Bhagya

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 English Outside Delhi 2015

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions :

1. This paper is divided into three sections : A, B and C. All the sections are compulsory.
2. Separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary. Read these instructions very carefully and follow them faithfully.
3. Do not exceed the prescribed word limit while answering the questions.

SET I

SECTION —A
(READING)

1. Read the passage given below carefully:

1. For four days, I walked through the narrow lanes of the old city, enjoying the romance of being in a city where history still lives – in its cobblestone streets and in its people riding asses, carrying vine leaves and palm as they once did during the time of Christ.
2. This is Jerusalem, home to the sacred sites of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This is the place that houses the church of the Holy Sepulchre, the place where Jesus was finally laid to rest. This is also the site of Christs crucifixion, burial and resurrection.
3. Built by the Roman Emperor Constantine at the site of an earlier temple to Aphrodite, it is the most venerated Christian shrine in the world. And justifiably so. Here, within the church, are the last five stations of the cross, the 10th station where Jesus was stripped of his clothes, the 11th where he was nailed to the cross, the 12* where he died on the cross, the 13th where the body was removed from the cross, and the 14th, his tomb.
4.  For all this weighty tradition, the approach and entrance to the church is non-descript. You’ have to ask for directions. Even to the devout Christian pilgrims walking along the Via Dolorosa — The Way of Sorrow — first nine stations look clueless. Then a courtyard appears, hemmed in by other buildings and a doorway to one side. This leads to a vast area of huge stone architecture.
5. Immediately inside the entrance is your first stop. It’s the stone of anointing: this is the place, according to Greek tradition, where Christ was removed from the cross. The Roman Catholics, however, believe it to be the spot where Jesus’ body was prepared for burial by Joseph.
6. What happened next ? Jesus was buried. .He was taken to a place outside the city of Jerusalem where other graves existed and there, he was buried in a cave. However, all that is long gone, destroyed by continued attacks and rebuilding; what remains is the massive – and impressive – Rotunda (a round building with a dome) that Emperor Constantine built. Under this, and right in the centre of the Rotunda, is the structure that contains the Holy Sepulchre.
7. “How do you know that this is Jesus’ tomb ?” I asked one of the pilgrims standing next to me. He was clueless, more interested, like the rest of them, in the novelty of it all and in photographing it, than in its history or tradition.
8. At the start of the first century, the place was a disused quarry outside the city walls. According to the gospels, Jesus’ crucifixion occurred ‘at a place outside the city walls with graves nearby Archaeologists have discovered tombs from that era, so the site is compatible with the Biblical period.
9.  The structure at the site is a marble tomb built over the original burial chamber. It has two rooms, and you enter four at a time into the first of these, the Chapel of the Angel. Here the angle is. supposed to have sat on a stone to recount Christs resurrection. A low door made of white marble, partly worn away by pilgrims’ hands, leads to a smaller chamber inside. This is the ‘room of the tomb’, the place where Jesus was buried.
10. We entered in single file. On my right was a large marble slab that covered the original rock bench on which the body of Jesus was laid. A woman knelt and prayed. Her eyes were wet with tears. She pressed her face against -the slab to hide them, but it only made it worse.

I. On the basis of your understanding of this passage answer the following questions with the help of given options :
(a) How does Jerusalem still retain the charm of ancient era ?
(i) There are narrow lanes.
(ii) Roads are paved with cobblestones.
(iii) People can be seen riding assess.
(iv) All of the above.
(b) Holy Sepulchre is sacred to————–.
(i) Christianity.
(ii) Islam.
(iii) Judaism.
(iv) Both (i) and (iii).
(c) Why does one have to constantly ask for directions to the church ?
(i) Its lanes are narrow.
(ii) Entrance to the church is non-descript.
(iii) People are not tourist-friendly.
(iv) Everyone is lost in enjoying the romance of the place.
(d) Where was Jesus buried ?
(i) In a cave.
(ii) At a place outside the city.
(iii) In the Holy Sepulchre
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer.
(a) (iv) All of the above.
(b) (i) Christianity.
(c) (ii) Entrance to the church is non-descript.
(d) (iv) Both (i) and (ii).

II. Answer the following questions briefly:
(e) What is the Greek belief about the ‘stone of anointing’ ?
(f) Why did Emperor Constantine build the Rotunda ?
(g) What is the general attitude of the pilgrims ?
(h) How is the site compatible with the Biblical period ?
(i) Why did the pilgrims enter the room of the tomb in a single file ?
(j) Why did ‘a woman’ try to hide her tears ?
(k) Find words from the passage which mean the same as :
(i) A large grave (para 3)
(ii) Having no interesting features/dull (para 4)
Answer.
(e) According to the Greek belief, the stone of anointing is a place where Christ was removed from the cross.
(f) Emperor Constantine built Rotunda to safeguard the Holy Sepulchre and the remaining structure around it.
(g) Pilgrims have a very casual attitude and they are completely unaware about the history and tradition. They are more into capturing pictures and appreciating the novelty of the church.
(h) According to the gospels, Jesus’ Crucifixion occurred ‘at a place outside the city walls with graves nearby…’ and as the archaeologists have discovered tombs from the Biblical era, the site is compatible.
(i) ‘Room of the tomb’ is a very small place, hence the pilgrims entered in a single file.
(j) The woman knelt down to pray looking at the large marble slab and wanted to hide her tears as she became very sentimental.
(k) (i) Tomb.
(ii) Non-descript.

2. Read the passage given below: [10]

1. We often make all things around us the way we want them to be. Even during our pilgrimages we have begun to look for whatever makes our heart happy, gives comfort to our body and peace to the mind. It is as if external solutions will fulfil our needs, and we do not want to make any special efforts even in our spiritual search. Our mind is resourceful — it works to find shortcuts in simple and easy ways.
2. Even pilgrimages have been converted into tourism opportunities. Instead, we must awaken our conscience and souls and understand the truth. Let us not tamper with our own nature of that of the Supreme.
3. All our cleverness is rendered ineffective when nature does a dance of destruction. Its fury can and will wash away all imperfections. Indian culture, based on Vedic treatises, assists in human evolution, but we are using our entire energy in distorting these traditions according to our convenience instead of making efforts to make ourselves worthy of them.
4. The irony is that humans are not even aware of the complacent attitude they have allowed themselves to sink to. Nature is everyone’s Amma and her fierce blows will sooner or later corner us and force us to understand this truth. Earlier, pilgrimages to places of spiritual significance were rituals that were undertaken when people became free from their worldly duties. Even now some seekers take up this pious religious journey as a path to peace and knowledge. Anyone travelling with this attitude feels and travels with only a few essential items that his body can Carry. ‘Pilgrims traditionally travelled light, on foot, eating light, dried chickpeas and fruits or whatever was available. Pilgrims of olden days did not feel the need to stay in special AC bedrooms, or travel by luxury cars or indulge themselves with delicious food and savouries.
5. Pilgrims traditionally moved ahead, creating a feeling of belonging towards all, conveying a message of brotherhood among all they came across whether in small caves, ashrams or local settlements. They received the blessings and congregations of yogis and mahatmas in return while , conducting the dharma of their pilgrimage. A pilgrimage is like penance of sadhana to stay near nature and, to experience a feeling of oneness with it, to keep the body healthy and fulfilled with the amount of food, while seeking freedom from attachments and yet remaining happy while staying away from relatives and associates.
6. This is how a pilgrimage should be, rather than making it like a picnic by taking a large group along and living in comfort, packing in entertainment, and tampering with environment. What is worse is giving a boost to the ego of having had a special darshan. Now alms are distributed, charity is done while they brag about their spiritual experiences !
7. We must embark on our spiritual journey by first understanding the grace and significance of a pilgrimage and following it up with the prescribed rules and rituals – this is what translates into the ultimate and beautiful medium of spiritual evolution. There is no justification for tampering with nature.
8. A pilgrimage is symbolic of contemplation, meditauon and acceptance, and is a metaphor for the constant growth or movement and love for nature that we should hold in our hearts.
9. This is the truth!

I. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions that follow with the help of given options:
(a) How can a pilgrim keep his body healthy ?
(i) By travelling light
(ii) By eating small amount of food
(iii) By keeping free from attachments
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer. (iv) Both (i) and (ii)

(b) How do we satisfy our ego ?
(i) By having a special darshan
(ii) By distributing alms
(iii) By treating it like a picnic
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer. (iv) Both (i) and (ii)

II. Answer the following as briefly as possible :
(c) What change has taken place in our attitude towards pilgrimages ?
Answer . Earlier pilgrimages were a penance to stay near nature and did not require luxury rooms and big cars to travel, now they have become more of a tourism opportunity where people go for a picnic.

(d) What happens when pilgrimages are turned into picnics?
Answer. When pilgrimages turn into picnics, the entire significance of pilgrimage as sadhana is lost. It becomes more of a social gathering, a life of comfort and a boost to ego, where pilgrims brag about charity and their special darshan.

(e) Why are we complacent in our spiritual efforts ?
Answer. Pilgrimages are no more of travelling on foot and living in the ashrams with basic necessities, it has become a picnic with all the comfort, AC rooms, travelling by car with a large group to have all the fun and entertainment. Hence, we are complacent in our spiritual efforts. ‘ ,

(f) How does nature respond when we try to be clever with it ?
Answer. When we try to be dever with nature it does a dance of destruction. Its anger washes away all imperfections are ruining our bodies because of the extra comfort that we are adapting our bodies into. We ate not making any efforts to make our body work and adjust in adverse conditions rather making it all the more tender. Nature is just like everyone’s Amma and would act destructive by affecting our health etc. Sooner or later and force us to understand this truth.

(g) In olden days with what attitude did people go on a pilgrimage ?
Answer. In olden days, pilgrimages were more of a sadhna to love people, stay close to the nature, understand it, stay healthy and eat healthy. It was also for seeking freedom from attachment.

(h) What message does the passage convey to the prilgrims ?
Answer. It conveys the mass age that pilgrimages are a religious connotation and undertaken for ritualistic purposes, to understand the realities of life, to stay close to nature and should not be taken as a tourism opportunity where you gather a large group, enjoy amongst all the luxuries and make a life rest upon only comfort.

(i)Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:
(i) made/turned (para 3)
(ii) very satisfied (para 4).
Answer . (i) Rendered (ii) Complacent.

3. Read the passage given below:
It is surprising that sometimes we don’t listen to what people say to us. We hear them, but we don’t listen to them. I was curious to know,how hearing is different from listening. I had thought both were synonyms, but gradually, I realized there is a big difference between the two words.
Hearing is a physical phenomenon. Whenever somebody speaks, the sound waves generated reach you, and you definitely hear whatever is said to you. However, even if you hear something, it doesn’t always mean that you actually understand whatever is being said. Paying attention to whatever you hear means you are really listening. Consciously using your mind to understand whatever is being said is listening. .
Diving deeper, I found that listening is not only hearing with attention, but is much more than that. Listening is hearing with full attention, and applying our mind. Most of the time, we listen to someone, but our minds are full of needless chatter and there doesn’t seem to be enough space to accommodate what is being spoken.
We come with a lot of prejudices and preconceived notions about the speaker or the subject on which he/she is talking. We pretend to listen to the speaker, but deep inside, we sit in judgement and are dying to pronounce right or wrong, true or false, yes or no. Sometimes, we even come prepared with a negative mindset of proving the speaker wrong. Even if the speaker says nothing harmful, we are ready to pounce on him with our own version of things.
What we should ideally do is listen first with full awareness. Once, we do that, we can decide whether we want to make a judgement or not. Once, we do that, communication will be perfect and our interpersonal relationship will become so much better. Listening well doesn’t mean one has to say the right thing at the right moment. In fact, sometimes if words are left unspoken, there is a feeling of tension and negativity. Therefore, it is better to speak out your mind, but do so with awareness after listening to the speaker with full concentration.
Let’s look at this in another way. When you really listen, you imbibe not only what is being spoken, but you also understand what is not spoken as well. Most of the time we don’t really listen even to people who really matter to us. That’s how misunderstandings grow among families, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters.

(A) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary — minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate tide to it.
Answer .
1. Listening Vs. Hearing
1.1 Difference between the two synonyms .
1.2 Hearing but not listening
1.3 Paying attention
1.4 Hearing as a physical phenomenon
1.5 Consciously using your mind
1.6 Mind full of needless chatter
1.7 Accommodating what is said
2. Judgement about the speaker
2.1 Prejudiced and preconceived notions
2.2 Neg. mindset
2.3 Proving our ver. of things right
3. Ideal way of listening
3.1 Listen first
3.2 Listen with awareness
3.3 Think before you judge
3.4 Words unspoken leave a feeling of tension and negativity
3.5 Speak-your mind out
4. Listening to understand people
4.1 Imbibe what is not spoken
4.2 Times when we don’t listen to people who matter
4.3 Triggers misunderstanding
List of abbreviations used
1. Vs.—Versus
2. Neg. — Negative
3. Ver. – Version
4. Don’t – Do not
Tide – Listening Versus Hearing

(B) Write a summary of die passage in about 80 words.
Answer . Sometimes, we hear people but do not listen to them attentively. The difference between the two synonyms is that one is a physical phenomenon while the other is a conscious use of mind.
We, as listeners, often have preconceived notions about the speaker. We come prepared with a negative mindset, tend to prove them wrong and pounce our own version of things. Ideally, we should listen to them, understand their perception and stop judging them in order to avoid misunderstandings.

SECTION- B
(WRITING SKILLS)

4. lour school, Akash Public School, Agra needs a Canteen Manager. On behalf of the Principal, write an advertisement in about 50 words to be published in the classified columns of a local daily. Mendon the educational and professional qualifications, other qualities required in the manager, who to apply to and the last date for the receipt of applications.
OR
Your dub is going to organise an interclass singing competition. Write a notice in about 50 words inviting names of the students who want to participate in it. Give all the necessary details. You are Navtej/Navita, Secretary, Music Club, Akash Public School, Agra.
Answer.

OR

5. You are Navtej/Navita, Secretary, Environment Club, Akash Public School, Agra. You, along with a group of students, went on a 3-day tour through Corbett National Park. You – found how the tourists abuse the available facilities and thus endanger the environment. Write a letter in 120 -150 words to the editor of a national daily highlighting the situation. 
Suggest ways through which the environment of the Park can be saved.
OR
On Teacher’s Day, you read in a newspaper that privately owned and managed schools in small towns or even in the suburbs of metropolitan cities exploit their teachers by paying them just a fraction of their authorised salaries. This effects their performance in the classroom and thus the lives of their students. Write a letter in 120 -150 words to the editor of a national daily raising yoiir voice against such exploitation. Suggest ways to solve this problem. You are Navtej/Navita, 112 Taj Road, Agra.
Answer.
Akash Public School Agra
5 March 2015
The Editor, ,
The Hindu New Delhi
Subject : The harmful effects of tourism on the Corbett National Park –
Dear Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authority to the rainpant abuse of available facilities in the Corbett National Park by tourists and the subsequent endangerment to the environment, . :
The tourists not only litter the place with non- biodegradable plastic packets and wrappers, but also use wood frqpi the forests for cooking purposes. Excessive trampling of the soil has been reported to have .a harmful effect on the natural ecosystem. The tranquility of the habitat, which is so crucial to the resident fauna, is habitually disturbed by tourists playing loud music in their safari jeeps and during their camps.
The Corbett National Park is the oldest in the country, established in 1936, to protect the endangered Bengal Tiger. The public should be made aware of the fact that eco-tourism should not be facilitated at the cost of harming the “environment. It is my request that this issue should be immediately taken up by your esteemed publication to generate further awareness. ‘
Yours sincerely,
Navita
Secretary
Environment Club
OR
112, Taj Road
Agra
2 March 2015
The Editor,
The Hindu New Delhi
Subject : The harmful effects of tourism on the Corbett National Park
Dear Sir,
It is said that the teachers in privately owned and managed schools in small towns and metropolitan suburbs are being exploited. On the occasion of Teacher’s Day, this issue was brought to light in another national daily, mentioning that the teachers employed in such schools are paid a fraction of their authorized salaries.
Such a malpractice is seen to affect the performance of the teachers in the classroom, as most teachers take up other jobs to put an end to such exploitation and do not put in the requisite hours of teaching in the schools. The school trust pays these teachers much less than the amount they were promised, leading to resignations and constant changes in the faculty. This has affected students performance and led to an atmosphere of uncertainty in the schools, which is detrimental to the cause of education.
As a nation that prides itself on revering its teachers, it must be noted that we cannot build a future for our students if we do not give due credit to our teachers. Therefore, I request your esteemed publication to take up this matter in order to investigate the issue further and mobilize the public towards calling for a complete overhaul in the education system of the country.
Yours sincerely,
Navtej

6. The government has banned the use of animals in the laboratories for the purpose of dissection. Write a debate in 150 — 200 words either for or against this decision.
OR
Some people feel that electronic media (TV news) will bring about the end of print media (newspapers). What are your views on the issue ? Write a debate in 150 – 200 words either for or against this view.
* use of visuals on TV
* authentic and fast .
* not enough news for 24-hour telecast
* may fabricate news
* become repetitive and dull
* even scandals become news
* print media – time tested
* analysed, verified news
* editorial comments
* cater to all interests
Answer . Good morning everyone, Today I am going to express my views against the motion “Banning the use of animals for dissection”.
Dissection of animals in the school laboratories, provides a practical experience for the theoretical knowledge that students gain from books. They procure an opportunity to actually put their learning into practice. It should not be looked at as a unjust practice because such an activity is meant to develop the student’s knowledge of the elements and functions of the living being.
The dissection of animals has a scientific purpose; it is a mode of hands-on education for students such that they learn outside of the pages of the textbook and actually look at what they are being taught. We should give more credit to the sensitivity and intelligence of our students, so as not to believe that a dissection class will make them more prone to animal violence. Students should be taught the value of animal life by making them understand how an animal has the same kind of organs as human beings that perform similar functions. The governing philosophy behind teaching students to dissect animals should be that life, whether human or animal, is the same; each living being is tied to each other by their inner similarity.
Thus, a ban on dissection of animals in school laboratories would not be the best course of action in such a case. I hope my views on this topic were substantial enough to throw a light on this topic.
Thank you.
OR
Good morning everyone. Today I take the opportunity to express my argument against the motion on the belief that electronic media (TV news) will bring about the end of print media (newspaper).
TV news that strives towards authentic and fast reportage , is always at risk of fabricating its content to continue being in circulation. The governing principle for the 24-hours news format is that whether or not news constitutes-the element of worthiness, it should be covered on the channel. If there is nothing worth reporting then the content can be made sensational just to gain better TRP and currency. It tends to become repetitive and dull, scandals are allowed to become news and popularity becomes the main objective. The ambition of TV news to be the soul guardian of objective truth in the field of journalism can be considered to be a tall claim as more often it becomes a site for promotion of commercial products and sensational content in the grab of news. Print media is a time tested medium of information dissemination. The time taken to publish engenders that the content of the report has been analyzed and verified to offer a composite picture to the reader. Editorial commentary ensures an informed view on the issues at hand. Newspapers are far from extinction, they are still a tried and time tested mode of receiving the world at our doorstep. Thus, the electronic media can never overrule the print media.
Thank you.
For :
The means for obtaining news of the world has been a paradigm shift from newspapers to television, especially due to the arrival of the 24-hours news format, reception of news is constant and on the go. The entire news landscape has changed as we are subjected to the concept of breaking news, that is, receiving news as it breaks and without waiting for the newspaper to arrive the next day with an account of events that have already been telecasts by then. The power of visuals on TV has a far wider reach and a more direct impact on the audience while print media still depends on some amount of education and comprehension on the part of readers. The power of the television medium is that the image is a direct message which does not need to be read or deciphered. TV news strives towards authenticity, covering all vantage points for maximum coverage and it is delivered fresh and fast. In such a case, it contributes towards the redundancy of the print media.

7. Ragging has raised its ugly head again. A recent incident at a prestigious school has shown that this evil has not yet come to an end. Write an article in 150 – 200 words on ‘Ragging, an Evil’. You are Navtej/Navita.
* a practice from the British era
* original aim, respect for hierarchy
* enforcing traditions, discipline
* Prefect – a teacher substitute
* misuse of authority
* vulgar aspect
* fatalities
* solution
India is a tourist’s dream destination. Give your views on the tourism potential of India in an article in 150 – 200 words. You are Navtej/Navita.
* places of worship – religious tourism
* foreigners-places of historical interest
* the rich – hill stations during summers
— the sun-kissed beaches in winters
— leisure tourism
* medical tourism — world class hospitals
Answer.
The Evil of Ragging in Educational Institutions
By Navita
Ragging is an evil heirloom, left over from the British era when it was practised in English colleges and Universities to teach the social hierarchy and instill important values since it was believed that the students were lacking in such knowledge due to their immaturity. Unfortunately, these practices gradually became prevalent in educational institutions. The history of. the best Educational Institutions in India is blackened with traumatic cases of brutal ragging, especially in Engineering and Medical Colleges. Ragging was practiced to enforce traditions and discipline freshers into respecting their seniors and the academic hierarchy at such institutions. In a school, ‘Prefect’ is considered to be a teacher’s substitute. However, that does not mean that he/she can misuse his/her authority and indulge in the abuse of power, which happened in a recent case at a prestigious school. Schools are centres of learning and wholesome development, but when power equations within the student, displaying its vulgar aspect, it can lead to fatalities such as continued mental trauma or even death. The solution is to sensitize students and bring awareness to stop the harmful practice of ragging. In order to have able-bodied and healthy-minded future citizens of India, we need to eradicate such practices.
OR
Tourism Potential of India
By Navtej
India has been blessed with a geographical, cultural and linguistic diversity, which is so rich and varied that one will need a lifetime to explore each and every part of India. The tourism potential of India is immense and still to be explored fully. Each century has brought a new culture on to Indian soil leading to a diversified commingling that has shaped modern India.
India is well known all over the world, for its ancient civilization and the artifacts recovered and being excavated till today, prove the genuineness of the claims.
The ancient history of our culture has left behind exquisite monuments and temples together with archaeological finds for the tourist who are interested in them. Besides this, our country has been blessed with natural scenic beauty, right from the coast lines and beaches to the majestic mountains and hill stations.
Tourism is a high potential industry over the world and there are several economies which are totally based on the tourism industry for their survival. The amount of money involved and high value returns could be mind boggling and India likely, would successfully develop an infrastructure conducive to the promotion of the tourism industry.
There are so many places of historical interest, heirlooms left over from the various centuries. From the mosques to the temples and churches, India is a living testament to its vast and varied religious heritage. Being a democratic country, every religion in India has full liberty to celebrate its special festivals in which the entire country participates as a whole. For those looking to just get away from the madding crowd, hill stations during summers, the sun- kissed beaches in winter and leisure tourism are the go-to options. Over the years, medical tourism has also emerged as an extremely viable option, considering world-class facilities are made available at half the prices here, enabling more people to come to India for their health care.
The options enumerated so far are just some instances of India’s diversified tourist potential. There is so much more waiting to be explored in what can truely be the dream destination for tourists.

SECTION-C
(Literature: Text Books and Long Reading Text )

8. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
and looked out at young trees sprinting, the merry children spilling out of their homes, but after the airport’s security check, standing a few yards away, I looked again at her, wan, pale as a late winter’s moon and felt that old familiar ache,
(a) How can the trees sprint ?
(b) Why did the poet look at her mother again ?
(c) What did she observe ?
(d) Identify the figure of speech used in these lines.
OR
On their slag heap, these children
Wear skins peeped through by bones and spectacles of steel t With mended glass, like bottle bits on stones.
(a)Who are these children ?
(b) What is their slag heap ?
(c) Why are their bones peeping through their skins ?
(d) What does ‘with mended glass’ mean ?
Answer.
(a) The poetess is driving to the Cochin Airport. When she looks outside, the young tress seem to Jpe walking past them. With the speed of the car they seem to be running fast or sprinting. The poetess represents A contrast between her ‘dozing’ mother and the ‘sprinting’ young trees.
(b) The poetess looked at her mother again because she was pained to look at her ageing, pale face after she saw the world full of life and activity.
(c) She observed the pale and colourless face of her mother that resembles the late winter moon which lacks brightness as well as strength, like her mother did at that age.
(d) The figures of speech used in these lines are simile: The ‘wan, pale’ face to the mother is compared to ‘a late winter s moon, and personification: ‘trees sprinting….’
OR
(a) These are slum children who go to elementary school of . the slum.
(b) Their slag heap is the heap of waste on which they live, roam and play.
(c) Their bones are peeping through their skins as they are malnourished.
(d) ‘Mended glass’ means broken spectacles. This shows their poverty and inability to buy new glasses.

9. Answer any four of the following in 30 to 40 words :
(a) What did garbage mean to the children of Seemapuri and to their parents ?
(b) How did Rajkumar Shukla establish that he was resolute ?
(c) ‘Life is what it is all about…..’ How is keeping quiet related to life ?
(d) Mention any four things of beauty that add joy to our life.
(e) The manner of his (the Tiger King’s) death is a matter of extraordinary interest. Comment.
(f) In what condition did Dr. Sadao find the American soldier at the seashore ?
Answer.
(a) Small slum children scrounge heaps of garbage. They expect to get some coins, notes or valuable things in it. Sometimes they find a rupee or even a ten rupee note. This gives the hope of finding more. So, they search it excitedly. For children, garbage is wrapped in wonder. For the elders it is a means of survival. Thus, garbage has two different meanings.
(b) Rajkumar Shukla established that he was resolute as he had come all the way from Champaran District in the foothills of Himalayas to Luck now to speak to Gapdhiji. Shukla accompanied Gandhiji everywhere. He also followed him to the Ashram near Ahmedabad. For weeks he never left Gandhi’s side till Gandhiji asked him to meet at Calcutta.
(c) The poet says, ‘Life is what it is about…’ as he advocates and suggests the necessity of quiet introspection but does not advocate total inactivity and death. Total inactivity brings death, while stillness entails rest for a moment so that pne can have calm self-realization as otherwise the people of the world are over active and always on the move. The poet wants ‘no truck with death.’ Keeping quiet is related to doing activities in a purposeful and thoughtful manner.
(d) Everything of nature is a thing of beauty and a source of pleasure. Some of them are : the sun, the moon, old and young trees, flowers, small streams with clear water, masses of ferns, blooming musk-rose and lovely tales, etc. all of these are the things of beauty.
(e) The Maharaja of Pratibandapuram was told that a tiger would be the cause of his death and warned him to be careful of the hundredth tiger. When the Maharaja tried to shoot the hundredth tiger it had only fainted.
The king purchased a wooded tiger to offer to his son as a birthday present. It’s silver pierced Maharaja’s right hand. It is ironical that the infection spread and the king died. The manner of death made the prediction come true in the most extraordinary manner.
(f) Dr. Sadao found the American soldier in a wounded condition at the sea shore. He was very weak and pale. He had a bullet stuck in his wound. His face looked tortured and his back was stained with blood. From his battered cap, he learnt that he was a sailor from an’American Warship. He was almost at the verge of death, if Sadao had not saved him.

10. Answer the following in 120-150 words : –
Even today so many among us believe in superstitions. An astrologer predicted about ‘the Tiger King’ that he would – be killed by a tiger. He ‘killed’ one hundred tigers yet was himself ‘killed’ by a tiger. How did the superstitious belief ‘prevail’ ?
OR
Dr. Sadao faced a dilemma. Should he use his surgical skills to save the life of a wounded person or hand an escaped American P.O.W. over to the Japanese police ? How did he resolve this clash of values ?
Answer . On his birth, the astrologers had predicted that the Maharaja’s death would be caused by the hundredth tiger. As soon as the Maharaja learnt of this, he started killing tigers. This shows that though people believed in superstition, the Maharaja wanted to prove the prophecy wrong. After killing all the tigers in his kingdom, he married a girl whose state had a large tiger population. He killed the tigers in his father- in-law’s kingdom too. He was assured that he had killed hundred tigers and was still alive, but ironically, his death was caused by a wooden tiger. While playing with his son and his wooden tiger, a rough surface pierced the Maharaja’s hand causing infection that later led to his death. Destiny had taken its revenge for trying to overrule it. The superstitious belief prevailed as the hundredth tiger led to the Maharaja’s death.
OR
A conflict of interests arises in a situation when someone in a position of trust, such as a doctor, has competing interests that make it difficult to fulfill his duties. Dr. Sadao was a Japanese surgeon who lived in Japan during the Second World War. He had spent several years in the United States where he had experienced cultural prejudice and bias. He struggled with issues of duty, wartime medicine and racism. Yet he ris¬ked his life to save an enemy, an American and a prisoner of war. He, like a real hero stood up for what he believes in and does not calculate the repercussions. He strike a balance bet¬ween his duty towards humanity and his country. He tends to the soldier, reveals the truth about him to the General and later on helped the soldier escape to safety. He can be viewed as a true hero for his bravery and professional competence.

11. Answer the following question in 120 — 150 words :
Everybody during the last lesson is filled with regret. Comment. (The Last Lesson)
OR
Sophie lives in a world full of dreams which she does not know she cannot realise. Comment.
Answer. According to the order from Berlin, only German was to be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. This order left Mr. Hamel, the village people and Mr. Hamel’s students in deep regret. The villagers regretted not having made utmost use of the French lessons that had been given by Mr. Hamel. They had engaged themselves in their profession to earn a living and had not taken their French lessons seriously. The children and the villagers sitting in the class had always thought that they had enough time to learn the language. But now, during the last French lesson, everybody realised their mistake. They realised how little they knew of their native language. They all attended the last lesson to mark their respect towards their teacher and their country, which was no longer theirs.
OR
’The chapter “Going Places” begins with Sophie telling Julie that one day she would either have a boutique or be an actress. If she ever becomes an actress, she would have the boutique on the side as actresses do not work full time. This clearly shows that Sophie loves living in a world of dreams. Perhaps we can take these dreams as being achievable ones. But her fantasy about the football player Danny Casey shows us that she lives completely lost in her world of fantasies. She strongly believes that she has met Danny Casey despite people not believing in her words. She is so deeply lost in her world of dreams that she does not even doubt her capability of achieving them. Towards the end of the chapter, we see her imagination getting a boost when she sees Danny Casey crisply striking the ball into the goal.

12. Answer the following in 120-150 words :
Describe how Silas Mamber is betrayed by his friend, William Dane.
OR
Why and how did Griffin rob the Vicar’s house ?
Answer . Silas Marner and Dane had become close friends, spending almost all their time in each others company. Silas had for some months been engaged to a young woman servant -flamed Sarah. The two of them often used to meet each other and were quite often joined by William Dane whose presence they never resented. However, Dane had begun to feel jealous of Silas Marner because he had developed a liking for the girl • ; apd wanted to marry her.
Dane played a treachery on him. One night as Silas was watching the clergyman, he found that the deacon was dead and that Dane, had not come. Silas went out to inform the villagers and went home. Later, he was called to a meeting and charged with the theft-of the deacons money from near . his bed. Silas was shocked that Dane was his chief accuser. On search of Silas’ cottage, the empty bag of money was found concealed in a corner. The chapel members were convinced for Mariners guilt. Everyone went against him.
The fact that Sarah broke off the engagement with him and married William a month later also points to the fact that the latter betrayed Silas in order to remove him from his way.
OR
It was four in the morning before dawn; Mrs. Bunting woke up suddenly on hearing the door of their bedroom open and dose. The Vicar (priest) and his wife heard the noises in the house and went to investigate. They distinctly heard a fumbling going on at his study desk down stairs, and then a violent sneeze. Armed with poker, he descended the staircase as noiselessly as possible. Everything was still. Then something snapped, the drawer was opened, there was a rustle of papers. A match was struck and the study room was flooded with yellow light. A candle was lit on the desk, but there was no robber. They heard the sound of money, and realized that the robber had found the housekeeping reserve of gold. The money was gone from the drawer. As they rushed out in the passage, the kitchen door slammed. They entered the kitchen and found no one at the place. There was nobody to be found in the entire house.

13. Answer the following question in 120 – 150 words :
‘Evil begets evil’. In the light of this remark, describe the character of Dunstan Cass.
OR
Attempt a character sketch of Mrs. Hall.
Answer . Dunstan Cass is Squire Cass’ son and Godfrey’s younger brother. He is described as a “spiteful jeering fellow” at the very outset in the chapter 3. We know that he is not as handsome as his brother. He is a selfish and dishonest person who is given to drinking. He knows his brother’s weak points and takes advantage of them to the fullest. Towards the end of the chapter four, he comes out to be a little over-confident about his abilities and his luck. After striking a good bargain for Wildfire, he foolishly participates in the hunt to earn some extra money. However, the horse dies and he is left with nothing. On his way home, he stops at Silas’ cottage. Having a “mind of a possible felon” he quickly finds the bags of gold that Silas had hidden and gets off with them. Evil deeds brought sheer fun to Dunstan. A reader almost seems relieved when Dunstan’s life comes to an end.
OR
Mrs. Janny Hall was a warm-hearted hostess and owner of the inn “Coach and Horses”. The first impression that she creates, presents her in an unpleasant light. She rents the inn-parlour to a stranger without bothering to confirm his identity because he projects himself to be a rich customer.
At this point Mrs. Hall appears to be an opportunist and a money-minded woman. However, the manner in which she puts up with Griffin’s rude behavior shows that she was actually-a very polite hostess who took her duty seriously. She goes out of her way to make her guest’s stay comfortable. Her courteous nature and her hospitality win the appreciation of the reader. But her polite temperament does not make her weak in any way. When the invisible Man crosses all limits of etiquettes, Mrs. Hall firmly puts her foot down refusing to oblige him any further. She denies continuing with the assured services till he cleared all the pending bills. She stands up courageously against an arrogant man like Griffin. She charts her way without letting even her husband to influence her. Mrs. Hall can thus be considered as an independent business woman who is capable of taking her decisions without any support or assistance from others.

SET II

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION-B 
(Advanced Writing Skills)

7. Mid day meal scheme in the school introduced by the government serves several purposes. Millions of children from the deprived sections of society get nutritious food leading to good health, are attracted to the schools, kept from going astray and, thus developed into good citizens. The scheme may have some drawbacks too. Write an article in 150-200 words on all aspects of the scheme. You are Navtej/Navita.
OR
Morning assembly in the school gives a cool and calm start to the otherwise hectic schedule of the day. It can be a means of passing important information to the students. What are your views on this significant event of the day? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Importance of Morning Assembly’. You are Navtej/Navita.
Answer. Mid day meal
By Navtej
The mid day meal scheme in schools was initiated with the dual objective of improving the nutritional status of children in classes, one to five in government schools and government- aided schools also encouraging children from socially and economically disadvantaged backgrounds to attend school regularly. It is a measure taken by the government to ensure that by meeting the nutritional requirements of the students, they would also be helping them in concentrating in school activities. The aim is also to keep children in schools, enable them to devote time to their education rather than leave the school to labour for food or get involved in criminal activities. The scheme estimates that a cooked mid day meal provides a child with a minimum of 300 calories and 8-12 grams of protein. This scheme was revised to cover children in the upper primary section, from the year 2007. The programme is carried out with the help of the local authorities. However, certain issues have cropped up. There has been a lot of eases of food poisoning resulting from the partaking of these mid day meals. In some schools, funds meant for such purposes have been funnelled off into the pockets of those in charge of distributing the grains. The government must inquire into all aspects of the schemes, check the supply chain of food grains, impose strict measures for observance of cleanliness in the school kitchens and ensure that the intention-with which the scheme was started, i.e., to help the students, continues to be the cornerstone of the scheme.
OR
Importance of Morning Assembly
By Navita
The morning assembly in schools starts the day on a cool and calm note, a short breath, before the hectic school day begins with classes, courses and extra-curricular activities, swamping our time. It offers a moment of reflection before the working day begins, the school community meets together and the assembly becomes a medium of communicating matters of significance to the students. The morning assembly is a time when the whole school assembles in the field or school auditorium, prays together, shares information and begins the day joindy on a note of quiet reflection, which is so crucial in preparing for the hectic day ahead. The most important thing is that the assembly imparts a clear sense of vision that there are moments of peace, even if the day seems like there is too much on our plates.

SECTION – C
(Literature : Text Books And Long Reading Text)

9. Answer any four of the following in 30-40 words each:
(a) What does Saheb look for in the garbage dumps ?
(b) How was Gandhi treated at Rajendra Prasad’s house ?
(c) Why does one feel ‘a sudden strangeness’ on counting to twelve and keeping quiet ?
(d) Mention any two things which cause pain and suffering (A Thing of Beauty).
(e) When was the Tiger King in danger of losing his throne
(f) What role did the American professor play in bringing Han a and Sadao together ?
Answer:
(a) For Saheb, the garbage dump was like a mysterious package, full of wonders and magic. He looked for different kinds of treasures in the garbage, like a silver coin or other tit bits.
(b) When Shukla took Gandhi to Rajendra Prasad’s house, he was out of town. The servants knew Shukla as a poor farmer who was pestering their master to help the indigo share croppers. Seeing Gandhi with him they presumed him to be another farmer and allowed him to stay as Shukla’s companion.’
(c) Counting to twelve and keeping quiet brings in us, a sudden strangeness because we are not used to such quiet and peaceful moments. We fail to understand ourselves, and have created a threat of self-destruction, which will be reduced by counting to twelve.
(d) The things that cause suffering and pain include the scarcity of people with a noble temperament and the unhealthy and miserable ways in which humanity is searching for meaning in life.
(e) It happened when a high-ranking British officer visited Pratibandapuram. He was very fond of hunting tigers and being photographed with the ones he had shot. However, he was refused by the Maharaja for hunting as well as being clicked with the killed tigers. This infuriated him and the Tiger King stood a chance of loosing his throne for this.
(f) Dr. Sadao had met Hana at his American professor s house. The professor and his wife were kind people who wanted to help the foreign students and so invited them to their house. After completing their studies in America, Sadao “and Hana returned to Japan and got married.

11. Answer the following question in 120-150 words :
How different from usual was the atmosphere at school on the day of the last lesson ? (The Last Lesson)
OR
How different is Jansie from Sophie ?
Answer . On usual days, when the school started there would be a huge bustle that could be heard out in the street. Sounds of desks being opened and closed and lessons repeated in unison could he heard. While repeating the lessons, students would put their hands on their ears for better understanding of their lessons and the sound of the teachers great ruler rapping on the table could also be heard. But, on the day of the last lesson, the school was as quiet as on a Sunday morning. The narrator saw his classmates already in their respective places and Mr. Hamel walking up and down holding the scary iron ruler under his arm. When the narrator felt frightened to enter the class Mr. Hamel kindly told him to quickly go to his place as they were about to begin the class without him. Moreover, he saw some villagers were sitting on the last benches.
OR
Though Jansie and Sophie were friends, Jansie was completely unlike Sophie. In the beginning of the chapter “Going places,” when we find Sophie telling Jansie about her dream of having
a boutique, Jansie, wearing an expression of doubt, tried to talk sense into Sophie by telling her that having a boutique required a good investment. When Sophie replied that she would manage to gather the sum, Jansie again revealed her practical mind by saying that it would take Sophie a long time to gather the required amount. She also told Sophie that she would not be made the manager straight away. This shows that Jansie had a fair idea about the hard truth of life, which Sophie lacked. She knew that both Sophie and she were destined to work in a biscuit factory and that Sophie’s dreams were just a wishful thinking.

SET III

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION – B
(Advanced Writing Skills)

6. Consumerism is increasing .day-by-day. Luxuries of yesterday have become necessities of today. The result is that the more we want the more miserable we become. Write a debate in 150-200 words on ‘The only way to minimize human suffering and pain is to control our needs.’ You are Navtej/Navita.
OR
Migration from villages to cities has led to the spread of urban slums. People living in these slums lead a miserable life. Economic disparity leads to the problems of law and order. Write a debate in 150-200 words on ‘Solution to the problem of misery in the urban slums lies in creating jobs in the villages.’ You are Navtej/Navita.
Answer . There is sufficiency in this world for man’s needs but not for man’s greed’ said Mahatma Gandhi. Respected panel of jury, teachers, my dear friends and not to forget my worthy but misguided opponents. Today, I, Navita, stand before you to speak for the motion on the topic “The only way to minimise human suffering and pain is to control our needs.”
We know that there is sufficiency, in this world for man’s needs, but what if a man mistakes his greed to be his need? Unfortunately, this is the scenario of today. The things that were regarded luxuries by our forefathers are now termed as necessities. We cannot imagine life without certain items like a blender, a washing machine or even a mobile phone. But weren’t our forefathers able to pull of their lives even without these things? It is time that we understand, that we have become slaves of a time when diseases like diabetes weren’t even heard ” . off, Why? It was because people worked hard without taking
the help of such things and so kept their body’s metabolism running. Whatever be the problem, there is only one simple Solution-Controlling our needs and differentiating them from our greed. The more we enslave ourselves, the more we suffer.
Thank You.
OR
Respected panel of jury, teachers, my dear friends and not to forget my worthy but misguided opponents. Today, I Navita, stand before you to speak for the motion of the topic “Solution to the problem of misery in the urban slums lies in creating jobs in the villages.”
Migration is’a major issue faced by cities. In search of a better and brighter future and to fulfill their dreams, people from small towns and villages leave their life back home and move to cities. Unfortunately, their dreams shatter as they get to live in the already overpopulated urban slums, where they gradually get entangled in the deplorable conditions. Besides, the economic disparity that they face in the cities leads them to the problems of law and order. But, have we ever wondered what is the root cause of migration and the problems attached to it? Yes, it is the dearth of jobs in their native place. There is a huge scope for expansion in villages and small towns but people refuse to see it. The more jobs we create in villages and small towns, the less people will migrate, thereby leading to an economically as well as medically stronger India.
Thank you

SECTION-C
(Literature : Text Books and Long Reading Text)

6.Answer any four of the following in 30-40 words each:
(a) “It is his karam, his destiny.” What is Mukesh’s family’s attitude towards their situation?
(b) What were the terms of the indigo contract between the . British landlords and the Indian peasants?
(c) How will ‘keeping quiet? protect our environment?
(d) Which objects of nature does Keats mention as sources of joy in his poem, ‘A Thing of Beauty’?
(e) Why did Tiger King decide to get married?
(f) What was Sadao’s father’s dream for him ? How did Sadao realise it?
Answer.
(a) Mukesh’s family had resigned themselves to their fate. His father was a poor bangle maker and could not send his sons to school. He could only teach them how to make bangles. His family accepted it as their fate and felt that God-given lineage could not be broken.
(b) Most of the arable land in the Champaran district was divided into large estates that were owned by Englishmen and Indian tenants worked for them. They got the agreements from the sharecroppers to pay them compensaton for being released from the 15% arrangement.
(c) By ‘Keeping Quiet’ the poet means that we should stop all our destructive activities that harm nature. If we count up to twelve, and do not talk, the environment will be saved from us.
(d) The poet says that, a beautiful thing is a source of ever
lasting happiness. The few things that add joy to our life are The Sun, The Moon, a bower of trees and a clear stream of water.
(e) The Tiger King was able to kill only seventy tigers in his kingdom. To prove the prophecy wrong, he needed to kill thirty more tigers. He decided to marry a girl from a royal family of a state with a large tiger population so that he could kill thirty more tigers.
(f) Sadao’s father dreamt of a bright future for his son. He wanted him to reach the sky as the Emit and take Japan towards a better future too. Sadao understood that education was the most important thing to his father and at the age of twenty two, he went to America to study Surgery and Medicine. At the age of thirty, he retuned having realised his fathers dream.

11.Answer the following question in 120-150 words ?
How did the order from Berlin change the situation in the school ? (The Last Lesson)
OR
It is not unusual for a lower middle class girl to dream big. How unrealistic were Sophie’s dreams?
Answer. The order from Berlin was received with an uncanny silence in the school. There were new copies for the students with Trance, Alsace’ written on them. They looked like little flags flooting everywhere in the classroom. This was in contrast to the usual scene when the school would be bazzing with activity. The sound of opening and closing of desks, lessons repeated in chorus and the teachers’ great ruler banging on the table could be heard on the street. But that day, everyone was working quietly and Mr. Hamel, who was dressed formally in the attire that he never wore except on special occasions, was walking up and down with his terrible iron rules under his arm. The only sound that was heard was, the scratching of pen over paper. The villagers had gathered in the classroom and were sitting quietly on the the lock benches.
OR
Answer . Sophie was a middle class girl who had great aspirations. To achieve a glamorous and sophisticated life, she wanted to own a boutique after she finished school. She felt as if she could save the money by working as a manager, or may become an actress as there was real money in it. She was a romantic, who was far removed from reality. Sophie did not have a decent house to live in; her father worked hard to fend for the family and her brother was a mechanic. Her mother worked hard to do the household chores daily. But Sophie dream of doing something beyond all this and wanted to own a shop like Mary Quant, which would be the most amazing shop that the city had ever seen. She also longed to go to places she had never seen. These places lured her towards them because they were distant and mysterious. Sophie’s dreams would never come true as they were unrealistic and not laced with practicality.

 

CBSE Class 9 Maths Lab Manual – Mid-point and Perpendicular Bisector of a Line Segment

Objective
(A) To find the mid-point of a line segment and the perpendicular bisector of a line segment by using paper folding.

Prerequisite Knowledge
Definition of mid-point and perpendicular bisector.
Definition of Mid-point: A point which divides the line segment into two equal parts is known as a mid-point of a line segment. M is the mid-point of AB.

Concept of perpendicular bisector: A line which is perpendicular to the given line segment and divides it into two equal parts is known as perpendicular bisector of the given line segment.

Materials Required
Tracing papers, geometry box, a pair of scissors.

Procedure

1. Take a square sheet of tracing paper and draw a line segment PQ of desired length as shown in fig. (i).
   
2. Fold this sheet along the middle in such a way that point P falls on point Q fig.(ii).
   
3. Press the paper properly, so that a crease is obtained. Unfold the paper and draw the dotted line over the crease.
   Name it AB as shown. Name the point of intersection of line AB and PQ as M fig. (iii).
   

Observation
This point M is mid-point of line segment PQ and the crease obtained is perpendicular bisector of PQ.

Objective
(B) To draw a perpendicular at a point lying on the line segment and from a point lie outside the line segment.

Materials Required
Tracing papers, geometry box, a pair of scissors.

Procedure

1. Take a piece of tracing paper and draw a line segment PQ of desired length as shown in fig.(i).
   
2. Take any point M on the line segment PQ, now fold the paper in such a way that PM falls on MQ as shown in fig.(ii) and fig.(iii).
   Press the paper
   
   
3. Open the paper, a crease is formed at M. Draw a dotted line on this crease with pencil and name it as ML.
   
   In the same way a perpendicular can be drawn from the point outside the line segment. Hence point M lies outside the line segment PQ.
4. On tracing paper, draw figure (v) (a) as shown. Fold the paper along line PQ in such a way that its two opposite corners come close together as shown in (b). Press it and mark the image of point M. Name it M’, unfold the paper.
5. Join M and M’. MM’ is perpendicular to PQ.
   

Result
In this way, we find mid-point of line segment and perpendicular bisector of line segment.

Learning Outcome
By paper folding activity, students will be able to find the mid-point, perpendicular bisector of any line segment and draw perpendicular from any point lying on or outside the line segment.

Activity Time

1. Take any triangle and draw perpendiculars from the opposite vertex to corresponding side of a triangle.
2. Take any triangle and find the mid-points of three sides by paper folding activity.
3. Take any quadrilateral and find the mid-points of four sides by paper folding activity.

Viva Voce

Question 1.
What do you mean by perpendicular bisector of the line segment ?
Answer:
A line which divides the another line segment into two equal parts at 90° is known as perpendicular bisector.

Question 2.
How will you differentiate between mid-point and perpendicular bisector of the line segment ?
Answer:
A point which divides the line segment into two equal parts is known as mid-point and if a line drawn at the mid-point which is perpendicular to the given line segment is known as perpendicular bisector.

In the adjoining figure M is mid-point of line segment AB and PQ is ⊥bisector of AB.

Question 3.
If a line segment of length 8 cm is divided by a perpendicular bisector, then what will be the length of each part of the line segment ?
Answer:
4 cm.

Question 4.
Is it possible to find the mid-point of a line of 7.3 cm by ruler ?
Answer:
No. Because the least count of the ruler is 0.1 cm.

Question 5.
What do you mean by median of a triangle ?
Answer:
A line passing through the vertex to mid-point of opposite side is called median of a triangle.

Question 6.
How many medians can be found in a triangle ?
Answer:
Three medians.

Question 7.
What is the point of concurrency of medians in a triangle ?
Answer:
Centroid.

Question 8.
What do you mean by orthocentre ?
Answer:
The point of concurrency of three altitudes from vertex to opposite sides in a triangle.

Question 9.
How will you find centre of a circle or a circumcircle ?
Answer:
By constructing perpendicular bisector of any two chords of the same circle.

Question 10.
Name the point of concurrency of three perpendicular bisectors in a triangle.
Answer:
Circumcentre.

Question 11.
Name the point of concurrency of three altitudes in a triangle ?
Answer:
Orthocentre.

Question 12.
What is incentre, orthocentre, circumcentre, and centroid in an equilateral triangle ?
Answer:
They all lie on the same point.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In what ratio the medians in a triangle divide each other ?
(i) 2:1
(ii) 1:2
(iii) 3:2
(iv) none of these

Question 2.
In a right angled triangle, what is the position of
orthocentre ? It lies …………..
(i) inside
(ii) outside
(iii) at the vertex
(iv) none of these

Question 3.
Circumcentre of the triangle is the point of concurrency of three ………………
(i) altitudes
(ii) perpendicular bisectors
(iii) angle bisectors
(iv) none of these

Question 4.
In a triangle ABC, if AD and BE are two medians intersecting at G. If AG = 3 cm. What is the value of AD?
(i) 4.5 cm
(ii) 6 cm
(iii) 9 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 5.
In a APQR, if PM and QN are two medians intersecting at G such that GQ = 5 cm. Find the value of GN.
(i) 7 cm
(ii) 2.5 cm
(iii) 7.5 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 6.
In a triangle ‘COW’, CD and WA are two medians intersect at K. If KD = 4 cm, what will be the value of CK?
(i) 5 cm
(ii) 7 cm
(iii) 8 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 7.
Where does the orthocentre lie in obtuse angled triangle ?
(i) outside
(ii) inside
(iii) on any side
(iv) none of these

Question 8.
If a circumcentre lies on the one side of the triangle then what type of triangle will it be ?
(i) acute angled triangle
(ii) obtuse angled triangle
(iii) right angled triangle
(iv) none of these

Question 9.
In an equilateral triangle, the length of each perpendicular bisector will be same or not ?
(i) yes
(ii) no
(iii) two are same
(iv) none of these

Question 10.
Where does centroid lie in a right angled triangle ?
(i) inside
(ii) outside
(iii) on the triangle
(iv) none of these

Answers

1. (i)
2. (iii)
3. (ii)
4. (i)
5. (ii)
6. (iii)
7. (i)
8. (iii)
9. (i)
10. (i)

Math Lab ManualMath Labs with ActivityMath LabsScience LabsScience Practical Skills

CBSE Class 10 Science Practical Skills – Properties of Acetic Acid

BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS
The IUPAC name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid. It belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is CH₃COOH.

AIM
To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):

1. Odour
2. Solubility in water
3. Effect on litmus
4. Reaction with sodium bicarbonate

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Acetic acid, litmus paper, sodium bicarbonate, test tubes, water, test tube stand, lime water.

You can also download NCERT Solutions Class 10 Science to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

THEORY

1. Acetic acid is an organic acid and its 5-8% solution is called vinegar.
2. It is a weak acid. It ionises partially.
   
3. It turns blue litmus red.
4. It is highly soluble in water.
5. It reacts with sodium bicarbonate to liberate CO₂ which turns lime water milky and the milkiness disappears if excess of CO₂ is passed through the solution.
   

PROCEDURE, OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCE

RESULT

1. Acetic acid/ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) has a pungent smell like vinegar.
2. Acetic acid is miscible in water in all proportions i.e. acetic acid and water form a true solution.
3. Acetic acid is acidic in nature as it turns blue litmus red.
4. On reaction with sodium bicarbonate, CO₂ gas is liberated.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Do not inhale vapours of pure acetic acid directly.
2. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from you and your classmates.
3. Freshly prepared lime water should be used.

INTERACTIVE SESSION

Question 1.
What is the formula and the IUPAC name of acetic acid?
Answer:
The formula is CH₃COOH and its IUPAC name is ethanoic acid.

Question 2.
Which functional group is present in acetic acid?
Answer:
Carboxyl (-COOH) group is present in acetic acid.

Question 3.
Is acetic acid an inorganic/organic acid?
Answer:
Acetic acid is an organic acid.

Question 4.
Is acetic acid a strong or a weak acid?
Answer:
Acetic acid is a weak acid.

Question 5.
Give an equation to show its dissociation in water.
Answer:

Question 6.
What happens when acetic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol in the presence of concentrated H2so4?
Answer:
A fruity smell is obtained due to the formation of an ester.

Question 7.
Give the equation involved and name it.
Answer:

Question 8.
What is vinegar?
Answer:
Vinegar is a 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water.

Question 9.
Name the salt of acetic acid which is used for the preparation of methane.
Answer:
Sodium acetate.

Question 10.
What is glacial acetic acid?
Answer:
Glacial acetic acid is pure acetic acid.

Question 11.
In the esterification reaction, what is the role of cone. H₂SO₄?
Answer:
Conc. H₂SO₄ acts as a catalyst.

Question 12.
What is the IUPAC name of ethyl alcohol?
Answer:
Its IUPAC name is ethanol.

Question 13.
Is acetic acid a solid, liquid or a gas at room temperature?
Answer:
Acetic acid is a liquid at room temperature.

Question 14.
Which functional group is present in an ester?
Answer:

Question 15.
Name a salt of a carboxylic acid used as a food preservative.
Answer:
Sodium benzoate.

Question 16.
How can acetic acid be prepared?
Answer:
It can be prepared by the oxidation of ethanol.

Question 17.
List two important uses of acetic acid.
Answer:

1. It is used for the manufacturing of metallic acetates, acetones, esters etc.
2. It is used for coagulating rubber to latex.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Which gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate?
Answer:
CO₂ gas is liberated when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
CH₃COOH(aq) + NaHCO₃(s) ——-> CH₃COONa(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

Question 2.
How will you test that the liberated gas is carbon dioxide?
Answer:
Lime water turns milky when CO₂ is passed through it. On passing the gas in excess, the milkiness disappears.

Question 3.
How will you show that ethanoic acid is acidic in nature?
Answer:
The acidic nature of ethanoic acid can be shown by using blue litmus paper. On putting a drop of ethanoic acid on blue litmus paper it turns red, indicating ethanoic acid is acidic in nature.

Question 4.
Where do you find the use of ethanoic acid in day-to-day food products?
Answer:
Ethanoic acid is the main constituent of vinegar which is used as a preservative.

Question 5.
What is the common name of ethanoic acid as sold in the market in the form of its dilute solution?
Answer:
A dilute solution of ethanoic acid is vinegar.

Question 6.
What type of reaction takes place between ethanoic acid and sbdium hydroxide solution?
Answer:
A neutralisation reaction occurs between ethanoic acid (an acid) and sodium hydroxide (a base).
CH₃COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) ———> CH₃COONa(aq) + H₂O(l)

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions/VSA (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Which of the following pairs of safety symbols are marked on the bottles of commercial acetic acid available in the laboratory?

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Question 2.
On adding acetic acid to solid sodium hydrogen carbonate, a student observes the liberation of a [AI 2009]
(a) greenish yellow gas with a pungent smell.
(b) colourless and odourless gas.
(c) yellow coloured, odourless gas.
(d) colourless gas with smell of rotten eggs.

Question 3.
A student mixed some acetic acid with water. He would have observed the solution formed as [Foreign 2009]
(a) green and transparent.
(b) pink and opaque.
(c) yellow and transparent.
(d) colourless and transparent.

Question 4.
When sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid, the gas liberated is
(a) H₂
(b) CO
(c) CO₂
(d) SO₂

Question 5.
The odour of acetic acid is like that of
(a) burning plastic
(b) vinegar
(c) rotten eggs
(d) fruits

Question 6.
In the following set-up, the gas evolved turns lime water milky. Identify ‘X’.

(a) NaOH
(b) NH₄OH
(c) C₂H₅OH
(d) CH₃COOH

Question 7.
If we add red litmus solution to the following test tubes, the changes observed will be

(a) red, red
(b) red, blue
(c) blue, red
(d) blue, blue

Question 8.
2 mL of ethanoic acid was taken in each of the three test tubes A, B and C, and 2 mL, 4 mL and 8 mL water was added to them, respectively. A clear solution is obtained in [AI 2007C]
(a) test tube A only.
(b) test tubes A and B only.
(c) test tubes B and C only.
(d) all the test tubes

Question 9.
5 mL of acetic acid was added to equal volume of water and the mixture was shaken well for one minute and allowed to settle. The correct representation of the observation made would be as given in test tube

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Question 10.
If p^H paper is dipped in acetic acid, the colour of the strip would be
(a) Green
(b) Blue
(c) Orange
(d) Black

Question 11.
The reaction occurring between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of cone. H₂SO₄ is called
(a) esterification
(b) redox
(c) neutralisation
(d) displacement

Question 12.
Glacial acetic acid is a
(a) -18% solution of acetic acid.
(b) dehydrated solution of acetic acid.
(c) vinegar.
(d) 45% solution of acetic acid.

Question 13.
When acetic acid reacts with X, a salt is formed which on reaction with soda lime gives a gas Y. X and Y are
(a) NaOH, C₂H₆
(b) Na, C₂H₆
(c) NaOH, CH₄
(d) NaHCO₃, C₂H₆

Question 14.
A student takes 5 mL acetic acid in test tube X and adds 3 mL distilled water into it. In test tube Y, he takes 5 mL distilled water and adds 3 mL acetic acid into it. After mixtures settle down, he observes
(a) colloid is formed in both test tubes
(b) homogenous mixture is formed in both test tubes
(c) colloid is formed in X and homogenous mixture in Y.
(d) homogenous mixture is formed in X and colloid in Y.

Question 15.
Four students observed the colour and odour of acetic acid and its reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate. They tabulated their observations as given below.

The correct set of observation is that of student
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 16.
Four students added a small amount of ethanoic acid to sodium bicarbonate. The gas evolved was tested for its behaviour with burning splinter and lime water.

They reported their observations as given below.

The correct observations have been reported by student
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 17.
5 mL of ethanoic acid was taken in each of the two test tubes I and II. Blue and red litmus papers were dipped into test tube I and solid sodium bicarbonate was added to test tube II.

The following observations were reported:
A. Red litmus turned blue in I and no change was observed in II.
B. Blue litmus turned red in I and brisk effervescence was observed in II.
C. Red litmus turned blue in I and a gas of odour like vinegar evolved in II.
D. Blue litmus turned red in I and a gas which supports combustion evolved in II.
Which observation correctly represents the characteristics of ethanoic acid?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

ANSWER KEY

1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (c)
11. (a)
12. (b)
13. (c)
14. (b)
15. (b)
16. (a)
17. (b)

Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Which functional group is present in acetic acid? Name any other compound having same functional group.
Answer:
Acetic acid has carboxylic acid as functional group. This functional group is also present in methanoic acid.

Question 2.
Give any four physical properties of acetic acid.
Answer:

1. It is a colourless liquid having a sour taste, and smell of vinegar.
2. Its boiling point is 118 °C.
3. It freezes to form colourless ice-like solid.
4. It is miscible with water in all proportions.

Question 3.
What will you observe when a drop of acetic acid is placed on a strip of blue litmus paper and then on a red litmus paper one by one? What does it show?
Answer:
Acetic acid turns blue litmus paper red but does not affect red litmus paper. This shows that acetic acid is acidic in nature.

Question 4.
How does acetic acid react with sodium bicarbonate? Give chemical equation for this chemical change.
Answer:
Acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to evolve brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas.

Question 5.
How would you show that carbon dioxide gas is released when acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate?
Answer:
Pass the liberated gas through the lime water. If lime water turns milky, the evolved gas is carbon dioxide. On passing the gas in excess, the milkiness of lime water disappears.

Science Practical SkillsScience LabsMath LabsMath Labs with Activity

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 English Outside Delhi 2016

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions :

1. This paper is divided into three sections : A, B and C. All the sections are compulsory.
2. Separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary. Read these instructions very carefully and follow them faithfully.
3. Do not exceed the prescribed word limit while answering the questions.

SET I

SECTION —A
(READING)

Question. 1. Read the passage given below:

1. Maharana Pratap ruled over Mewar only for 23 years. However, he accomplished so much grandeur during his reign that his glory surpassed the boundaries of countries and time turning him into an immortal personality. He along with his kingdom became a synonym for valour, sacrifice and patriotism. Mewar had been a leading Rajput kingdom even before Maharana Pratap occupied the throne. Kings of Mewar, with the cooperation of their nobles and subjects, had established such traditions in the kingdom, as augmented their magnificence despite the hurdles of having a smaller area under their command and less population. There did come a few thorny occasions when.the flag of the kingdom seemed sliding down. Their flag once again heaved high in the sky thanks to the gallantry and brilliance of the people of Mewar.
2. The destiny of Mewar was good in the sense that barring a few kings, most of the rulers were competent and patriotic. This glorious tradition of the kingdom almost continued for 1500 years since its establishment, right from the reign of Bappa Rawal. In fact only 60 years before Maharana Pratap, Rana Sanga drove the kingdom to the pinnacle of fame/ His reputation went beyond Rajasthan and reached Delhi. Two generations before him, Rana Kumbha had given a new stature to the kingdom through victories and developmental work. During his reign, literature and art also progressed extraordinarily. Rana himself was inclined towards writing and his works are read with reverence even today. The ambience of his kingdom was conducive to the creation of high quality work of art and literature. These accomplishments were the outcome of a longstanding tradition sustained by several generations.
3. The life of the people of Mewar must have been peaceful and prosperous during the long span of time; otherwise such extraordinary accomplishment in these fields would not have been possible. This is reflected in their art and literature as well as their loving nature. They compensate for lack of admirable physique by their firm but pleasant nature. The ambience of Mewar remains lovely thanks to the cheerful and liberal character of its people.
4. One may observe astonishing pieces of workmanship not only in the forts and palaces of Mewar but also in public utility buildings. Ruins of many structures which are still standing tall in their grandeur are testimony to the fact that Mewar was not only the land of the brave but also a seat of art and culture. Amidst aggression and bloodshed, literature and art flourished and creative pursuits of literature and artists did not suffer. Imagine, how glorious the period must have been when the Vijaya Stambha which is the sample of our great ancient architecture even today, was constructed. In the same fort, Kirti Stambha is standing high, reflecting how liberal the then administration was which allowed people from other communities and kingdoms to’ come and carry out construction work. It is useless to indulge in the debate whether the Vijay Stambha was constructed first or the Kirti Stambha. The fact is that both the capitals are standing side by side and reveal the proximity between the king and the subjects of Mewar.
5. The cycle of time does not remain the same. Where as the reign of Rana Sanga was crucial in raising the kingdom to the acme of glory, it also proved to be his nemesis. History took a turn. The fortune of Mewar the land of the brave, started waning. Rana tried to save the day with his acumen which was running against the stream and the glorious traditions for sometime.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer each of the questions given below with the help of the options that follow:
(a) Maharana Pratap became immortal because:
(i) he ruled Mewar for 25 years
(ii) he added a lot of grandeur to Mewar
(iii) of his valour, sacrifice and patriotism
(iv) both (ii) and (iii)
(b) Difficulties in the way of Mewar were :
(i) lack of cooperation the nobility
(ii) ancient traditions of the kingdom
(iii) its small area and small population
(iv) the poverty of the subjects ‘
(c) During.thomy occasions:
(i) the flag of Mewar seemed to be lowered
(ii) the flag of Mewar was hoisted high
(iii) the people of Mewar showed gallantry
(iv) most of the rulers heaved a sigh of relief
(d) Mewar was lucky because : *
(i) all of its rulers were competent
(ii) most of its people were competent
(iii) most of its rulers were competent
(iv) only a few of its people were incompetent
Answer the following questions briefly:
(e) Who is the earliest King of’Mewar mentioned in the passage ?
(f) What was Rana Kumbha’s contribution to the glory of Mewar ?
(g) What does the writer find worth admiration in the people of Mewar ?
(h) How could art and literature flourish in Mewar ?
(i) How did the rulers show that they cared for their subjects ?
(j) What does the erection of Vijaya Stambha and Kirti Stambha in the same fort signify ?
(k) Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following :
(i) surprising (para 4)
(ii) evidence (para 4)
Answer. (a) (ii) be added a lot of grandeur to Mewar
(b) (iii) its small area and small population
(c) (i) the flag of Mewar seemed to be lowered
(d) (iii) most of its rulers were competent
(e) Bappa Rawal was the earliest king of Mewah
(f) Rana Kumbha had given a new stature to the kingdom through victories and development work. During his reign, literature and art also progressed extraordinarily. Rana himself was inclined towards writing and his works are read with reverence today.
(g) The people of Mewar are loving, cheerful, liberal, peaceful, prosperous and have pleasant nature. According to the writet, these are the qualities that make them worth admiration.
(h) During Rana Kumbha’s reign, literature and art progressed extraordinarily. The peaceful and prosperous atmosphere of his kingdom was suitable for the creation of high quality work of literatrure and art. The king himself countributed to literature. Even amidst wars and bloodshed literature and art flourished. .
(i) By building Vijaya Stambha and Kirti Stambha side by side, rulers revealed the proximity between the king and subjects of Mewar.
(j) Vijaya Stambha is the sample of our great ancient
architecture even today. Kirti Stambha reflects how liberal the then administration was which allowed people from other communities and kingdoms to come and carry out construction work.
(k) (i) astonishing (ii) testimony

Question.2. Read the passage given below:

1. To ensure its perpetuity, the ground is well held by the panther both in space and in time. It enjoys a much wider distribution over the globe than its bigger cousins, and procreates sufficiently profusely to ensure its continuity for all time to come.
2.  There seems to be no particular breeding season of the panther, although its sawing and caterwauling is more frequently heard during winter and summer. The gestation period is about ninety to hundred days (Whipsnade, ninety-two days). The litter normally consists of four cubs, rarely five. Of these, generally two survive and not more than one reaches maturity. I have never come across more than two cubs at the heels of the mother. Likewise, graziers in the forest have generally found only two cubs hidden away among rocks, hollows of trees, and other impossible places.
3. Panther cubs are generally in evidence in March. They are born blind. This is a provision of Nature against their drifting away from the place of safety in which they are lodged by their mother, and exposing themselves to the danger of their being devoured by hyenas, jackals, and other predators. They generally open their eyes in about three to four weeks.
4. The mother alone rears its cubs in seclusion. It keeps them out of the reach of the impulsive and impatient male. As a matter of fact the mother separates from the male soon after mating and forgets all about their tumultuous union. The story that the male often looks in to find out how the mother is progressing with her cubs has ho foundation except in what we wish it should do at least.
5. The mother carries its cubs about by holding them by the scruff of their neck in its mouth. It trains them to stalk, and teaches them how to deliver the bite of death to the prey. The cubs learn to treat all and sundry with suspicion at their mother’s heels. Instinctively the cubs seek seclusion, keep to cover and protect their flanks by walking along the edge of the forest.
6. I have never had an opportunity to watch mother panther train its cubs. But in Pilibhit forests, I once saw a tigress giving some lessons to its little ones. I was sitting over its kill at Mala. As the sun set, the tigress materialised in the twilight behind my machan. For about an hour, it scanned and surveyed the entire area looking and listening with the gravest concern. It even went to the road where my elephant was awaiting my signal. The mahout spotted it from a distance and drove the elephant away.
7. When darkness descended upon the scene and all was well and safe the tigress called its cubs by emitting a low haa-oon. The cubs, two in number and bigger than a fu.ll- grown cat, soon responded. They came trotting up to their mother and hurried straight to the kill in indecent haste. The mother spitted at them so furiously that they doubled back its heels immediately. Thereafter, the mother and its cubs sat under cover about 50 feet (15 m) away from the kill to watch, wait, look, and listen. After about half an hour’s patient and fidgetless vigil the mother seemed to say ‘paid for’. At this signal, the cobs cautiously advanced, covering their flanks, towards the kill. No longer did they make a beeline for it, as they had done before.
8. The mother sat watching its cubs eat, and mounted guard on them. She did not partake of the meal.

On the basis of your understanding of the passage complete the statements given below with the help of options that follow:
(a) To protect its cubs the mother panther hides them :
(i) among rocks (ii) in the branches of the trees
(iii) behind the tree trunks (iv) at its heels
(b) The male panther :
(i) is protective of its cubs (ii) trains its cubs
(iii) watches the progress of the mother
(iv) is impulsive and impatient
Answer the following questions briefly:
(c) How many cubs does the mother panther rarely deliver ?
(d) What may happen if the panther cubs are not born blind ?
(e) Why did the mahaut drive his elephant away ?
(f) Why did the tigress spit at its cubs ?
(g) From the narrators observation what do we learn about the nature of the tigress ?
(h) Why does the panther not face the risk of extinction ?
(i) Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following : 
(i) moving aimlessly (para 3)
(ii) came down/fell (para 7)
Answer.
(a) (i) among rocks
(b) (iv) is impulsive and impatient
(c) The mother panther delivers litter of four cubs, rarely five.
(d) If the panther cubs are not blind they drift away from the place of safety in which they are lodged by their mother.
(e) The mahaut drove away his elephant to protect it from the tigress.
(f) The mother tigress spitted at it cubs to call them back to its heels and watch the prey carefully, instead of running towards it in haste.
(g) The tigress is very protective about her cubs. She rears them alone without the help of the male. She trains them to hunt and guards them, while they eat.
(h) The panther does not face the risk of extinction because it procreates sufficiendy and profusely to ensure its continuity for all time to come.
(i) Moving aimlessly-drifting
(ii) came down/fell-descend

Question.3. Read the passage given below :
People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so. They can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned. Those who never have to change house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter. They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years in the belief that they may one day need them. Old people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, and sentiment. Things owned for a long time are-full of associations with the past, perhaps with the relatives who are dead, and so they gradually acquire a sentimental value.
Some things are collected deliberately in an attempt to avoid wastage. Among these are string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been opened. Collecting small items can be a mania. A lady cuts out from newspapers sketches of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had money. As she is not rich, the chances are that she will never be able to afford such purchases. It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk.
Collecting as a serious hobby is quite different and has many advantages. It provides relaxation for leisure hours, as just looking at one’s treasure is always a joy. One doesn’t have to go out for amusement as the collection is housed at home. Whatever it consists of- stamps, records, first editions of books, china-there is always something to do in connection with it, from finding the right place for the latest addition to verifying facts in reference books. This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
There are other benefits also. One gets to meet like-minded collectors to get advice, compare notes, exchange articles, to show off one’s latest find etc. So one’s circle of friends grows. Soon the hobby leads to travelling, perhaps a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to one country. Over the years one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.
(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations (wherever necessary – minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.
Answer. (a) Title: Collection-Advantage or dis-advantage 1. Notes .
(i) Consequences
(a) PpL can hv delightful surprises
(b) Become indiscriminate collectors
(c) Senti values
(ii) Reaons
(a) To avoid wastage (b) Mania
(c) Lack of physical and mental energy in the case of old people.
(iii) Advantages
(a) Relaxation
(b) doesn’t hv to go out for amusement
(c) educates
(iv) Other benefits
(a) One may meet like-minded collectors
(b) frid circle grows
(c) hobby leads to travelling
Abbreviations Used
Hv have
Ppl people
Senti sentimental
Frnd friend
(b) Summary
People sometimes collect things due to various reasons which may be related to their need, lack of energy or sentimental value. Sometimes collection may be done to avoid wastage which later becomes mania. But it has many advantages too. It relaxes, amuses and educates. It has additional benefits where one may meet like-minded collectors to get advice, compare notes, exchange articles, to show off one’s latest find. As a result their friend circle grows bigger. In fact, hobby further leads to travelling.

SECTION B
(WRITING SKILLS)

Question.4.You are Karan Kumar/Karuna Bajaj, a leading lawyer practising in Surat. You want to buy an independent house at City Light Road to be used as office-cum-residence. Draft an advertisement in about 50 words for the classified columns of a local newspaper. You can be contacted at 45645678
OR
On 30th November your school is going to hold its annual sports day. You want Mr. Dhanraj Pillai, a noted hockey player to give away the prizes to the budding sportspersons of the school. Write a formal invitation in about 50 words requesting him to grace the occasion. You are Karuna/ Karan, Sports Secretary, Sunrise Global School, Agra.
Answer.

Or

Question.5. Along with air and water pollution, our cities are also under an attack of noise pollution. Marriage processions, DJs during wedding receptions, loud music from neighbourhood flats etc. are all sources of noise which is not good for the old, the ailing and students. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a local newspaper describing the problem and making a request to the concerned authorities to solve it. You are Karan/Karuna, M 114, Mall Road, Delhi. 
OR
In all big cities road rage has become a serious problem. A minor scratch, a little push, or a small brushing past can lead to a scuffle sometimes resulting even in murder. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Police Commissioner giving your views on the problem and its solutions. You are Karuna/Karan, M 114, Mall Road, Delhi.
Answer.
Ashok Vihar
M-114, Mall Road
Delhi
20th March, 20XX
The Editor
The Times Of India
New Delhi
Subject : Time to become aware- of the hazards of noise pollution
Dear Sir,
Through the esteemed columns of your prestigious newspaper, I, Karuna, a resident of New Delhi want to bring forth the issue of increasing noise pollution to the notice of the general public and concerned authorities. In the metro cities and big cities, there has been tremendous increase in the levels of noise pollution. It’s not only the shrieking horns and roars of vehicles but also marriage processions, loud playing DJ s, aircrafts and machines in industrial areas which cause lot of noise pollution. The consequences are extremely hazardous. They lead to increasing cases of deafness, insomnia, palpitation of heart, mental fatigue, etc. among the sufferers are the small babies and old people who can’t sleep properly, patients can’t rest and students can’t study. Then there are ‘Jagrans’ that force the public to keep awake the whole night. The problem further adds to the fact that noise control laws are neither followed properly nor implemented completely. The culprits bribe the police and other officials and get away safely.
So I think that law alone is not sufficient until and unless we citizens take an oath to make the city noise free and educate the people about its ill effects. Above all, everybody has a right to enjoy a noiseless rest and peace. Hope your newspaper will take initiative in this regard and relieve us from the menace of noise pollution.
Yours Truly
Karuna
OR
Karuna
M-l 14, Mall Road Delhi
Date : 20th March, 20XX The Commissioner Delhi Police
Subject: Increasing cases of Road Rage ‘
Dear Sir,
I am writing this letter to bring to your kind notice the problem of increasing cases of road rage. Day by day it is becorhing a serious problem which should be sought over as quickly as possible. We often come across many incidents like minor scratch, a little push or a small brushing past leading to scuffles which sometimes result even in murder. Everyday there are many fatal accidents, the number of hit and run cases are also rising. In Delhi alone, 532 persons died in road accidents in the year 2014. It is observed that people are losing patience and tolerance power due to their modern lifestyle. They begin to fight over minor issues. The feeling of ignorance, irresponsibility, lawlessness and indifference is prevailing. Everybody is taking undue advantage of the freedom provided to them by the democracy.
Now it’s high time to realize the need of the hour. I hope the concerned authorities would realize the gravity of the situation and keep a check on these people and their activities either by imposing penalties or fines.
Yours Truly
Karuna .

Question.6. ‘Brain drain is not a bane for a developing country like India’. Write a debate in 150-200 words either for or against the motion.
OR
Write a speech in 150-200 words on the topic, ‘Discipline shapes the future of a student. It is to be delivered in the morning assembly. You are Karuna/Karan.
Answer . ‘Brain Drain is not a bane for a developing country like India
Good morning, respected judges and the esteemed audience, I would like to speak For the Motion-’Brain Drain is not a bane for a developing country like India.
Brain Drain is a major problem of India that has been harmful for the country. Brain drain means the intelligent minds that do not get desirable jobs or recognition in their own country, fly away to other countries for better prospective where they are provided with favorable working conditions. They prove their intelligence there and are recognized throughout the world. They also become the pride of the country. Every year a large number of people go abroad either for acquiring higher studies or getting good jobs. It is because, their worth and intelligence is not counted in the country. Sometimes the most brilliant people also leave their India and prefer to stay in a well-developed country like America, London, Canada etc. This is most common in India as compared to other countries as the companies over here fail to provide necessary working conditions and best salaries to their own countrymen.
But the question arises “what if they show their worth in their own country?” How can they be stopped or fascinated to return to India ?
It is a matter of serious concern for the government of India because it is a complete loss for India. The professional training that the students receive in India and for which the government spends lakhs on them goes waste plus it is a gain for receiving countries. They can be attracted to India if the condition here are diverted to their attraction, if the merit and talent is given due consideration. Therefore, sincere efforts are required to bring them back by offering jobs according to their talent so as to make the country more efficient in all fields.
OR
‘Discipline shapes the future of a student
Good Morning, honorable Principal, respected Teachers and dear friends. I am Karuna, student of class XII of your school; it is a great opportunity for me to share my views in today assembly on the topic ‘Discipline shapes the future of a student. The students of today are the citizens of tomorrow. They are the backbone of the society. They are going to be the future leaders, administrators and nation shapers. Student life is the time when their character is formed and takes shape. But now a days schools and colleges have become the place of complete indiscipline. Whether it is the morning assembly, annual function, sports meet or examinations, one can see complete indiscipline; Man is a social being and he lives and dies in a society. So he has to follow the rules of die society for which he has to discipline himself and this begins from the school only.
Aristotle said,” Discipline is obedience to rules formed by the society for the good of all”. Without discipline one cannot acquire knowledge and as the schools and colleges are abode of learning, it is required much over there. Students cannot gain much without discipline and the result can never be good. Thus, it is clear that the need of discipline is very much required in the student life. Indiscipline leads to failure and discipline paves the road of success.

Question. 7. Education has always been a noble profession. Our ancestors received their learning at gurukuls and ashrams. Even in the near past pathshalas (schools) were associated with places of worship. Today, education is fast becoming commercialised. Parents have to shell out a lot of money on coaching classes, tuition fees etc. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The State of Education, Today*. You are Karan/Karuna. 
OR
According to 2011 census, literacy rate of hundred percent or around has been achieved by only a couple of states in India. Illiteracy is found mostly among the old and the deprived sections of society. What can the youth do to spread literacy in society ? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Role of students in eradicating illiteracy’. You are Karuna/Karan.
Answer . The State of Education Today
By Karuna
Our ancestors have received their learning at gurukuls and ashrams. Pathshalas were regarded as the place of worship. But the scenario has completely changed now. Today education has been totally commercialized. .Whether its school or college, students have to rush to coaching classes and parents shell out a lot of money on them. They don’t rely on classroom teaching. On the other hand parents expectations from their children have increased. They want them to secure highest marks so as to get the highest paid jobs. They want them to become doctors, administrative officers, engineers etc. For this, they send their children to the most reputed schools; still they are not satisfied with their performance. So they want their child to get some extra knowledge to excel others in the line. Thus craze for coaching classes have been increased.
Another reason for joining the coaching classes is the inferiority complex which children face when they do not go for extra coaching. Although these so called coaching classes are just like the school classes because there also group teaching is done, still parents as well as children think them to be far superior to the classroom teaching. They should realize that these so called coaching classes are no better than money making business. The students must pay attention in class and must concentrate more on self-study.
OR
Role of students in eradicating illiteracy.
By Karuna
Youth plays a very important role in building the nation. With the increase in the population, the responsibilities of students have also increased. They are the pivot on which the development of any nation depends. We know that India is a land of villages and most of its population is illiterate. In most of the villages there are no schools or teaching facilities. Thus, villagers don’t get any opportunity to learn. Poverty and ignorance have deprived them from becoming literate. Therefore, it becomes the duty of the youth to render their services to them by teaching-them.They can give their valuable advice and guidance to educate them. We know that education helps in economic, social, spiritual and mental development. It broadens ones outlook towards society. Being illiterate or uneducated is like a curse. Students can help these people by organizing evening classes and by following the rule of ‘each one, teach one’. Out of their twenty four hours, the students can spare at least one hour for the unpriviledged people. They can create awareness among the illiterates regarding the hazards of overpopulation and recommend the need of keeping small family. Many NGOs and governmental agencies are there to assist these youths in this regard. They can be encouraged to do so by giving them additional marks or extra grades.
Youth, therefore can play a major role in making the country progressive and prosperous by bringing complete change in the attitude and thinking of the illiterate. So Jet’s join hands to eradicate illiteracy from our country.

SECTION — C
(Literature : Text Books and Long Reading Text)

Question.8. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Now we will count to twelve and we will all keep still.
For once on the face of the Earth let’s not speak in any language, let’s stop for one second, and not move our arms so much.
(a) What is the significance of the number ‘twelve’ ?
(b) Which two activities does the poet want us to stop ?
(c) What does the poet mean by let’s not speak in any language’ ?
(d) Describe the pun on the word, ‘arms’.
OR
……I saw my mother,
beside me,
doze, open mouthed, her face ashen like that
of a corpse and realised with pain ………..
(a) Who is T?
(b) What did ‘I’ realise with pain ?
(c) Why was the realisation painful ?
(d) Identify and name the figure of speech used in these lines.
Answer.
Now we will………………..so much.
(a) The significance of the number twelve is that for counting up to twelve, one will sit and meditate to introspect, ponder and predetermine his future. Thus, he/she be able find his/ her inner self.
(b) The two activities which the poet wants us to stop are speaking and moving our arms.
(c) By ‘let’s not speak …….language’ poet means that we should keep quiet for some time so that we can do self-analysis. It is necessary for creating a feeling of mutual understanding among ourselves.
(d) The pun on the word ‘arms’ is that if we won’t move our arms then we will never lift ‘arms’ i.e. weapons. Symbolically by this he means no war or no violence.
OR
(a) T is the poet Kamala Das.
(b) The poet realized with pain that her mother had grown old and that her end was near. This expression was borne out of the fear of her separation.
(c) The realization was painful as she knew that her mother might not live long and she might lose her some day. It brought the fear of separation.
(d) The figure of speech that has been used here is simile in
the lines ‘her face ashen like that……….’.

Question.9. Answer anyfour of the following questions in 30-40 words each:
(a) What does the reference to chappals in ‘Lost Spring’ tell us about the economic condition of the rag pickers ?
(b) What do we learn about the crofter’s nature from the story, ‘The Rattrap’ ?
(c) How is ‘Shakespeare wicked and the map a bad example’ for the children of the school in a slum ?
(d) What picture of male chauvinism (tyranny) do we find in the poem, ‘Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers’ ?
(e) How did the Governor, Oxford Prison describe Evans to the Secretary Examination Board ?
(f) At the dining table why did Zitkala-Sa begin to cry when others started eating ?
Answer . (a) The reference to chappals in ‘Lost Spring’ tells about the miserable life of the rag pickers setded in Seemapuri. Most of the impoverished children busy in rag picking were not wearing footwear. The boys were barefoot as it was a tradition to remain barefoot. It had become their habit not to wear chappals. But according to the writer it was their excuse • to conceal their poverty. .
(b) The crofter was a lonely old man who had no wife or a child. He wanted someone to talk to therefore, allowed the peddler to spend night at his house. He not only gave
‘ him shelter but also gave him food to eat and tobacco to smoke. He started a conversation with him’ and told him everything about himself and his earnings.
(c) The portrait of Shakespeare and the world map in the classroom of the slum children is far from the actual condition of the classroom. Shakespeare is the synonym
of knowledge and excellence but the children of the slum school have no .meaning for that. The map exhibits the world with all its bounties, whereas, for these children there is no world beyond poverty and hunger.Thus Shakespeare is wicked and the map a bad example.
(d) In the poem ‘Aunt Jennifer’s tigers’ we find the picture of a woman oppressed by the male chauvinism. She needs freedom from her burden some husband whose ring on her finger is like a handcuff which has snatched all her freedom and happiness.’ She has lot of constraints in her life because of her dominating husband and from whom she wants to get free.
(e) The Governor of the Oxford prison made a call to the Secretary of Examination Board telling him that a prisoner named Evans wanted to take the 0-level examination in German. The Governor then requested the Secretary whether the arrangements could be made in the prison itself.
(f) At the dining table, Zitkala-Sa heard a man’s voice and as she looked around to see him, she caught the eyes of a pale faced woman upon her. She wondered why she was so keenly watched by the strange woman. So as the third bell rang and everybody started eating, Zitkala began to cry as she could do nothing at that time.

Question.10. Answer the following question in 120-150 words :
Every teenager has a hero/heroine to admire. So many times they become role models for them. What is wrong if Sophie fantasizes about Danny Casey and is ambitious in life ?
OR
Our native language is part of our culture and we are proud of it. How does the presence of village elders in the classroom and M. Hamel’s last lesson show their love for French ?
Answers . It is a natural thing for teenagers to fantasize and dream. They don’t have much liabilities and burden at this stage of life so they are free to dream which is sometimes impractical and non-realistic. It is a part of their life bat sometimes these dreams have disadvantages also.
In the story ‘Going Places’, the author has described the feelings and dreams of such a girl, Sophie, who was a school going teenager. She was a day dreamer and fantasizes her future life with Danny Casey, a football player from Ireland. She dreamt of having met him twice in the arcade. For her, he was the hero to be worshipped.Then she thought of owning a boutique. She was blind to the bitter truth of life. She dreamt of an imaginary life, full of beautiful things. She also.dreamt of becoming an actress as there was a lot of money and fame in that profession. She wanted to be a fashion designer too. It can be said that she wanted to lead a lavish and grand life which was not possible. Her dreams were unrealistic in the sense that ultimately she would have to work in a biscuit factory. Thus we can say that she wanted to achieve the things which were quite impossible.
OR
That Sunday morning everything was quite normal. Franz’s classmates and teacher were already in the class but there was no sound of opening and closing of desks. Either unison repetition of lessons or rapping of teacher’s great ruler was absent. It was all due to the order from Berlin that from then onwards only German would be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine instead of French. Then only the people realized how precious their language was to them. That day all the villagers occupied the back benches in the classroom to attend the last French lesson and to mark the respect for their French teacher, Mr. M. Hamel, who devoted his selfless service to the society. They felt very sad. They also regretted for not learning French properly. Franz was shocked to hear this news and Hamel’s words / were like thunderclaps to him. He was so sorry to have not learnt French before and for having wasted his time. His books suddenly became his friends. Even Mr. Hamel talked a lot about French language. According to him it was the most beautiful language in the world. It was the most logical one too. He asked his students never to forget this language.

Question. 11. Answer the following question in 120-150 words :
Both Derry and Lamb are victims of physical impairment, but much more painful for them is the feeling of loneliness. Comment.
OR
How did Jack end the Roger Skunk story ? How and why did Jo want to change it? .
Answers . A disabled or a handicapped person is considered to be an out caste. People sympathize with them but do not accompany them. They are excluded from the society. The feeling of loneliness and alienation is much more troublesome than the pain which disable people experience due to their physical impairment. This is very well revealed in the story, ‘On the face of it’, where the character, Derry has a burnt face and people often sympathized with him but it was not a heart felt one. This resulted in his pessimistic approach towards life. Derry had no association with the outer world till he met Mr. Lamb. Mr. Lamb’s attitude and outlook towards people and life appreciated him. He learnt to live a respectful life. Mr. Lamb inspired him to face the world in spite of his disability. Mr. ’ Lamb successfully infused in him courage and self-determination. He advised him to ignore the comments made by people on his physical impairment and enjoy the beauty of life and nature. Although the loneliness of Derry dominates the play, there are evident traces of Mr. Lamb’s loneliness also. The old man had no one to be with. He spent his day in the sun, reading books. By the end of the first scene, it becomes clearer that he is lonely when he mutters that no one comes back to him after meeting him the first time.
OR
Jack used to tell his little daughter, Jo, bedtime stories. As soon as she grew older, she began to ask questions to her father. Once her father told her a story of a little animal called Roger Skunk who smelled awfully bad. He, therefore, met with a wizard who solved his problem with magic wand and made him smell like roses. But Skunk’s mother did not like it and took him back to the wizard to make him smell awfully bad once again.
This ending was not acceptable to Jo as she wanted the story to have another end in which the wizard should hit the mommy by his and magic wand leave Roger srunk emitting the pleasant smell of roses. Jo thought that Roger was the hero of the story so he must not look ugly or stinky. Jo’s perspective on life was different from her father’s. She wanted to change the end of the story to assert her views on her father. She had her own ideals and views which she wanted to be pursued.

Question.12. Attempt the following question in 120-150 words :
How did Mrs. Hall show her excitement when Griffin came to stay at Coach and Horses ?
OR
How do William Dane’s deceit and Sarah’s desertion affect Silas ?
Answer . Mrs. Hall was the owner of the inn ‘Coach and Horses’. She was very simple, friendly in nature and socialite woman. She felt very delighted and excited when Griffin came to stay at the inn as she was not expecting any guest in such a rough and harsh weather. She lit the fire herself to make her guest feel warm and cozy and went immediately to prepare meals for him with her own hands. A guest to stop at the inn, in the wintertime was an unheard piece of luck. Her maid Millie was sluggish so she carried the plates, cloth and glasses to the parlour on her own. She tried to begin conversation with him but as he was in no mood to talk, she immediately curtailed the conversation. She cooked eggs and ham, laid the table and did everything by herself. She also offered to take off his coat and hat for drying in the kitchen. For sympathy she asked her guest whether he had met with an accident or underwent an operation. Although her guest, Mr. Griffin showed no interest in her, she carried on her conversation and tolerated him as he gave her few gold coins for his stay at the inn without any bargain.
OR
Silas Marner was a weaver who lived near Raveloe. His pale face tUid protruding eyes frightened the children as well as their parents. He had come to Raveloe fifteen years earlier from a city to the North. He was a faithful member of a religious community, Lantern Yard. He had a friend, William Dane. Because of their close friendship they were called as David and Jonathan. Silas was engaged to a young serving woman, Sarah but his engagement did not affect their friendship. One night Silas stayed up to watch over the deacpn of Lantern Yard, he was sick and waited for William to relieve him from his shift. But William, later that morning accused Silas wrongly for stealing money. Silas was shaken after the accusation and found himself alone in Raveloe. Even Sarah sent a message next day telling that she had ended her engagement with him. A month later, she married William Dane and Silas departed from Lantern Yard. He lost his faith and fell into a numbing routine of daily work. He used to weave more quickly than necessary and started living an isolated life without any family and friends. He engaged himself in his loom and started making more money by working sixteen hours a day. He felt a sense of fulfilment of joy in earning the gold coins.

Question. 13. Attempt the following question in 120-150 words :
Marvel is the only character in ‘The Invisible Man’ who interacts with Grififin and gains something. Comment.
OR
Attempt a character sketch of Eppie. ‘
Answer. Marvel was a poor, homeless, jobless, vagabond. He met Griffin when he was sitting leisurely with his feet in the ditch by the roadside which was one and a half mile away from Iping. He was comparing his boots when suddenly he heard a voice from somewhere. Initially he thought that it was due to the dizziness that he heard the sound. But it was the Invisible man, Griffin’s voice and this was his first encounter with him. Having being thrown out of‘Coach and Horses’ and having no hope with these people, Griffin wanted someone who would help him as a laggage carrier. Mavel accepted to follow him when he was tempted to be benefited by the power of Griffin’s invisibility.
In Griffin s view Marvel was-stupid and foolish and he knew that nobody would believe Marvel’s story about an invisible man but he was wrong. In the end Marvel, the short, plump, simple and foolish looking man played a smart game and told Griffins story to the press. He very well knew what he would get after Griffin’s arrest or death. And he really got all the money stolen by Griffin and cleverly kept the three books with him in which the secret of Invisibility was mentioned. He also owned the inn. In fact he was the only one who was benefited by the association with Griffin. Thus, a street man Marvel befooled the clever man like Griffin and rose from a poor tramp to become the owner of the inn.
OR
Eppie’s entrance in the novel Silas Marner brings cheerfulness Her full name is Hephziban. She is very beautiful with blond hair and fair skin. She proves to be affectionate, caring, lovable and sincere child and accepts Silas as her parent without any question. She has bounty of energy. She is a nature lover; she loves birds, flowers, butterflies and animals.She changes the personality of Silas completely by helping him to come out of his camouflaged loneliness. She helps him to mix up with his neighbors and regain his faith in God and humanity. Although she is an adopted child yet she never shows it. Rather she is more affectionate and faithful. She wants -to marry Aaron but agrees only on the condition that Silas will come to live with them. Godfrey’s offer to her to live with him as his child and to lead a high class life is rejected by her. She confides in Silas, loves him and proves to be a sincere daughter. She not only modifies present but also but also heals his wounds of past.

SET II

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION — B
(WRITING SKILLS)

Question. 4. You are Karan/Karuna of M 114, Mall Road, Delhi. You are a civil engineer and have recently returned from UAE. You are looking for a suitable job in India. Draft an advertisement for the same in about 50 words. Give details of your qualifications, experience, nature of job and expected remuneration.
OR
Yesterday, during lunch break you misplaced you notes on chemistry lectures. You want to get them back. Write a notice in about 50 words for the school notice board. You are Karuna/Karan, a student of class XII A.
Answer.

OR

Question. 5. It gives you a good feeling when you read in the newspapers are Karuna/Karan, a student of class XII A. how patients from abroad come to hospitals in India and get themselves treated at a fraction of expenses they will have incurred elsewhere. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a national daily describing the importance of medical tourism for India. You are Karan/Karuna M 114,
Mall Road, Kanpur.
OR .
You bought a flat from PQR Builders, Sector 55, NOIDA. Within a period of two months you have started facing a lot of problems like seepage in the walls and celings, wall ‘ paint peeling off, leaking sanitary fittings, lift getting stalled etc. Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Works Manager. You are Karuna/Karan, A9D Apoorva Apts., NOIDA.
Answer.
Ashok Vihar M-114, Mall Road
Delhi
20th March, 20XX
The Editor
Times of India
New Delhi
Subject: Importance of medical tourism Dear Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I, Karuna would like to emphasis on the importance of medical tourism. As we know that India is the most popular tourist place and sort after destination. People from all over the world come to India for their treatment by the most experienced and world class physicians. The medical facilities available in the high end hospitals of India are excellent. They are equipped with the latest technologies and the doctors are super specialized in their respective fields. With the advent of globalization, the world has shrunk. The concept of medical tourism was devised to help global citizens to enjoy their tourist sojourns while under cost effective, world class medical quality.
Over the last decade, India has emerged as the preferred destination for medical tourism. The city of Chennai has been termed as ‘India’s health capital’. India’s medical tourism sector is expected to experience an annual growth rate of 30%, making it a $2 Billion industry. Therefore, medical tourism should also be promoted by the government along with other tourist sectors.
Yours Sincerely
Karuna
OR
A9D Apoorva Appartments
Noida
12 February, 20XX
Work Manager
PQR Builders,
Sector 35 Noida
Subject: Complaint against the poor condition of flat Dear Sir,
On 20th December, 20XX, I have purchased a flat from PQR Builders in ‘Ashiana Apartments’. The flat is on first floor of D-Wing in sector 55, Noida. Initially when the flat was shown to us, it was ip excellent condition with walls, doors, ceiling perfectly painted and well furnished. The kitchen and bathroom were very well equipped with attractive fittings, seeing which we were tempted to buy it immediately.
But now I’m very hurt to inform you that the flat which I purchased only two months back is in a poor condition and so I, hereby,lodge a complaint against the negligence and dereliction on your part. Within a period of two months I’m facing a lot of problems like seepage in the walls and ceilings, wall paint peeling off, leaking of sanitary fittings, lift getting stalled, etc. Even the service men do not turn up on time to rectify the problems.
Please ask your mechanic and service men to check the fittings and do the required repair work.
Yours faithfully
Karuna

Question.7. Increase in the number of private vehicles has caused problems like rising air pollution, traffic jams, lack of parking space, road rage etc. The solution lies in the use of public transport. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The Importance of Public Transport’. You are Karan/Karuna.
OR
In certain states of India there is a great imbalance in the male female ratio. This is the result of special treatment given to boys in the family. Why is it so ? How can we change this mindset ? Write an article in 150-200 words on Gender discrimination in society’. You are Karuna/Karan.
Answer.
‘Importance of Public Transport’
By Karuna
Recently I heard that traffic police has started a new drive against the pollution causing vehicles. Traffic police is stationed at the important intersections. Each and every vehicle is checked for ‘No Pollution’ certificates and they are fined Rs.
500 for the lapse. But what is the use of all this and how long could it go because people find too many excuses for their negligence. Next, from every house minimum of two to three vehicles are used by the people for going to their working places. Sometimes they are stuck in their vehicles for long hours due to heavy traffic jams.
So it would be far better if the government provides public transport’ facilities. It would create a lot of convenience for the public and daily commuters. It has many social, economic and environmental benefits. Social benefits of using public transport are multifold. It helps in developing a sense of community among people. They feel a community connection with those who are traveling with them. It encourages people ‘ to have a healthy lifestyle if they walk to their station, stand or stop. Moreover, it is less stressful as it saves a lot of time. Then economic benefits include less expenditure of money on buying cars or spending money on its maintenance. Traveling by public transport is much cheaper than private transport. It also reduces pollution and road congestion thus, helping in environmental conservation.
OR
‘Gender Discrimination In Society’
By Karuna
In India, attitude towards men and women has been discriminating since generations. Although,the Constitution of India has provided equal rights to men and women, gender disparity prevails. Nature has also divided human beings into two equal halves and both are given* equal responsibilities according to their capacity, thus, stating the rights to both of them. But we humans have shown discrimination which has now become a practice in society. The powerful become aggressor and the other faces the aggression. Usually women are considered to be weaker as compared to men and are supposed to be uncapable of doing everything just because of their fragile outlook. Gender discrimination prevails in many homes, it is generally seen in families where there are sisters and brothers and where brothers are favored over sisters. Female infanticide and female foeticide are still common in ‘ many regions of the country. Sexual harassments, eve teasing, bride burning, woman trafficking, dowry deaths and many more evils are being perpetrated. Economically females are less privileged as they do not have control oft*financial matters.
In the rural areas and villages the situation is still worse. There has been no change in the social, economic and family status of the women. They are subjected to exploitation, domination and harassment by their male counterparts. But now it’s time that women should be empowered and encouraged so that the gap between and men and women be reduced.

Question.9. Answer any four of the following questions in 30-40 words each:
(a) Why did the Crofter show the thirty kroner to the peddler ?
(b) What deep meaning did his experience at the YMCA swimming pool have for Douglas ?
(c) How Did Zitkala-Sa’s first day in the land of apples begin ?
Answer . (a) The crofter was very proud of his cow as it used to give enough milk to support him in his old age. When peddler came to him, he felt so. excited that he told him about the thirty kroner from the creamery as the payment of the previous months supply. He worked to share his joy and moreover, he thought that peddler would not believe him so he showed him the money to convince him.
(b) Experience at YMCA swimming pool had a deep meaning for William Douglas; He had nearly escaped from drowning in the pool when he was sitting alone on the edge of the pool and a strong young man picked him up and tossed him into the pool. The experience had a deeper meaning for Douglas. He had experinced the fear of dying but at . the same time, he learnt the will to live which helped him to overcome the fear.
(c) The first day in the land of apples was a bitter cold one. The snow covered the ground and the trees were bare. The large metallic sound of the bell crashed through Zitkala’s ears and then she heard an annoying clatter of shoes on bare floors. There was harsh noise in a tongue which was unknown to her. She found herself bound and her spirit tore itself in struggling for its lost freedom.

SET III

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION — B
(WRITING SKILLS)

Question.6, The, Internet cannot replace a classroom teacher’. Write a debate in 150-200 words either for or against the motion.
OR
Write a speech in 150-200 words to be delivered in the morning assembly on the topic. Water, a valuable asset, conservation at home and at school’. You are Karuna/ Karan.
Answer.
‘The Internet cannot replace a classroom teacher’ Good morning, respected judges and the esteemed audience, today I have got the privilege of speaking in support of the Motion ‘The Internet cannot replace a classroom teacher’.
It is indeed a truth that internet can solve a bulk of problems and provides with all the necessary answers with illustrations to the students but it cannot replace a classroom teacher as it is devoid of any kind’of emotion which is very much required while teaching children. During teaching, teachers have to face all types of students with different mental labilities and thus they adjust their teaching pattern according to tjiem. They motivate their students accordingly and help the weaker section of students in coming up. There are some queries which cannot be solved by the internet but only a teacher can resolve it. The teacher understands the emotions and sentiments of the children; they realize the positive as well as negative feelings of the students. Teachers help us to remain alert and active in the classroom during teaching whereas a machine can never ‘ be. Besides, Internet can never beat the knowledge of human beings. It’s not necessary that all the information provided by internet is genuine. The question is that from where has all the information or knowledge on internet come? It is we humans only that has it into the computers.
In the end, 1 would like to say that a machine can never replace a living and breathing knowledgeable person.
OR
‘Water, a valuable asset,
conservation at home and at school
Honorable Principal, respected Teachers and dear friends! Good Morning. I am Karuna, student of class XII. It is a great * opportunity for me to share my views on the topic ‘Water, a valuable asset, conservation at home and at school’ in today’s assembly.
Water scarcity today has become a big issue which if not dealt with in time, will turn out to be a hazard. With the increasing population, people are facing the problem of acute water shortage. People waste water in many ways which include washing cars, bathing animals, construction work, leaving taps running, etc. Apart from this, we can see leaking water pipes at many places which should be repaired at once. Children and women should be taught not to leave the taps running while brushing the teeth or washing utensils and clothes. At home, water used for washing fruits and vegetables can be used for gardening purpose.
To make the people aware to conserve water, importance of rain water harvesting and the method to recycle the water should be explained. Without water there is no life. Public should be encouraged to improve water management practices that reduce die wastage of water and enhance the beneficial use of , water. Some ancient methods of water conservation should also be practised. In case the water is not used wisely by anyone, then heavy fine should be imposed.

Question.7. For admission to colleges, there is a lot of competition today. For one available seat there are hundreds of candidates. Such a situation leads to stress on the minds of students ip the schools. However, the practice of Yoga can help them on feel calm and stress free. Write an article in 150-200-words on the topic, ‘Importance of Yoga to students/ You are Karan/Karuna.
OR
While watching TV what we generally dislike most are commercial breaks, yet, a number of advertisements do add to our information. Write an article in 150-200 words on. Advertisements as a source of information. You are Karuna/ Karan.
Answer. 
Importance of Yoga to Students By Karuna
Today’s sedentary lifestyle has given invitation to many’diseases where man has limited time to spare ‘ for his health. But practicing yoga helps to keep a person away from several health problems. It is the science that cures many serious diseases and helps the mind as well as body to remain sound. It helps in maintaining balance between mental and social status of a human being. With regular practice of yoga, we tend to become more sensitive to the kind of food our body asks. A few minutes of yoga helps in getting relief from stress. It helps detox the body and de-stress the mind. We all want to live in a peaceful atmosphere and surrounded by nature, but we hardly realize that peace can be found within us. Yoga is the best way to calm a disturbed mind. On the other hand, yoga postures massage organs and strengthen muscles; breathing techniques and meditation release stress and improve immune system. Yoga and meditation work on keeping the mind happy and peaceful. When we feel drained out of energy, a few minutes spend on yoga provides the freshness and energy. It also helps in improving body posture. Today, students face many problems due to burden of studies and feel depressed but yoga acts as the stress buster for them. In many schools yoga has been practiced on daily basis as a part of the curriculum. It is gaining popularity not only in India but in European countries also.
In the end I would like to tell that yoga is a continuous process, so keep practicing!
OR
Advertisements as a source of information
By Karuna
Advertisements have become an inseparable part of our life. We can’t get away from them as they have surrounded us from all sides. Go out of the house and we can see various hoardings displaying one or the other things, switch on television and they start attacking us in between the serials and movies. Even news chinnels are interrupted by them. In all we can say that we can’t escape from the advertisements. .
But there are certain things.that can be said in favor of advertisements. The cost of production is lowered when the advertisers give the money to newspapers, magazines, radio and television. Advertising is a way of delivering proper message to the customers. This way we get the information as well as knowledge of various products. Advertisements help in drawing customers to the business. It benefits the consumers also as there is competition between the manufacturers and they try to sell their products at lower cost than the other. Buyers on the other hand get wider choice to select the product according to their pockets and taste. They inform us about all the new products which are launched in the market. Without them we would not be able to know about the new things and its benefits. Therefore, advertisements seek to generate increase in consumption of a product or a service by introducing it to the target consumers.

Question.9. Answer any four of the following questions in 30-40 words each:
(a) All we have to fear is fear itself. When did Douglas learn this lesson ?
(b) Why did the iron master speak kindly to the peddler and invite him home ?
(e) What was his German teacher’s opinion of Evan’s proficiency in German ?
(f) According to Zitkala-Sa what does ‘eating by formula’ mean ?
Answer. (a) Douglas had near to death experience of drowning and the fear of water took control of his physical and mental strength. Finally, he decided to overcome this fear because of his interest in water activities like canoeing, swimming, fishing, boating etc. He decided to get an instructor and. learn to swim. He practiced for one hour daily for five days a week. He learnt to exhale in water and exhale after coming out of it. He swam two miles across the Lake Wentworth. Thus, he had experienced both the sensation of dying and the terror can produce. He was finally able to overcome his fear of water. ‘
(b) The iron master took the peddler for an old regimental Comrade, Nils Olof. He considered the peddler as an old acquaintance who had fallen on evil days so he talked to him kindly and invited him to come home to help him.
(e) Evans’ German tutor started giving him tuitions for six months in night classes in the prison itself.Evans wanted to take the (O)level examination in German. When he was permitted by the Governor and the Board to take the examination, his tutor came to meet him the day before.
He wished him good luck but said that he had hardly any ‘chance of getting through’. But Evans gave an ironical twist by saying that he would surprise everybody.
(f) On the first day in the land of apples, Zitkala noticed very unusual thing. All the girls were lined up who were marching into the dining room. These were Indian girls, in stiff shoes and closely clinging dresses. When the first bell rang, all pupils pulled out their chairs from under the table. On the second bell everybody sat down and picked up their knife and fork and began eating. She called this ‘eating by formula.’

 

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science All India – 2012

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question Numbers 1 to 10 are of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3.  Question Numbers 11 to 20 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question Numbers 21 to 30 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question Numbers 31 to 35 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
6. Question Number 35 is based on the map. Write the answer in your Answer-Book.

SET -I

Question.1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
The South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed by the members of in the year.
Answer. The South Asian Free Trade Agreement was singed by the members of SAARC in the year 2004

Question.2. What is meant by ASEAN way ?
Answer. ASEAN way is a forum of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative. It was initiated to promote ^>EAN as supernational structures and institutions.

Question.3. Correct and rewrite the following statement:
USSR/Russia used veto power 92 times till 2006.
Answer. USSR/Russia used veto power 122 times till 2006.

Question.4. How is balance of power a component of traditional security ?
Answer. Balance of power is a component of traditional security as it implies a balance between bigger and smaller countries.
This balance is maintained to countercheck the threat to security.

Question.5. In which year was the First General Election held in India ?
Answer. The First General Election was held in 1952 in which the Congress party scored a big victory.

Question.6. What was the main objective of the Second Five Year Plan ?
Answer. The main objective of the Second Five Year Plan was industrialisation.
The Second Five year plan was drafted by a team of economists and planners under the leadership of P.C.Mahalanobis. This plan stressed on heavy industries.

Question.7. What is meant by defection ?
Answer. Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/she is elected and joins another party.
The new culture developed in the “Indian politics after 1967 election”

Question.8. The results of which elections were called ‘political earthquake’ ?
Answer. The word “Political earthquake” signifies the electoral verdict of fourth general election in
1967 which Jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels.

Question.9. What was Chipko movement ?
Answer. (i) Chipko movement was a protest move of hugging the trees to prevent them from being cut down.
(ii) It was a novel tactic opted by villages for protesting against the practice of commercial logging that the government had permitted.

Question.10. Whose mediation resolved the ‘Indus River Waters Dispute’ between India and Pakistan:
Answer. (i) Indus River Water Dispute between India and Pakistan was resolved with the mediation of World Bank in 1960.
(ii) With the help of the World Bank India and Pakistan signed the “Indus Waters Treaty”.

Question.11. Mention any two characteristics of the Soviet economy during the Cold War days.
Answer. With the end of the second world war and in the cold war era, the Soviet Union became a great power. The Soviet Economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except for the US.
Complex Communications network and vast energy resources:
(i) It had a complex communications network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel; machinery production, and a transport sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.
Advanced Domestic Consumer industry:
(i) Soviet Union had a domestic consumer industry that produced every thing from pins to cars, through their quality didn’t match that of the western capitalist countries.
Minimum standard of living:
(i) The Soviet State ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens and the Government subsidised basic necessities including health, education for children and other welfare schemes.
Absence of Unemployment :
(i) In Soviet state there was no unemployment. State ownership was the dominant form of ownership, land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state.
Above economic conditions show that the Soviet state had prosperous and developed economy and to some extent it was at par with west economy.

Question.12. Mention the duration of the First and the Second World Wars.
Answer. (i) The duration of the First World War was 1914-1918 i.e. Consecutive 4 years.
(ii) The duration of the Second World War was 1939-45 i.e. approx. – 6 years

Question.13.Write the four forms of power which reflect the US hegemony.
Answer.In the unipolar world US enjoys prosperous position in the sphere of technology and world economy:

1.  In today’s world scenario the US is present in all parts of the world, in all sectors of the world economy and in all areas of technology.
2.  The Internet, a global public good, is the direct outcome of a US military research project that began in 1950. Not only this, most of the Internet operations rely on a global network satellites owned by the US government.
3.  The US share of the world economy remains an enormous 28 per cent. It also accounts for 15 per cent of the world trade as compared to the intra European Union Trade.
4.  Above all, an American firm is in the “top three list” in every sector of world economy.
   In the cultural sphere hegemony implies class accendancy in the social, political and particularly ideological spheres. Whether we choose to recognise the fact or not, all ideas of the good life and personal success, most of the dreams of individuals and societies across the globe, are dreams churned out by practices prevailing in twentieth century America.

Question.14.What was ‘Operation-Enduring Freedom’?
Answer.The US response to 9/11 was swift and ferocious. The then President Bush had a much harder view of US interests and of the means by which to advance them.
(i) As a part of its Global war on terror, the US launched Operation Enduring Freedom against all those suspected to be behind this attack, mainly Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
(ii) The US forces made arrests all over the world, often without the knowledge of the government of the persons being arrested, transported these persons across countries and detained them in secret prisons.
(iii) Some of the prisoners were kept at Guantanamo Bay, a US naval base in Cuba where prisoners did not enjoy the protection of International law.

Question.15.Define Geo-politics.
Answer.“Resources Geopolitics is the geographical political affairs concerned with the allocation and distribution of natural resources among the nation-states of Global arena.
(i) Resource geopolitics is all about who gets what, when, where and how.
(ii) Here, they have also been the focus of inter-state rivalary and western geopolitical thinking about resources which has been dominated by the relationship of trade, war and power, at the core of which were overseas resources and maritime navigation.
(iii) For instance critical importance of ensuring uninterrupted supply of strategic resources, in particular oil was well established both during the First World War and the Second World War.

Question.16.Name the original states from which the following states were carved out?
Answer.(a) Meghalya – Assam (b) Gujarat – Maharashtra

Question.17.Explain the role played by Sardar Patel in the integration of Princely States into the Indian Union.
Answer.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel also known as the Iron man of India was India’s deputy prime Minister and the home minister during the integration of Indian states. He played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states firmly but diplomatically and bringing most of them into Indian union.
It was a very complicated task which required skilful persuasion. For example, there were 26 small states in today’s Odisha. Saurashtra region of Gujarat had 14 big states, 119 small states and numerous other administrations.

Question.18. When and why did India sign the twenty-year ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ with the Soviet Union ?
Answer. (i) India signed the twent – year Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Soviet Union in 1971.
(ii) The Indian government felt that India needed diplomatic and possibly military support during Bangladesh crisis.

Question.19. Which action of the Government of India threatened the fishworkers’ lives in a major way ? Which organisation did they form at the national level ?
Answer. (i) The term N.F.F. stands for National Fish workers Forum.
(ii) The fish workers’ life was threatened in a big way when the government permitted entry to mechanised trawlers and technologies like bottom trawling for large-scale harvesting of fish in the Indian Ocean.

Question.20. Political equations in coalition governments are unstable. How was this concept reflected in the formation of National Front Government in 1989 and United Front Government in 1996 ?
Answer. The Era of coalitions could also be seen in 1989 elections. The Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha but did not have a clear majority. It also decided to act as opposition party. This led to the formation of the National Front (Alliance of Janta Dal and many regional parties). It received two major supports (not expected as such) from The BJP and the Left Front. Though The BJP and the Left Front did not join the government they gave support from the outside. The Coalition Era had many Prime Ministers and some of them held office for short durations. Some of them were

The coalition era saw that no single party could enjoy majority on its own as in the past decades and also the strengthening of Regional Parties.
Rise and fall of two coalition governments :

1.  The first coalition government in the late 1980s was formed by the National Front under the leadership of V.P. Singh.
   Both The BJP and Left Front supported V.P. Singh because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. The Mandal Commision Report and implementation of its recommendations forced The BJP to reconsider its support and finally withdraw it. Thus in November 1990, the rule of National Front came to an end.
2. BJP came to power for the first time in May 1996 as a minority government but it was for just a month. In June 1996, The BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus had to quit.

Question.21. Explain the ‘Cuban Missile Crisis’.
Answer.

1. Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union, received both displomatic and financial aid from it. In 1961, the leaders of the then USSR were worried that USA might invade Cuba and overthrow President Fidel Castro. During such a situation, the leader of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base. In 1962, he had set up nuclear missiles in Cuba. These missiles could be at close range to the US and even reach upto Canada.
2.  Americans became aware only after three weeks that the Soviet Union had placed nuclear weapons in Cuba. Kennedy ordered American warships to stop and check any Soviet ship moving towards Cuba as a way of warning to the USSR.
3.  It was also feared that Cuba might have learnt the technology behind nuclear weapons that would be anytime danger to the US prosperity.
4.  The Cuban crisis also led US to suspect all Soviet-aided countries and forced it to set up military blocs in different parts of the world as NATO, SEATO and CENTO.

Question.22. Describe any two major constraints of the U.S. hegemony.
Answer. Institutional Architecture: The very first constraint lies in the institutional architecture of the American state. A system ofdivision of powers between the three branches of government places significant brakes upon the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of America’s military power by the executive branch.
Open nature of American society possesses constraint: The second constraint on American hegemony is also domestic in nature and stems from the open nature of American society. In spite of mass media’s promotion or imposition of a particular perspective on domestic opinion in the US, there is nevertheless a deep scepticism regarding the purposes and methods of government in American political culture.

Question.23. Name one country each from the continents of America, Africa, Asia and Europe, wherein the UN ‘Peacekeeping Operations’ were administered.
Answer. Countries were the UN Peacekeeping Operations were admfnstered.

1.  America – Haiti-2004
2.  Africa – Ethiopia and Eritrea-2000
3.  Asia -India and Pakistan-1949
4.  Europe – Georgia-1993

Question.24. How is global poverty a source of insecurity ? Explain.
Answer. ‘Global Poverty’ is one of the important sources of insecurity which threatened the entire development of global era. It refers to a situation in which a poor country suffers from
(i) slow economic growth(ii) low national income (iii) low standard of living and (iv) less calories
intake among the people with high population growth.
According to the recent data, half the world’s population growth occurs in most of the developing countries like India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Among the world’s poorest countries, population is expected to treble in the next 50 years. Hence low incomes and high population growth reinforce each other to make poor states and poor groups get poorer.
Implications
Globally, this poverty creates disparity between the northern and southern countries of the world.
Poverty in the South has also led to a large-scale migration to seek a better life (especially better economic opportunities) in the North.
All this created international political frictions, as International law and norms make a distinction between migrants and refugees. In this regard states are generally supposed to accept refugees, but they do not have to accept migrants.

Question.25. ‘Let the polluters pay’. Support this statement with any two suitable arguments.
Answer. “Let the polluters pay” is the statement quoted by the developing countries of south to the developed countries of north at the negotiations between south and north countries over environmental pollution.
It is very significant that compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save planet Earth. But there is a difference in the approach to environment between the countries of the North and the South. We can throw light on the ongoing negotiations between the North and south on environmental issues in such a manner:
The developed countries of the north want to discuss the environment issue as it stands now and want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation.
At the same time the developing countries of the south feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries.
And if developed countries have caused more degradation they must also take- more responsibility for ongoing damage now.
On the other side the developing countries are in the process of industrialization and they must not be subjected to the same restrictions which apply to the developed countries.
However, the special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application and interpretation of rules of International Environmental Law. And this argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the “Earth Summit in 1992 under the principle of common but differentiated responsibility.

Question.26. “Globalisation has shifted power from nation-states to global consumers.” Justify the statement.
Answer. Globalisation has shifted power from nation-state to global consumers. This can be justified in the context of which globalisation has reduced the state capacity to govern.
To some extent under its arena globalisation affects traditional concept of state sovereignty. It also results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do.

1.  All over the world, the old welfare state is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions i.e., the maintenance of law and order.
2.  However it withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well being.
3.  In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

Thus, the entry and the increased role of MNCs all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of government to take decisions on its own.
Positive Impacts of Globalisation are as follows :

1. Helps in development and strengthening of domestic economies of developing countries.
2. Improved productive efficiency and healthy competition.
3.  New cultural values are moving towards old traditions and customs

Question.27. Match the following.

Answer.

Question.28. Explain any two features of Indian nuclear policy.
Answer. India’s Nuclear policy advocates ‘no first use’ and reiterates India’s commitment to global
verification on non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world.

1.  The nuclear programme in India was initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of H.J. Bhabha.
2. When China conducted a nuclear test in 1964, India realised its strategic importance.
3.  India’s first nuclear experiment was conducted in 1974. India declared that it was only for peaceful purposes.
4. At the same time India refused to sign the CTBT in 1995 because of its discriminatory nature.
5.  Later on, India also conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes.

Question.29. “1960s were labelled as the ‘dangerous decade’ Explain with the help of any four arguments.
Answer. The 1960s was labelled as the ‘dangerous decade’ because of some unresolved problems like poverty, inequality and communal and regional divisions.
There was speculation that all these could lead to a failure of the democratic project or even the disintegration of the country.

1.  Economic Crisis— Due to the India-China and Indo-Pak war there was economic crisis in India. So the government of Indira Gandhi decided to devalue the Indian rupee to check economic crisis. Consequently, the economic situation triggered a price rise.
2.  Political Earthquake— The election of 1967 was termed as the Political Earthquake because it jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated.
3.  Food Crisis— Besides, due to failure of monsoons, drought occurred and this created a serious food crisis in India during 1960s.
   Hence, there was speculation that all these challenges could lead to failure of the democratic project or even the disintegration of the country.

Question.30. What was the main outcome of the Rajiv Gandhi – Longowal Accord in July 1985 ?
Answer. The Punjab Accord was an agreement signed between the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal, the then President of the Akali Dal in 1985.
This agreement is known as the “Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord” or the Punjab Accord. It was a step towards bringing normalcy in Punjab.
Main provisions of the Accord :

1.  Under this accord, it was agreed that Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.
2.  A separate commission would be appointed to resolve the border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
3.  A tribunal would be set up to decide the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajsathan.
4. The agreement also provided for compensation to and better treatment of those affected by militancy in Punjab and the withdrawal of the application of Armed Forces Special Powers Act in Punjab.

However, peace did not come easily or immediately. The cycle of violence continued nearly for a decade.
(a) Militancy and counter insurgency violence led to excesses by the police and violation of the human rights.
(b) Politically it led to fragmentation of the Akali Dal.
(c) Thus, the central government had to impose President’s rule in the state and the normal electoral and political process was suspended.
(d) It was not easy to restore the political process in the atmosphere of suspicion and violence. For example when elections were held in Punjab in 1992, only 24 per cent of the electors turned out to vote.
All these in turn added to tension between Punjab and its neighbouring states.

Question.31. What is the relevance of the Non-aligned Movement after the end of Cold War ? Explain.
Or
Analyse Indian’s changing relationship with post-communist Russia
Answer. Non-alignment as a strategy evolved in the Cold War context, but the end of “Cold War” and a unipolar world did not see the end of the non-alignment.
Non-alignment still contains some core values and end-using ideas.
• Its emphasis has shifted from “political issues to economic issues”.
• Liberalisation of third world economies for rapid development of the countries of south now remains the main concern of NAM.
• Issues like democracy, disarmament, human rights and neo-colonialism are as relevant today as earlier.
With the disintegration of the erstwhile USSR, there is only one super power therefore, it is very essential for NAM to make sincere efforts to check USA from taking unilateral decisions.
• Now its emphasis has also shifted towards poverty alleviation, New International Economic Order based on equality, equity and justice and promotion of industrialisation.
NAM must make efforts to reshape and democratise the United Nations so that the domination of powerful countries is checked.
Besides, NAM must ensure that in the era of Globalisation, liberalism and explosion of Information Technology (IT), the developed and developing nations derive the maximum benefit and are not allowed to be exploited.
Therefore, the concept of non-alignment is applicable even in normal situation. Its essence is that every international issue is discussed on merit. This is an attitude which must be reflected in international affairs.
Or
India should maintain a healthy relation ship with Russia because, Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of tru^t and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions.
• Common view on the multipolar world order : Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world order. For both these countries multipolar world order is the co-existence of several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated settlements of international conflicts an independent foreign policy for all countries and decision making through bodies like the UN that should be strengthened, democratised and empowered.
• India’s stand towards Russia : India gets meaningful benefits for having healthy relations with Russia on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to central Asia, and balancing its relation with China.
• Russia’s stand towards India: Like India Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
Besides, Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. Since India is an oil importing nation, so Russia is important to India and has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis.
In order to meet the demands of energy India is trying to increase it energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakihstan and Turkimenistan. This also broadened the scope for partnership and investment in oilfields.
India has also strengthened its relation with Russia for her nuclear energy plans and space industry. India gets the cryogenic rocket from Russia whenever it needed it.
Thus, we may safely conclude that India has maintained good relations with all the post¬communist countries. But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India.

Question.32. Why is the European Union considered a highly influential regional organisation in the economic, political and military fields ?
Or
No region exists in a vacuum. It is influenced by outside powers and events no matter how much it may try to insulate itself from non-regional powers. China and the United States remain key players in South Asian politics. Sino-Indian relations have improved significantly in the last ten years, but Cina’s strategic partnership with Pakistan remains a major irritant. The demands of development ana globalisation have brought the two Asian giants closer, and their economic ties have multiplied rapidly since 1991.
Study the paragraph given above carefully and answer the following questions :
(i) Which two countries have been referred to as ‘outside powers’ ?
(ii) Which are the two Asian giants and why have they been called so ?
(iii) China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan is a major irritant for which country and why ?
Answer. As a supranational organisation, the European Union intervenes in economic, political and social areas. It has thus, economic, political diplomatic and military influence.
As far as the economic nature/aspect of European Union is concerned, it is considered as the World’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005, slightly larger than that of the united states.
(a) European Union’s economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.
(b) Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the United States.
(c) Its uniform currency, the euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
(d) Moreover, European Union also functions as an important bloc in international organisations such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
In this way, as a supranational organisation, the European Union is able to intervene in Economic Areas.
Besides being the world’s biggest economy European Union also has political and diplomatic influence in the world arena. Political and Diplomatic Aspects.
The European Union has a great influence on some of the UN policies because its two members, Britain and France, hold permanent seats in the UN security Council. It also includes several non-permanent members of the UNSC.
Not only this, European Union has its very effective influence in the arenas of diplomacy, economic investments and negotiations except coercion and military force. For example European Union’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation seemed to be very effective.
“European Union” was established in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The European
Union was started as an Economic Union but over time it has evolved from Economic Union
to increasingly political one. „ .
Hence, the EU now has started to act more as a nation-state.
(a) It has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile soviet bloc.
(b) Besides, European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
(c) It has also some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
Or
(i) China and United States have been refered to as “outside powers”.
(ii) China and India are the two Asian giants.
They are called so because of their population ratio and fastest economic growth in the world.
(iii) China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan is a major irretant for India because of Pakistan’s anti-Indian outlook.

Question.33. How was ‘one party dominance’ in India different from the ‘one party system’ of Mexico ? In your opinion, which of the two political systems is better and why ?
Or
Explain the main arguments in the debate that ensued between industrialisation and
agricultural development at the time of Second Five Year Plan.
Answer. Main differences between Mexico and India under one party domination were as follows:

1.  Mexico one party domination i.e. the domination of Institutional Revolutionary Party was based on the “Perfect dictatorship” whereas, in India the Congress Party’s domination was based on “popular consensus”.
2. In Mexico the elections were often rigged and manipulated by the ruling party i.e. PRI but in India elections were based on competition among political parties.
   (a) ‘One party dominant systems’ means that a single party enjoys monopoly of power over a long period of time and exclusion of other parties to reach the power.
   (b) No. The dominance of one party did not mean that India was really not a democracy. Even though Congress had domihahce Era, the Indian political system is still democratic for the following reasons:
   (i) Open nature of the Indian political system, i.e., existence of multi-party system.
   (ii) At the time of independence, there was no strong political party except the Congress.
   (iii) The role of Congress during our freedom struggle could be remembered and people cast votes as their tribute to the Congress leaders.
   (iv) The regional parties gained importance at national levels and multi-party system had come into the picture since 1989.
   (v) The advancement in the electoral system (electronic voting machine, common platform for political agenda) strengthened the democratic pattern.
   (vi) Active participation of women and improvement in Panchayat Raj system and its success express Indian political system as democratic.

Or
The strategy of development followed after independence raised some key controversies regarding the relevance of agriculture over industry at the time of Second Five Year Plan.

1.  At the time of the commencement of Second Five Year Plan many thought that the second plan lacked an agrarian strategy for development and emphasis on industry caused agriculture and rural India to suffer.
2.  J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian Economist, proposed an alternative blueprint that put greater emphasis on rural industrialisation.
3.  Chaudhary Charan Singh, the Bharatiya Lok Dal leader, said that planning was leading to the creation of prosperity in urban and industrial sections at the cost of rural welfare.

Whereas, others thought that without a drastic increase in industrial production there could be no escape from the cycle of poverty.

1. They argued that Indian Planning did not have an agrarian strategy to boost the production of foodgrains.
2.  It also proposed programmes of community development and spent large sums on irrigation projects. And the failure was not that of policy but of its non-implementation because of the politics of land owning classes.
3.  They argued that even if the government had spent more money on agriculture it would not have solved the massive problem of rural poverty.

Question.34. What was Narmada Bachao Andolan ? What were its main issues ? What democratic strategy did it use to put forward its demands ? 
Or
In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts in 1989, a consensus appeared to have emerged among most parties. Explain any three points of consensus.
Answer. Narmada Bachao Andolan was a loose collective local organisation’s movement to save river Narmada. This movement opposed the construction of multi-purpose project known as the Narmada Sagar Project.

1.  Since its inception the Narmada Bachao Andolan linked its opposition to the Sardar Sarovar Project with larger issues concerning the nature of ongoing developmental projects, efficacy of the model of development that the country followed and about what constituted public interest in a democracy.
2. Thus, the movement demanded proper and just rehabilitation of all those who were directly or indirectly affected by the project.
3. The NBA movement also questioned the nature of decision making processes that go in the making of mega scale development projects.
4. The NBA also insisted that local communities must have a say in such decisions and that they should also have effective control over natural resources like water, land and forests.

Criticism against Narmada Bachao Andolan –

1. Gujarat state government vigorously opposed the argument and agitation of the movement because state has been benefitted from the project. Besides,
2.  The movement’s demand to stop the construction of the dam was severely criticised by many leaders and environmentalists on the grounds as :
   (a) The obstruction to the process of development
   (b) Denial to the access to water to many people and
   (c) Hurdle to economic development.
   Thus, the Narmada Bachao Andalan could not gain much support among the main stream political parties including the opposition parties.

Or
In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties or many crucial issues. This consensus consists of four elements.

1. Agreement on new economic policies : While many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
2. Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes : Political parties have recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result all political parties now support reservation of seats for the backward classes in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get adequate share of power.
3. Acceptance of the role of state level parties in governance of the country: The distinction between state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important.
4. Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement : Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements thus, most parties of the NDA did not agree with the Hindutva ideology of the BJP, yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.
   All these are momentous changes are going to shape politics in the near future.

Question.35. Describe any three weaknesses and any three points of strength of India’s democracy that came to light during the Emergency of 1975.
Or
In the given political outline map of India, six states have been indicated by (A), (B), (C), (D),(E) and (F). Identify them with the help of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with their respective Serial No. and the alphabet concerned as per the following table:


(i) Two states where the Congress party got majority and formed the government.
(ii) Two states where the breakaway Congress legislators played an important role in installing non-Congress governments.
(iii) A state where Congress parly did not get majority but formed the government with the help of other parties.
(iv) The state where’Popular United Front’came into power.
Answer. The emergency at once brought out both the weaknesses and the strengths of India’s democracy. Though there are many observers who think that India ceased to be democratic during the emergency. It is noteworthy that normal democratic functioning resumed within a short span of time. Hence, we learnt some lessons :
(i) The very first lesson we learnt is that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India.
(ii) Secondly, it brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the constitution that have been rectified since. Now, internal emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of “armed rebellion” and it is necessary that the advice to the president to proclaim emergency must be given in writing by the council of ministers.
(iii) The third lesson we learnt is that the emergency made every one more aware of the value of civil liberties.
The courts too have taken* an active role after the emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individual. This is a response to the inability of the judiciary to protect civil liberties effectively during the emergency.
Critics view on emergency
(a) Critics of emergency point out that most of these promises by the government remained unfulfilled.
(b) They question the use of preventive detention on such a large scale.
(c) There were other and more serious allegations regarding the exercise of government power by people who held no official position, for example Sanjay Gandhi, the younger son of Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
Not only this the emergency directly affected lives of common people in many cases like- torture and custodial deaths, arbitrary relocation of poor people and over-enthusiasm about population control led to cases of compulsory sterilisation.
These instances show what happens where the normal democratic process is suspended.
Or

SET-II

Question.1. How is alliance building a component of traditional security ?
Answer. Alliance building is one of the important components of traditional security to the threats. It deals with the alliance or agreement between states or nations. It is a coalition of states that coordinates their actions to defer or defend against military attack.

Question.5. Students of which two states started agitation against the rising food prices in 1974 ?
Answer. The students of Bihar and Gujarat started the agitation against the rising food prices in 1974.

Question.12. What is ‘cultural homogenisation’ ? Give an example to show that its consequence is not negative.
Answer. Cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation which signifies uniform culture and common nature.
Cultural Aspect: As far as cultural consequences are concerned, it would be a mistake to assume that cultural consequences of globalisation are only .negative. Actually they are not a static thing. Sometimes external influences simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional culture/norms. For example blue jeans can go well with hand-spun Khadi.
So, we can safely say that globalisation broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenisation.

Question.15.When and between whom was the Shimla Agreement signed ?
Answer.The Shimla Agreement was signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar AN Bhutto on 3 July 1972 to formalise Return of Peace between India and Pakistan over the issue of Bangladesh.

Question.17.What is meant by decentralised planning ?
Answer.Decentralised Planning was launched in 1989 by the Kerala state government. It was the new democratic Initiative which involved campaigns for development designed to involve people directly in development activities through voluntary citizens organisations.
This plan also involves people in making plans at the Panchayat, block and district level.

Question.24.Match the following?

Answer.

Question.25.What was the Tibet issue ? How did India help the Tibetan migrants to settle down ?
Answer.

1. Tibet the Plateau of central Asian region is the one of the major issues that historically caused tension between India and China.
2.  Very often China had claimed administrative control over Tibet and from time to time, Tibet was independent too. In 1950, China took control of Tibet. A large number of the Tibetans opposed this takeover. India tried to persuade China to recognise Tibet’s claim for Independence. Since then Tibet has become a major issue of conflict between India and China.
3. Over the last half century a large number of Tibetans have sought refuge in India and many other countries of the world.
4.  In Delhi, there are large settlements of Tibetan refugees. Dharamshala in Himachal Pardesh is perhaps the largest refuge settlement of Tibtans in India.
5.  Dalai Lama, the religious leader of Tibetans in India, has also made Dharamshala his
   home in India.
6.  Besides, in the 1950s and 1960s many political leaders and parities in India including the Socialist Party and the Jana Sangh supported the cause of Tibet’s independence.

Question.28.State four reasons as to why super-powers should have military alliances with small countries.
Answer.With their nuclear weapons and regular armies super powers were so powerful that the combined power of most of the smaller states in Asia and Africa and even in Europe, was no match to them. Yet, the smaller states were helpful to the superpowers in gaining access to:

1.  Vital resources – such as soil and minerals.
2.  Territory – from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and
   troops.
3.  Locations – from where their superpowers could spy on each other.
4.  Economic support – in that many small allies together could help pay for military
   expenses.
5. Ideological reasons – They were also important for ideological reasons like the loyalty
   of allies suggested that the super powers were winning the war
   of ideas as well.

Question.29. Explain any two factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy.
Answer. (i) Social Dominance The social dominance of the military, clergy and land owning aristocracy has led to the frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishment of military governments.
(ii) Conflict with India Pakistan’s conflict with India has made the paramilitary groups more powerful. These groups have often said that political parties and democracy in Pakistan are flawed that Pakistan’s security would be harmed by selfish- minded parties and chaotic democracy, hence, the army stay in power is justified.

Question.34. Why are India’s relations with Russia considered an important aspect of India’s foreign policy ? Explain.
Or
Explain the Eastern and the Western alliances during the Cold War period. Name any two European countries from amongst the following, which were not members of these alliances:
France, Poland, Sweden, Spain, Austria, Romania.
Answer. India’s relations with Russia are considered an important aspect of India’s foreign policy because Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests. Relations are also matched by popular perceptions.
Common view on the multipolar world order: Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world order. For both these countries a multipolar world order is the co-existence of several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated settlements of international conflicts an independent .foreign policy for all countries and decision making through bodies like the UN that should be strengthened, democratised and empowered.
• India’s stand towards Russia : India gets meaningful benefits for having healthy relations with Russia on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to central Asia, and balancing its relation with China.
• Russia’s stand towards India : Like India Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
• Besides, Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. Since India is an oil importing nation, so Russia is important to India and has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis.
• In order to meet the demands of energy India is trying to increase it energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakihstan and Turkmenistan. This also broadened the scope for partnership and investment in oilfields.
• India has also strengthened its relation with Russia for her nuclear energy plans and space industry. India gets the cryogenic rocket from Russia whenever it needed it.
• Thus, we may safely conclude that India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries. But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India.
Or
The ‘Alliance system’ was developed by the two superpowers to expand their spheres of
influence in different parts of the world.
(i) In a world sharply divided between the two alliance systems, a state was supposed to remain tied to its protective superpower to limit the influence of the other super power and its allies.
(ii) The Alliance system led by the two super powers, therefore, threatened to divide the entire world into two camps (i) Western Alliances, (ii) Eastern Alliances.
The ideological reason of alliance system was winning the war of ideas like :

1.  The western Alliance headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism.-
2. On the other hand Eastern alliance headed by the Soviet Union was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism.
3. Sweden and Austria were not the members of these alliances of western bloc and eastern bloc.

SET – III

Question.2. On which ground was a state of emergencey declared on 25 June 1975 ?
Answer. (i) The Congress government declared a state of emergency on 25th June 1975 in response to Jayaparkash Narayan’s nationwide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi.
(ii) Observing the situation the government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a state of emergency necessary.

Question.8. What is Amnesty International ?
Answer. Amnesty International is a NGO that’ campaigns for the protection of human rights all over the world.
(i) It promotes respect for all the human rights in the universal declaration of Human Rights.
(ii) It belives that human rights are interdependent and indivisible. ‘

Question.14. Why was a case against the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh registered in the Supreme Court in 1993 ? What punishment was awarded to him ?
Answer. A case against the chief minister of Uttar Pardesh was registered in the Supreme Court in
1993 on the issue of demolition of Babri Masjid. –

1.  The case was registered in the Supreme Court for contempt of court since he had given an undertaking that the disputed structure will be protected.
2.  The state government under the then chief minster was dismissed by the centre and a commission was set up to investigate into the circumstances.

Question.19. Give any two reasons as to why issues of environment and natural resources have become a part of the world politics.
Answer. Depletion of Natural Resources: Throughout the world cultivable area is barely expanding any more and a substantial portion of existing agricultural land is losing fertility; grasslands have been overgrazed and fisheries overharvested.
Loss of Biodiversity: Natural forests which help stabilise the climate, moderate water supplies and harbour a majority of the planet biodiversity on land are being cut down and people are being displaced. The loss of biodiversity continues due to the destruction of habitat in areas which are rich in species.

Question.22. How was the 1971 war forced upon India ? Explain in brief.
Answer. The struggle for the independence of Bangladesh started when West Pakistan did not allow the Awami League, a party of East Pakistan, to prove its majority and form the government. This enraged the East Pakistanis and they rebelled which was dealt with by an army crackdown. However, India had to intervene due to the atrocities committed by the Pakistani army on the unarmed people and due to influx of lakhs of refugees into India,
The government of India supported the demand of the people of East Pakistan for independence and helped them financially and militarily.
This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971. The war ended with the surrender of the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh as an independent country.

Question.25. Describe any four weaknesses of the Soviet System.
Answer. During the cold war era the Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life difficult for its citizens. There were following reasons and situations which signify bureaucratic and authoritarian system of Soviet state like :
Lack of Democracy and absence of freedom : In the Soviet state there was “lack of democracy” and “the absence of freedom of speech” which stifled people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons.
Strict control over the institutions : Most of the institutions of the Soviet Union needed reform because the one party system-represented by the communist party of the soviet union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people.
In this way, Soviet System became a bureaucratic and authoritarian state.
The Soviet system became weak and economy stagnant because the Soviet economy used, much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet system i.e. the five central Asian Republics in particular.
This practice led to a huge economic burden that the system could not cope up with.
At the same time ordinary citizens became more knowledgeable about the economic advancement of the west. They could see the disparities between their system and the systems of the west.
Thus, the reality of its backwardness came as a political and psychological shock to the people of Soviet state.

Question.26. Describe in brief the crisis China faced before ending political and economic isolation.
Answer. After the inception of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, China followed Soviet model of economy which allowed China to use its resources to establish the foundations of an Industrial economy. Since then China was completely isolated in politics and economic areas. But at same time in the following years, China faced various problems like;

1. Economic growth was insufficient to meet the needs of a growing population.
2.  Agricultural production was not sufficient to generate surplus for industary.
3.  China’s Industrial production was not growing fast enough.
4.  International Trade was minimal and per capita income very low.
5.  Due to these crises China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States in 1972.

Question.32. “The transition from Communism to Capitalism in Pre-Soviet Republics was not a smooth one.” Explain the statement.
Or
“Non-alignment was a strategy evolved in the Cold War context” With the disintegration of the USSR has it lost its relevance ? Highlight any two suitable arguments in support of your answer.
Answer. The Shock-Therapy was the State of affairs which signifies the collapse of communism followed by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
‘Shock Therapy’ varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar.
Capitalist Economy: The shock-Therapy advocated that every country was required to make a total shift to capitalist efonomy i.e. the private ownership became a dominant pattern of ownership of property.
Private farming : Shock-Therapy involved the replacement of collective farming to private farming and capitalism in agriculture.
Free Trade: Shock-Therapy stressed on the external orientation of the economies with the free trade as the essential condition. The free trade regime and foreign direct investment [FDI] became the main engines of change. ‘
Trade alliances with west: Shock-Therapy transition also involved a break-up of the existing trade alliances among the countries of the Soviet Bloc. Each state from the bloc was supposed to be directly linked to the west instead of inter-trade alliance among the regions.
The western capitalist states now got the dominant position and thus guided and controlled the economic development of the regions.
The above features of the Shock-Therapy show the transition from authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system.
Or
Non-alignment as a strategy evolved in the Cold War context, but the end of “Cold War” and a Unipolar world did not see thd end of the non-alignment.
Non-alignment still contains some core values and end-using ideas.

1. Its emphasis has shifted from “political issues to economic issues”.
2.  Liberalisation of third world economies for rapid development of the countries of south now remains the main concern of NAM.
3.  Issues like democracy, disarmament, human rights and neo-colonialism are as relevant today as earlier.
   With the disintegration of the erstwhile USSR, there is only one super power therefore, it is very essential for NAM to make sincere efforts to check USA from taking unilateral decisions.
4. Now its emphasis has also shifted towards poverty alleviation, New International Economic Order (NIEO) based on equality, equity and justice and promotion of industrialisation.
   NAM must make efforts’to reshape and democratise the United Nations so that the domination of powerful countries is checked.
   Besides, NAM must ensure that in the era of Globalisation, liberalism and explosion of Information Technology (IT), the developed and developing nations derive the maximum benefit and are not allowed to be exploited.
   Therefore, the concept of non-alignment is applicable even in normal situation. Its essence is that every international issue is discussed on merit. This is an attitude which must be reflected in international affairs.