of marketing that facilitates product differentiation.
3. Advertising is the component of promotion mix being used by the company “giving the company power over prices through product differentiation, innovative advertising and ensured brand loyalty.”
4. Attaining product quality leadership: Besides aiming at profit maximisation as its pricing objective Rastro Inc. seeks to establish a unique place for its products in the market by offering superior quality products which can be easily distinguished from its competitors. As a result, it is able to use differential pricing i.e. fixing up relatively higher prices for its products.

Question 6.
Rupali intends to start an enterprise that produces chocolates. Initially, in order to assess the taste and preferences of the people about the chocolates. She used social media and online surveys. Thereafter, she prepared a detailed SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threatsjanalysis of her enterprise to devise a strategy that will give her an edge over the competitors. Based on her analysis of the market, she decided to launch sesame and jaggery based chocolates under the brand name ‘Desi Delight’. She has decided to fix up the price of chocolates relatively at lower level in the beginning and later on as the demand picks up she may revise the prices.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the elements of marketing mix being taken into consideration by Rupali.
2. Explain briefly the functions of marketing highlighted here.
3. Do you think she has selected an appropriate brand name for her product? Why or why not? Give a reason for your answer.

Answer:

1. The elements of marketing mix being taken into consideration by Rupali are Product and Price.
2. The functions of marketing highlighted here are explained below:
   • Gathering and analysing market information: The prime focus of marketing is to ‘find wants and fill them’. Therefore, it is absolutely essential1’for a company to study the needs and preferences of its target market in order to satisfy their needs and wants optimally.
   • Product designing and development: Every marketer strives to achieve his marketing objectives by creating offerings to satisfy a need or a want. Therefore, one of the core function of marketing is to develop the product in the most effective and efficient way. Every marketer endeavours to add value to his product by introducing constant innovations in the product to enhance both its utility and attractiveness in the eyes of the potential buyers and gain a competitive edge.
   • Pricing: Price is the monetary value paid in consideration for purchase of a product or service by a buyer to its seller. The process of determining the price of a product or service is called pricing. It is a crucial decision for the marketers as consumers are very sensitive to the pricing. The factors affecting price determination are cost of product, the utility and demand, extent of competition in the market, government and legal regulations, pricing objectives and marketing methods used.
3. Yes, she has selected an appropriate brand name ‘Desi Delight’ for her product as the name reflects on the product’s benefits and qualities. The word ‘Desi’ indicates that the product contains indigenous ingredients like sesame and jiggery and Delight denotes the pleasure that the person is going to get on consuming the delicious chocolates.

Question 7.
Reema, Vibha and Ratna are three women entrepreneurs who are engaged in dealing with handicraft goods under the brand name ‘Gujkriti’ through a chain of retail outlets at five different places in Delhi. They outsource all their products from tribal and rural women in the state of Rajasthan. Reema is of the opinion that in order to increase the sale of their products, they should advertise about it on television. But, Ratna is arguing that advertisement expenses will add to cost of operation. Whereas Vibha is insisting that they should set up an online portal to market their products across the globe.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the tool of promotion being taken into consideration by Reema by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. How is the channel of distribution being suggested by Vibha different from the channel of distribution being used by them presently?
3. Do you think that Ratna is justified in her argument that advertisement expenses will add to cost of operations?

Answer:

1. The tool of promotion being taken into consideration by Reema is advertising. (Reema is of the opinion that in order to increase the sale of their products, they should advertise about it on television.)
2. Vibha is insisting that they should set up an online portal to market their products across the globe i.e. adopting direct marketing or zero-level channel (manufacturer – consumer). Whereas at present they are using indirect channels of distribution i.e. one level channel (manufacturer – retailer – consumer)by operating through a chain of retail outlets at five different places in Delhi.
3. No, Ratna is not fully justified in her argument although advertising as a tool of promotion is often criticised on the ground that it adds to the cost of distribution which is passed on to the consumers in the form of higher prices. Therefore, it increases the burden on the consumers. But, this argument is not entirely true because advertisements help to increase demand for the product. In order to meet the increased demand the production levels have to be raised. As a result, the business is able to reap advantage of economies of scale and eventually the cost of production per unit comes down and benefits the buyers as the product’s prices are reduced consequently.

Question 8.
Ravi has decided to set up a small factory to manufacture hand wash and toilet soaps in a rural area in Haryana. In order to promote the product initially, he plans to distribute small sachets of the hand wash as free samples, besides deploying a team of salesmen to sell the product door to door in the different parts of the city. Moreover, he has decided to conduct a hygiene camp in rural areas wherein he will distribute a kit comprising of hand wash and soap and also plans to organize street plays to highlight the importance of hygiene and sanitation in our daily lives.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the tools of promotion being taken into consideration by Ravi.
2. What are the qualities that he should consider while selecting salesmen? (any three)
3. List any two values that the he wants to communicate to the society.

Answer:

1. The tools of promotion being taken into consideration by Ravi are Sales Promotion and Personal Selling.
2. Some of the qualities that he should consider while selecting salesmen are described below:
   • Physical appearance: A salesman should have a neat and tidy appearance. He should be decently dressed up and carry himself well.
   • Social qualities: A salesman should be cheerful and confident so that he is able to communicate assertively without loosing his temper easily.
   • Tactfulness and knowledgeable: A good salesman should be alert and intelligent so that he is able to mould his sales talk as per the need of the situation. He should also possess good knowledge about the product he will be selling.
3. The two values that the he wants to communicate to the society are:
   • Improvement in the standard of living of the people
   • Educating them about hygiene/cleanliness

Question 9.
The Fancy Store’ is a popular retail shop dealing in all kinds of fashionable items. Harish, the owner of the store believes in pushing the sale of his products through aggressive sales promotion techniques. Therefore, throughout the year he keeps offering various kinds short¬term incentives to the buyers like discounts, quantity gifts, product combinations etc. On the contrary, his brother Ramesh who also runs a retail shop dealing in all kinds of fashionable items in the nearby market tries to first assess the needs and wants of the buyers while deciding upon the product range. He also believes in building long term relations with the buyers and therefore offers only good quality products and handles the complaints of the buyers if any with politeness and patience.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the two different marketing concepts discussed in the above para.
2. Distinguish between them on the basis of meaning, scope and strategies used.

Answer:

1. The two different marketing concepts discussed in the above paragraph are:
   • The Selling concept
   • The Marketing concept
2. Difference between Selling and Marketing is given below:
   

   S. No	Basis	Selling	Marketing
   1.	Meaning	Selling involves promoting the products and transferring their possession and title of ownership from the seller to the buyer.	Marketing is a social process by which individual groups obtain what they need or want through creating offerings and freely exchanging products and services of value with others.
   2.	Scope	Selling is a narrow term. It is part of marketing.	Marketing is a wider term and includes selling.
   3.	Strategies used	Selling involves use of aggressive promotional techniques to increase the sale of products and services.	Marketing adopts an integrated approach which gives equal importance to the strategies with regard to all the variables of marketing mix i.e. product, price, place and promotion.

Question 10.
Arvind is planning to start a company manufacturing room fresheners. He intends to use natural fruit extracts for adding fragrance to them. He estimates an investment of Rs. 20 crores to set up the factory. As it is difficult for him to raise the entire capital amount alone, he gives a partnership offer to his school friend, Sanjay who is an angel investor. Sanjay, after being convinced about the feasibility of the project, accepts his offer. Sanjay tells Arvind that they should also focus on other important decisions related to the product ‘room fresheners’ besides deciding about its features, variety and quality. Branding is one of the important such decision.
In the context of above case:

1. Name any other two important decisions related to a product.
2. Why is branding considered as an important function by the marketers? Give any one reason in support of your answer.
3. State any four features of a good brand name.

Answer:

1. Labelling and Packaging are the two important decisions related to a product.
2. Branding is considered to be a very important decision by the marketers because it facilitates product differentiation. Through branding the prospective buyers are able to bring about a distinction between a company product and its substitutes available in the market. This helps the company to obtain a desirable market share.
3. The four features of a good brand name are stated below:
   • The brand name should be short, easy to pronounce, spell, recognise and remember e.g., Ponds.
   • A brand should suggest the product’s benefits and qualities e.g Sunsilk.
   • A brand name should be distinctive e.g., Lotus.
   • It should be capable of being registered and protected legally.

Question 11.
Somya Patel, 35, a fitness trainer, woes about a popular consumer durable brand saying that “They show a lot of advertisements for their products on television , but when you go to the store, you find these things out of stock all the time. Then why should the company put advertisements when they can’t meet the demand,” she questions.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the tool of promotion mix being referred to in the above lines.
2. List any two product related factors that are likely to affect the choice of channel of distribution.
3. Which element of marketing mix is being overlooked by the company? Why is it considered as an important element?

Answer:

1. The tool of promotion mix being referred to in the above lines is Advertisement.
2. The two product related factors that are likely to affect the choice of channel of distribution are:
   • Type of product (consumer or industrial)
   • Unit value of product (low or high)
3. Place is the element of marketing mix being ignored by the company. It is considered important because it relates to making the goods and services available to the prospective buyers in the right quantity at the right time and in right condition.

Question 12.
Suraj is a small entrepreneur involved in the manufacturing of hair wax. He finds that cost of production of 100 gm of hair wax is Rs. 250. He has decided to keep a margin of 15% as profit. Moreover, he has assessed that there is a free competition in this product segment.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the function of marketing being performed by Suraj.
2. State briefly the two factors that he is taking into consideration while performing the function as identified in part (1).

Answer:

1. Pricing is the function of marketing being performed by Suraj.
2. The two factors that he is taking into consideration while performing the pricing function are as follows:
   • Cost of product: The price of the product is determined by adding the desired profit margin to the cost of production, selling and distribution. The cost is of three types namely the fixed cost, variable cost and semi-variable cost.
   • Degree of competition: The nature and extent of competition in the market is another key factor relating to the pricing decision. If the firm faces free competition in the market it is likely to fix the price of the product at lower levels. But if it enjoys monopoly, then the prices are likely to be fixed at higher levels.

Question 13.
After doing a diploma in entrepreneurship, Farihad started his own confectionary business. He started doing a lot of hard work and used the recipes taught by his grandmother in various preparations. He also learnt many recipes from online sites and television programmes. He decided to keep the price of the products low initially and also informed his customers about the goodness of the items sold by them. However, he didn’t mention on the package of each item weather it contained eggs or not. As a result, vegetarian people became hesitant in buying things from his shop as they had to verbally inquire from him about the inclusion of eggs in the preparation of various items.
In the context of above case:

1. Name the important aspect related to the marketing of products which has been ignored by Farihad.
2. Explain briefly any three functions performed by the aspect as identified in part (1).
3. Mention the right of consumer being violated by Farihad.

Answer:

1. The important aspect related to the marketing of products which has been ignored by Farihad is Labelling.
2. The three important functions performed by labelling are :
   • Describes the product and specifies its contents: Labelling provides information about the core function of the product i.e. how and why the product is likely to be beneficial to the prospective buyer. It educates them about the usage and precautions related to the product. It also gives detailed information about the ingredients of the product.
   • Helps in identification of the product or brand: The label contains the logo, brand name, tagline, name and address of the manufacturer etc. of the product which helps in easy identification of the product.
   • Enables grading of products: Different coloured labels are also used by the marketers for grading of the products on the basis of flavours, quality etc. so that the buyers can easily choose a product as per their requirements.
3. The Right to information is being overlooked by the company in the above mentioned case. According to the Right to information, a consumer has the right to get complete information about the product he /she intends to buy including its contents, date of manufacture, date of expiry, price, quantity, directions for use etc. Also, as per law, it is mandatory for the marketers to provide complete information about the product/ service to the buyers.

Question 14.
‘Shudh Hava Ltd/ is engaged in manufacturing of air conditioners and desert coolers. The company offers a wide range of products to meet the requirements of people from varied income groups. Recently the company has developed a new product, an air purifier that improves the quality of air by filtering out all allergens and microbes. The company introduced the product on two variants namely ‘Nano Tech’ and ‘Nano Tech Premium’. In order to persuade people to buy the product it is offering easy payment options in equal monthly instalments for different time periods. Moreover, every buyer will be offered ‘scratch a card’ option to win instant gifts like decorative items, T-shirts etc. The company is also planning to organise competitive events based on skill and luck in various malls in different cities.
In the context of above case:

1. Name and explain the ‘type of promotion strategy’ adopted by the company to boost the sales of air purifiers.
2. Also, identify the various techniques of this promotional strategy being used by the company by quoting lines from the paragraph.
3. “The company offers a wide range of products to meet the requirements of people from varied income groups.” Name the relevant consumer right being promoted by the company.

Answer:

1. The type of promotion strategy adopted by the company to boost the sales of air purifiers is Sales Promotion.
   Sales Promotion includes the various types of short term incentives offered by a marketer to increase the sale of a product or service.
2. The various techniques of sales promotion being used by the company are listed below:
   • Full finance @ 0% – “it is offering easy payment options in equal monthly instalments for different time periods.”
   • Instant draws and assured gifts – “every buyer will be offered ‘scratch a card’ option to win instant gifts like decorative items, T-shirts etc.”
   • Contests – “The company is also planning to organise competitive events based on skill and luck in the various malls in the different cities.”
3. Right to Choose is the consumer right being promoted by the company

Question 15.
Nischay, after completing his masters in computer engineering decided to start his own business. Fie visited his uncle Mr.Jaiprakash who has been running a successful business in web designing. Fie shared with Nischay that the main reason for his success in the business lies in his approach of building a life time relation with his clients. Therefore, his business is not only restricted to designing web sites according to the specifications of the clients but also providing continuous online assistance to them and handling their grievances effectively and doing all this at a profit. lie provides these services at competitive prices. Anybody interested in getting the web solutions can contact him through his website. Moreover, whenever the market is sluggish he tries to create demand by offering short-term incentives to the buyers.
In the context of above case:

1. Define the term ‘Marketing Management’.
2. Briefly explain the various elements of marketing mix being pursued by Mr. Jaiprakash by quoting lines from the para.

Answer:

1. Marketing management is “the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value”- Philip Kotler
2. The various elements of marketing mix being pursued by Mr. Jaiprakash are as follows:
   • Product: “his business is not only restricted to designing “Web sites according to the specifications of the clients but also providing continuous online assistance to them and handling their grievances’ effectively.”
     A product is anything of value i.e. a product or service offered to a market to satisfy needs or wants. A product includes physical product,after sale service, handling grievances etc. Every marketer needs to constantly review and revise his products in order to enhance customer’s satisfaction and have an competitive edge.
   • Price: “doing all this at a profit. He provides these services at competitive prices.” Price is the monetary value paid in consideration for purchase of a product or service by a buyer to its seller. It is a very crucial decision for the marketers as consumers are very sensitive to the pricing. The factors affecting price determination are cost of product, the utility and demand, extent of competition in the market, government and legal regulations, pricing objectives and marketing methods used.
   • Place: “Anybody interested in getting the web solutions can contact him through his website.”
     It is considered important element of marketing mix because it includes all those activities that help in making the goods and services available to the prospective buyers in the right quantity, at the right time and in right condition. Two main decisions involved in physical distribution are physical movement of goods from producers to consumers and choice of channels of distribution.
   • Promotion: “Moreover, whenever the market is sluggish he tries to create demand by offering short-term incentives to the buyers.”
     Promotion refers to the set of activities undertaken by a marketer to inform the prospective buyers about the product and persuading them to make a purchase. The various components of promotion mix are advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relation.

Question 16.
In today’s world, through social media, news spread in a flash. Moreover, if it is bad news, it acquires a speed that is virtually impossible to stop. Hence, all corporates are more susceptible to a tarnished image today than in any other day and age. The loss of goodwill may lead to decreased revenue, loss of clients or suppliers and fall in market share. Over the years, therefore, most of the companies have set up a separate department to manage the public opinions about them. The department works in close coordination with the various interest groups like consumers, government, suppliers etc. and strives to handle effectively if any controversies arise.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the element of promotion mix being referred to in the above lines.
2. Briefly explain any three points highlighting the role of this element of promotion mix as identified in part (1)

Answer:

1. The element of promotion mix being referred to in the above lines is Public Relations.
2. The role of public relations as a promotional tool is described below:
   • Public relations helps to create a positive image about the company in the eyes of various interest holders like consumers, government, suppliers etc .
   • It helps in launching new products as they may be accepted easily because of good reputation of business.
   • It helps the business to reinstate itself in wake of controversies or prejudices etc.

Question 17.
Traditional trade or kirana stores constitute 90% of the FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) business in India. HUL is the market leader in FMCG with over 60 lakh outlets. According to industry estimates, Patanjali products are currently available in two lakh traditional retail outlets. ‘Availability of the product’ is the single largest driver of FMCG sales. A shopper research suggests that 30%-40% consumers shift preference if their favourite brand is not available at the store.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the component of marketing mix being discussed in the above lines.
2. State the two main decisions related to the concept identified in part (1).
3. Name the type of channel of distribution adopted by HUL.

Answer:

1. The component of marketing mix being discussed in the above lines is place/physical distribution.
2. The two main decisions involved in physical distribution are:
   • physical movement of goods from producers to consumers
   • choice of channels of distribution
3. Indirect channel of distribution has been adopted by HUL. It is a two level channel i.e. (Manufacturer – wholesaler- retailer- consumer)

Question 18.
Arun and Rukun are good friends. After doing a fashion designing course from a reputed institute, they have set up a garment factory in the rural area of Faridabad to manufacture trendy casual wear like jeans, T-shirts, shirts etc. under the brand name ‘Swatantra’. They have employed people from the nearby villages itself in the factory. Moreover, they wish to sell the products through local retailers in the villages and also through ‘Flipkart’.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the elements of marketing mix being taken into consideration by Arun.
2. Name the two methods of marketing adopted by them.
3. State any two values that are being fulfilled by them.

Answer:

1. The elements of marketing mix being taken into consideration by Arun are product and place.
2. The two methods of marketing adopted by them are both direct and indirect marketing.
3. Two values that are being fulfilled by them are:
   • Generating employment
   • Raising the standard of living of the people in the village

Question 19.
Yogesh buys a new laptop for his son Mukesh on his birthday from a company owned retail outlet. After a few months, some parts of the laptop get damaged in 3, road accident. Yogesh approaches the dealer to get the damaged parts replaced with the new ones. But, he is told that the company does not provide any after sale service to the customers. Yogesh feels very dissatisfied as a consumer and woes that he will never buy this companies product ever again.
In the context of above case:

1. Identify the function of marketing being ignored by the company.
2. As a business advisor, suggest any two services that will be very effective in enhancing brand loyalty for any such product.
3. Name the appropriate redressal agency that he can approach in case he decides to file a case against the dealer.

Answer:

1. The function of marketing being ignored by the company is customer support services.
2. As a business advisor, I would suggest the introduction of the following services that will be very effective in enhancing brand loyalty for any such product:
   • Setting up a separate department for handling consumer complaints.
   • Providing 365 days x 24 x 7 online assistance to the buyers for any maintenance or technical issues.
3. Yogesh can file a complaint in the District forum

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In this article, we are providing From the Diary of Anne Frank Extra Questions and Answers PDF Class 10 English First Flight CBSE, Extra Questions for Class 10 English was designed by subject expert teachers.

From the Diary of Anne Frank Extra Questions and Answers Class 10 English First Flight

Extract Based Questions [3 Marks Each]

Read the following extracts carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Question 1.
Writing in a diary is a really strange experience for someone like me. Not only because I have never written anything before, but also because it seems to me that later on neither I nor anyone else will be interested in the musing of a thirteen year old school girl. Oh well, it doesn’t matter. I feel like writing and I have an even greater need to get all kind of things off my chest.
‘Paper has more patience than people.’ I thought of this saying on one of those days when I was feeling a little depressed and was sitting at home with my chin in my hands, bored and listless, wondering whether to stay in or go out.
(a) To whom does T refer in the given passage?
(b) ‘Paper has more patience than people’ – Why did Anne Frank say that?
(c) Find a word in the passage that means ‘deep thought’.
(d) Which word in the passage is a synonym of lethargic?

Answer:
(a) ‘I’ refers to Anne Frank in the given passage.
(b) Anne Frank said that ‘Paper has more patience than people’ because one can rely on the paper to confide his/her secrets and it listens carefully and silendy.
(c) The word is ‘musing’.
(d) The word is ‘listless’.

Question 2.
Let me put it more clearly, since no one will believe that a thirteen-year-old girl is completely alone in the world. And I’m not. I have loving parents and a sixteen-year-old sister, and there are about thirty people I can call friends. I have a family, loving aunts and a good home. No, on the surface I seem to have everything, except my one true friend. All I think about when I’m with friends is having a good time. I can’t bring myself to talk about anything but ordinary everyday things. We don’t seem to be able to get any closer, and that’s the problem. Maybe it’s my fault that we don’t confide in each other. In any case, that’s just how things are, and unfortunately they’re not liable to change. This is why I’ve started the diary.
(a) Why was Anne Frank disturbed even when she had loving parents, relatives and friends?
(b) Why did Anne decide to write a diary?
(c) Find the word that means the same as ‘unluckily’.
(d) To confide in somebody is to ………
Answer:
(a) Anne Frank was disturbed even after being surrounded by so many people because she didn’t have any true friend.
(b) Anne decided to write a diary because she could not confide in anyone and felt lonely.
(c) The word is unfortunately.
(d) It means tell somebody your secrets or personal information.

Question 3.
To enhance the image of this long awaited friend in my imagination, I don’t want to jot down the facts in this diary the way most people would do, but I want the diary to be my friend, and I’m going to call this friend ‘Kitty’.
Since no one would understand a word of my stories to Kitty if I were to plunge right in, I’d better provide a brief sketch of my life, much as I dislike doing so. CBSE 2016
(a) Who was the long awaited friend of Anne? Why?
(b) What did she provide in her diary?
(c) Find a word from the extract which means the same as ‘submerge’.
(d) To write down the idea as and when it occurs in mind is ceiled
Answer:
(a) The diary named ‘Kitty’ was the long awaited friend of Anne, because she had no true friend in her life with whom she could share her feelings and thoughts.
(b) She provided a brief-sketch of her life and her family in her diary.
(c) It is called jotling down.

Question 4.
My father the most adorable father I’ve ever seen, didn’t marry my mother until he was
36 and she was 25. My sister Margot was born in Frankfurt in Germany in 1926.1 was born on 12th June, 1929.1 lived in Frankfurt until I was ’ four. My father emigrated to Holland in 1933. My mother, Edith Hollander Frank, went with him to Holland in September, while Margot and I were sent to Aachen to stay with our grandmother.
(a) When and where was Anne Frank bom?
(b) To whom was Anne and her sister Margot stay with in Aachen? Why?
(c) Find out the opposite of ‘immigrated’ used in the passage.
(d) Is there any word in the passage which means ‘to dote on’? If so, write it.
Answer:
(a) Anne Frank was born in Germany on 12th June, 1929.
(b) Anne and her sister Margot stayed with their Grandmother in Aachen as their parents emigrated to Holland.
(c) The word ‘emigrated’ is the opposite of‘immigrated’.
(d) The word is ‘adore’.

Question 5.
That evening, after I’d finished the rest of my homework, the note about the essay caught my eye. I began thinking about the subject while chewing the tip of my fountain pen. Anyone could ramble on and leave big spaces between the words, but the trick was to come up with convincing arguments to prove the necessity of talking. I thought and thought, and suddenly I had an idea,: I wrote the three pages Mr. Keesing had assigned me and was satisfied. I argued that talking is a student’s trait and that I would do my best to keep it under control, but that I would never be able to cure myself of the habit since my mother talked as much as I did if not more, and that there’s not much you can do about inherited traits.
(a) What is the main feature of an essay according to Anne?
(b) What did Anne argue in the essay? Why?
(c) What does the idiom ‘caught my eye’ means?
(d) What do you understand by inherited traits?

Answer:
(a) The main feature of an essay is ‘to give convincing arguments’ in support of the necessity to talk.
(b) Anne argued that talking was a student’s trait and she got it from her mother so nothing could done about this inherited trait.
(c) ‘Caught my eye’ means ‘to attract attention’.
(d) It means a particular quality of one’s personality which one inherits from parents.

Question 6.
However, during the third lesson he’d finally had enough. ‘Anne Frank, as punishment for talking in class, write an essay entitled ‘Quack, Quack, Quack, Said Mistress Chatterbox’.” The class roared. I had to laugh too, though I’d nearly exhausted my ingenuity on the topic of Chatterboxes. It was time to come up with something else, something original. My friend, Sanne, who’s good at poetry, offered to help me write the essay from beginning to end in verse and I jumped for joy. Mr Keesing was trying to play a joke on me with this ridiculous subject, but I’d make sure the joke was on him.
(a) Why did Mr Keesing her teacher ask her to write another essay?
(b) Why did Anne want to write the essay with the help of her friend Sanne?
(c) Find out the word which means ‘deserving or inviting mockery’.
(d) The word ……. means the ability to invent things and solve problems in a clever and new way.
Answer:
(a) Mr Keesing asked her to write another essay as punishment because she had not stopped talking in the class.
(b) Anne wanted to write the essay with something original so she sought help from Sanne her friend, who suggested her to write the essay in verse.
(c) The word ‘ridiculous’ means ‘deserving and inviting mockery’.
(d) The word is ‘ingenuity’.

Question 7.
I finished ray poem, and it was beautiful! It was about a mother duck and a father swan with three baby ducklings who were bitten to death by the father because they quacked too much. Luckily, Mr Keesing took the joke the right way. He read the poem to the class, adding his own comments, and to several other classes as well. Since then I’ve been allowed to talk and haven’t been assigned any extra homework. On the contrary, Mr Keesing’s always making jokes these days.
(a) Why did the father duck kill the baby ducklings?
(b) What happened when Mr Keesing read the essay?
(c) Find out the word from the passage which means ‘given’.
(d) ‘On the contrary’ means …………

Answer:
(a) The father duck killed the baby ducklings because they quacked too much.
(b) When Mr Keesing read the essay, he understood the feelings of Anne and allowed her to talk. He also started to make jokes thereafter.
(c) The word is ‘assigned’.
(d) The word is ‘inversely opposite’.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 1.
Describe Anne’s Feelings about having a diary.
Answer:
Anne feels it is silly for a 13 years old teenager to have a diary as it would seem she has many friends and other people to talk to, but in reality, she states she feels very lonely in the world. She wishes her diary to become her friend.

Question 2.
Why does Anne Frank think that ‘paper’ has more patience than ‘people’?
Answer:
Anne believes that paper has more patience than people
because it listens to her more patiently and silently it does not react like other people and also because she can confide in her diary all her secrets.

Question 3.
What does Anne Frank tell about her family in her diary?
Answer:
Anne Frank tells that she has very lovely and caring family.
Her parents and her elder sister love her a lot. There are about thirty people near by her whom she can call friends. She has loving aunts and a good home but she wants to have a true friend with whom she can share her feelings and thoughts.

Question 4.
Describe your views about Mr Keesing as a teacher.
Answer:
Mr Keesing seems to be a strict teacher but he actually believes taking actions with good intention and for the development of children. He tries to control her bad habit of talking too much but as soon as he is convinced that her habit does not affect her studies, he overlooks her shortcoming.

Question 5.
What does Anne write in her first essay to support her habit of talking so much?
Answer:
Anne Frank supports her nantte by stating that talking is a student’s trait and she will try to control it. But she also says that she has got it from her mother and such inherited traits cannot be curbed.

Question 6.
What was Mr Keesing’s reaction after reading Anne’s poem on the third essay that he had given to her to write?
Answer:
When Mr Keesing read Anne’s poem on the third essay that he had given her to write, he took the joke the right way. He understood the intention of Anne and felt it in good humour. After that he allowed her to talk and did not punish her by assigning her extra work.

Question 7.
Why was Anne’s entire class anxious and nervous?
Answer:
Anne’s class was anxious and nervous about the result. It was yet to be decided who would be promoted to the higher class or who would not because many deserved it.

Question 8.
Describe Anne’s love for her grandmother. [CBSE2016]
Answer:
When Anne’s grandmother died, she stated that no one could understand her intensity of her love for her grandma. She also said that no one could imagine how much she thought of her. Lighting up extra candle for her during her birthday showed her love for grandmother.

Question 9.
Describe about Anne Frank’s early education.
Answer:
Anne Frank got her early education at the
Montessori Nursery School until she was six. She started in the first form and in the sixth form, she had developed such a good relation with her headmistress Mrs Kuperus that both of them were in tears on the farewell.

Long Answer (Value Based) Type Questions [8 Marks]

Question 1.
Anne called 26th July a ‘tumultous’ day. Explain the reasons behind it.
Answer:
Anne called 26th July a tumultous day as it was full of tension and fright. The first warning siren was sent off in the morning but nobody paid any attention to it because it only meant that the planes were crossing the coast. The siren alarmed again around 2 O’clock in the afternoon. Anne and her sister went upstairs but after five minutes they heard loud gunshots. After half an hour, drone of engines faded and life became normal. The city was enveloped in thick fog. But after dinner time, there was another gun-fire round and swarms of planes. The air was buzz with the drone of engines. Nobody was able to sleep that night because it repeated again at midnight.

Question 2.
Why did Anne think that she could confide more in her diary than in the people?
Answer:
Anne Frank did not have a friend with whom she could share now. Although she had spent a good time with her friends but she was unable to share her views and thoughts with them. When she got her diary, she decided to share everything with it because she believed that nobody would be interested enough in her musings. So, she treated her diary as her best friend. It would keep her life a secret and would not react like people. She confided everything in the diary; her family, her fear, her loneliness, her life and considered it her best friend.

Question 3.
Who helped Anne in writing the essay and how?
Answer:
Anne was fond of talking a lot. Mr Keesing punished her and gave her essays to write one after another as she didn’t stop talking in the class. When she was asked to write the essay on Ans. the topic ‘Quack, Quack, Quack said Mistress Chatterbox’ she decided to make it original. Her friend Sanne helped her as she was good at poetry and suggested her to write the entire essay in verse. Anne tried to play a joke on Mr Keesing with the essay. Mr Keesing took it in the right way and read it in the class. He understood that she was not a dull student, but talkative so he allowed her to talk and did not punish her again.

Question 4.
Write the character sketch of Anne Frank.
Answer:
Anne Frank was born on 12th June 1929 in Frankfurt Germany. She was four years old when her father went to Holland to find a better place for his family to live. She was very intelligent and always wanted to become a writer. She loved Peter even when she had to face opposition from her family in this regard.
She was a very good reader as well, she continued reading books, translated chapters, wrote down the vocabulary and worked hard on her skills. Like any child, she loved her parents but later grew a dislike towards her mother as she compared Anne to Margot. She was always jealous with her. She believed that time would come when the problems would be over. She felt alone although there were thirty people around her but she hardly could call anyone a true friend. Anne died of typhus in the concentration camp at Berger-Belsen in late February or early March of 1945.

Question 5.
‘Paper has more patience than people’. Justify.
(or)
‘Paper has more patience than people’. Do you agree with the statement?
Answer:
Anne believes that people are not interested in other’s life as they are stuck with their own problems so it is really hard to get someone who can give importance to her diary. People feel bored and become impatient when we talk about our problems.
On the other hand when we write our feelings and thoughts on paper , we can write as long as we want without thinking of anyone, intention as it doesn’t react. We can share our feelings, both sad and happy. It never gets bored or stops us to write. It behaves like a true friend who keeps your secret and listens to you patiently. So she thinks that paper has more patience than people.

Question 6.
“From the diary of Anne Frank’ throws light on teacher-student relationship, class atmosphere and discipline.
Write a paragraph oh the values of these aspects of school and how far these values are necessary for learning and life. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
“The diary of Anne Frank” clearly describes the teacher-student relationship, class atmosphere and discipline. Anne who talks a lot in the class gets punished by Mr Keesing her Maths teacher. He asks her to write essays as punishment which is learning in disguise because he wanted her to focus on studies. He cannot be blamed for the punishment as he did it for the development of Anne. The teacher-student relationship is very respectful and sacred. It is about discipline and classroom manners which are essential for every student as well as teacher, otherwise both teaching or learning could hamper. This relationship is clearly shown in Mr Keesing and Anne Frank actions as they both try to joke on each other but in very humorous and healthy manner. So this healthy relationship is needed everywhere in the class for effective teaching and learning.

For More Resources

• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English
• CBSE Class 10 English First Flight Chapter Wise Question Bank
• CBSE Class 10 English Footprints Without Feet Chapter Wise Question Bank
• CBSE Class 10 English First Flight Extra Questions
• CBSE Class 10 English Footprints Without Feet Extra Questions
• CBSE Revision Notes for Class 10 English First Flight
• CBSE Revision Notes for Class 10 English Footprints Without Feet