Bhagya

CBSE Solved Papers For Class 12 Computer Science (C++) Paper 4

SECTION ‘A’

Question 1:
(a) Find the correct identifiers out of the following, which can be used for naming variable, constants or functions in a C + + program :
While, FLOAT, Switch, – 123, + Two, Add5, typedef, First_Name
(b) Read the following code and answer the questions (i) and (ii).
void main ()
{
char name [20];
int Roll no =20;
gets (name);
puts (name);
cout«Roll no;
}
What are the header files to be included?
(c) Rewrite the following program after removing the syntactical error(s) if any Underline each correction.
#include<iostream.h>
const int Dividor 5;
void main ()
{
Number =15;
for (int count =1 count =<5; count++, Number -=3)
if (Number %Dividor==0)
cout «nuraber/Dividor «endl;
else
cout« Number+Dividor « endl;
}
(d) Find the output of the following C+ + program: [2]
#include<iostream.h>
void repch(char s [] )
{
for(int i=0;s [i] ! =’\0′;i++)
{
A( ( (i%2) !=0) &&(s [i] !=s [i + 1]))
{
S [ i ] = ‘ @’ ;
cout << “Hello”;
}
else if (s [i]==s [i + 1])
{
S [i + 1]=’ ! ‘ ;
i++;
}
}
}
void main ();
{
char str[]=”SUCCESS”;
cout<<“Original String”<<str<<endl; repch(str);
cout<<“Changed String”<<str;
}
(e) Find and write the output of the following C++ program code : [2]
Note :
Assume all required header files are already included in the program.
typedef char STRING[80]; .
STRING MIXITNOW(STRINGS)
{
int SIZE=strlen (S);
for(int I=0;I<size-1;I+=2)
{
char WS=S [I];
S[I]=S[I+1];
S[I+1]=WS;
}
for (I=1; I<size; I+=2)
if(S[I]>=’M’&& S[I]<=’U’)
S[I]=’@’;
}
void main()
{
STRING Word = “CRACKAJACK”;
STRING Str;
Str = MIXITNOW(Word);
cout<<Str<<endl;
}
(f) In the following program, find the correct possible output(s) from the options: [2]
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<iostream.h>
void main ()
{
randomize ();
char City [ ] [10]={“DEL”, “CHN”, “KOL”, “BOM”, “BNG”};
int Fly;
for (int I=0; I<3; I+ +)
{
Fly=random(2) + I;
cout«City [Fly]«”:”;
}
}
Outputs:

1. DEL:CHN:KOL:
2. CHN:KOL:CHN:
3. KOL:BOM:BNG:
4. KOL:CHN:KOL:

Solution:
(a) Adds, First_Name
(b) #include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
(c) #include<iostream.h>
const int Dividor=5;
void main ()
{
int Number = 15;
for (int count=l;
count<=5; count ++) Number-=3;
if (Number % Dividor= = 0)
{
cout«number/Dividor«endl;
}
else
cout<<Number+Dividor <<endl;
(d) Original String SUCCESS <- Hellos@C!ES!
(e) RCCAAKAJCK
(f) The possible out puts of the above program are :
CHN : KOL : CHN :
KOL : CHN : KOL :

Question 2:
(a) What is Encapsulation? Explain it with an example?
(b) Answer the questions
(i) and  (ii) after going through the following class:
class Student {
int class;
char subject [20];
public:
Student () //Function 1
{ class=12;
strcpy (subject, “C++”);
Student (char sub [J]) //Function 2
{
class=12;
strcpy (subject, Sub);
}
Student (int C) //Function 3
classic;
strcpy (subject, “C++”);
Student (char sub [ ], int c) //Function 4
{
class=c;
strcpy (subject, Sub);
};

1. Write statements in C++ that would execute Function 3 and Function 4 of class Student. [1]
2. Which feature of Object Oriented Programming is demonstrated using Function 1, Function 2, Function 3 and Function 4 in the above Class Student? [1]

(c) Define a Class Student with the following specifications:

roll-No.	integer
name	20 characters
class	8 characters
marks [5]	integer
percentage	float

Calculate () a function that calculates overall percentage of marks and returns the percentage of marks. [Assume total marks as 500 i.e., max. marks per subject is 100].
Public Members:
Readmarks () a function that read marks and invokes the calculate function, displaymarks () a function that prints the marks.
(d) Answer the questions (i) to (iv) based on the following code: class Trainer
{
char TNo [5], TName [20], Specialization [10];
int Days;
protected:
float Renumeration;
void AssignRem (float) ;
public:
Trainer ();
void TEntry ();
void TDisplay ();
}
class Learner
{
char Regno [10], LName [20], Program [10]; protected:
int Attendence, grade;
public:
Learner ();
void LEntry ();
void LDisplay ();
};
class Institute : public Learner, public Trainer
{
char ICode [10], IName [20];
public:
Institute ();
void TEntry ();
void TDisplay ();
} ;

1. Which type of Inheritance is depicted by the above example? [1]
2. Identify the member function(s) that cannot be called directly from the object of class Institute from the following: [1]
   TEntry ()
   LDisplay ()
3. What will be the size of object of class Institute ? [1]
4. If class Institute was derived privately from class Learner and privately from class Trainer, then name the member function(s) that could be accessed through, object of class Institute.

Solution:
(a) Data Encapsulation: Wrapping up of data and functions together in a single unit is known as Data Encapsulation.
Example:
class Item /* Class wraps Data & Functions together in a single unit. */.
{
int Ino: char Desc [20] ;
public: void Purchase ();
void Sale ();
};
(b)

1. For function 3 : student S(10);
   For function 4 : Student C(“cluestech”, 100);
2. Function overloading or constructor overloading or polymorphism.

(c) class Student {
private: int roll_no;
char name [20];
char clhss [8];
int Marks [5];
float percentage;
float Calculate ()
{
int sum=0;
for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
sum=sum+marks [i];
return (sum/5);
}
public:
void Readmarks ()
{
cout<<“Enter the student’s name”;
gets(name);
cout<<“\n Enter the roll no”;
cin>>roll_no;
cout«”\n Enter the student’s class”;
cin»class;
cout«”\n Enter 5 marks”;
for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
cin>>marks [i];
percentage=calculate();
}
void displaymarks ()
{
cout«”\n Name entered is”; puts (name) ;
cout«”\n Class of the student is”<<class;
cout«”\n Roll number of the student is” <<roll_no;
cout«”\n Marks entered are”;
for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
cout<<marks [i ] «” “;
cout«”\n percentage of the student is”«percentage;
}
};
(d)

1. Multiple Inheritance is depicted by the given example.
2. Both the given member functions can be called directly from the objects of the class Institute.
3. 37 bytes.
4. The member functions are:
   Institute()
   TEntry()
   TDisplay()

SECTION ‘B’ 

Question 3:
(a) An array A[10] [20] is stored in the memory along the row, with each of the element occupying 2 bytes, find out the memory location for element A[2] [5], if an element A[5] [10] is stored at the memory location 3020. [3]
(b) Write definition for a function SHOWMID (int P[][5], int R, int C) in C++ to display the elements of middle row and middle column from a two dimensional array P having R number of rows and C number of columns.
For example, If the content of array is as follows:

115	112	116	101	125
103	101	121	102	101
185	109	109	160	172

The function should display the following as output:
103 101 121 102 101 116 121 109
(c) Top is a pointer variable pointing to the top element of a Stack, with each node having the following structure declaration:
struct Stack {int Data; Stack*Next;| considering the above explanation, what does the following code do?
int count=0, Sum=0;
Stack*Temp = Top;
while (Temp —» Next!= NULL)
{ count++;
Sum+=Temp -+Data;
Temp=Temp —>Next;
}
count«Sum/count ;
Also find output if stack contains data as 10, 20, 9, 10.
(d) Given a class declaration as below to implement a Queue using a circular array. Complete the class definition with all member functions. [4]
class Queue
{
int F,R;
int Element [100];
Queue (); //To initialize F and R
void Addition (); //this function should check over flow Condition before adding elements
void Deletion () ; //this function should check empty Queue condition before deleting elements
(e) Convert the expression (x*³+y*³+z*³) / (x + y + z) into postfix expression. Show the content of the stack during the conversion.
Solution:
(a) Array is of A [10] [20].
Total rows, m = 10.
Total columns, n = 20 Width of elements, W = 2 bytes.
If it is stored along row
Formula : Address of A [I] [J] = B + W ((I-Ir)n + (J-Jc)) row = 0 & Jc = Lowest number & column = 0 Position of A [5] [10] = 3020 Therefore, 3020 = B + 2 (5 x 20 + 10)
3020 = B + 2 (110)
3020 = B + 220
B = 2800. [IV*]
Now, position of A [2] [5]
2810 + 2 (2 x 20 + 50)
2810 + 2 (45)
2810 + 90
2900.
(b) void SHOWMID (int P[][5],int R,int C)
{
If (R%2 ! =0);
int X = R + 1;
else
X = R;
If (C%2!=0)
int Y = C+1;
else
Y = R;
forCintJ=Q;J<C;J++)
cout«P[X/2] [J]«””;
cout«endl;
for(intl=0;I<R;I++)
cout«P[I] [Y/2]«””;
(c) It will calculate the average of stack values. Output will be 9.
(d) class Queue {
int F,R;
int Element [100];
Queue ()
{
R=Null;
F=Null;
}
void Addition ();
void Deletion ();
} ;
void Queue :: Addition ()
{
int val;
if ((R+l) % 100 = =F)
cout «”Queue is full”;
else
{
R=(R+l)%Element;
Element [R] =Val;
}
}
void Queue :: Deletion ()
{
int val;
if (F!=R)
{
F=(F+1)%100;
val=Element [F];
cout<< “Removed value =” <<val;
}
else
{
cout<< “Queue is empty”;}
}
}
(e) (x*³ + y*³ + z*³)/ (x+y+z)

Symbol Scanned	Stack	Expression
(	(
(	((
x	((	x
*	((*	x
3	((*	x3
+	((+	x3 *
y	((+	x3 * y
*	((+*	x3 * y
3	((+*	x3 * y3
+	((+	x3 * y3 *+
z	((+	x3 * y3 *+z
*	((+*	x3 * y3 *+z
3	((+*	x3 * y3 * + z3
)	(	x3 * y3 * z3 *+
/	(/	x3 * y3 * z3 *+

 

Symbol Scanned	Stack	Expression
(	(/(	x3 * y3 * z3 *+
x	(/(	x3 * y3 * z3 *+x
+	(/(+	x3 * y3 * z3 *+x
y	(/(+	x3 * y3 * z3 *+xy
+	(/(+	x3 * y3 * z3 *+xy+
z	(/(+	x3 * y3 * z3 *+xy+z
)	(/	x3 * y3 * z3 *+xy+z+/
)		x3 * y3 * z3 *+xy+z+/

Question 4:
(a) Observe the program segment carefully and answer the question that follows :
class Labrecord
{
int. Expno;
char Experiment[20];
char Checked;
int Marks;
pubilc:
void Enter_Exp();
void Show_Exp();
char RChecked()
{
return Checked;
}
void AssignMark(int M)
{
Marks = M;
}
};
void Modify Marks()
{
fstream File;
File.open(“Marks.Dat”,ios::binary:ios::in|ios::out);
Labrecord L;
int Rec=0;
while(File.read((char*)&L, sizeof(L)))
{
if(L.Rchecked()==’N’)
L.Assignmark(0);
else
L.AssignMark(10);
——————–//Statement 1
——————–//Statement 2
Rec ++;
}
File.Close ();
If the function ModifyMarks() is supposed to modify marks for the records in the file MARKS.DAT based on their status of the member checked (containing value either ‘Y or ‘N’). Write C++ statements for the statement 1 and statement 2 where statement 1 is required to position the file write pointer to an appropriate place in the file and statement 2 is to perform the write operation with the modified record.
(b) Write a function in C++ to count the number of uppercase alphabets present in a text file [2] “Article.TXT”
(c) Given a binary file DATABASE.DAT, containing records of the following structure type : [3]
struct product
{
int prod_id;
char grade;
float price;
};
Write a function in C++ that would read contents from the file ‘DATABASE.DAT and creates a file named ‘IMPORTED.DAT’ copying only those records from DATABASE.DAT whose price ranges from 2000 to 5000.
Solution:
(a) Statement 1: File Seekp (size of (L));
Statement 2: File write ((clear*)&L, size of (L));
(b) void Countupper()
{ int count=0; char c’h;
infstream fin (“Article . txt”) ;
while (Ifin.eof () )
{
fin»ch;
if(isupper(ch))
count ++;
}
cout «”No of uppercase characters = “«count;
fin. close () ;
}
(c) void create filed
{
ifstream fin;
ofstream fout;
fin.open (“DATABASE.DAT”, ios : :binary) ;
fout.open(“IMPORTED.DAT”, ios::binary);
product p;
while (fin.read(( char*)&p, sizeof (p) )
{
if(p.price>=2000&& p.price<=5000)
fout.write ((char*) & p, size of (p));
}
fin. close () ;
fout. close ();
}

SECTION ‘C’

Question 5:
(a) What do you understand by primary key and candidate key? [2]
(b) Consider the following tables Item and Customer. Write SQL commands for the statement (i) to (iv) and give outputs for SQL queries (v) to (viii).
Table: Item

I_Id	Manufacturer	Price	Item Name
PC01	ABC	35000	Personal Computer
LC05	ABC	55000	Laptop
PC03	XYZ	32000	Personal Computer
PC06	COMP	37000	Personal Computer
LC03	PQR	27000	Laptop

Table: Customer

C_ID	City	IJD	Customer Name
01	Delhi	LC03	N Roy
06	Mumbai	PC03	H Singh
12	Delhi	PC06	R Pandey
15	Delhi	LC03	C Sharma
16	Banglore	PC01	K Agarwal

1. To display the details of those customers whose city is Delhi. [1]
2. To display the details of Items whose price is in the range of 35000 to 55000 (Both values included) [1]
3. To display the customer Name, City from table customer and Item Name and Price from table Item, with their corresponding matching I_Id. [1]
4. To increase the price of all Items by 1000 in the table Item. [1]
5. SELECT DISTINCT City FROM CUSTOMER; [1/2]
6. SELECT Item Name, MAX (Price)
   FROM ITEMGROUP BY Item Name;
7. SELECT Customer Name, Manufacturer [1/2]
   FROM ITEM, CUSTOMER WHERE ITEM.IJd = CUSTOMER.I_Id;
8. SELECT Item Name, Price *100 VM
   FROM ITEM WHERE Manufacturer = ‘ABC’

Solution:
(a) Primary key: Primary key is the key that uniquely identifies a particular record in a file. i.e. in a table.
Candidate key:

1. If a relation scheme has more than one primary key, each is called a candidate key.
2. One of the candidate keys is arbitrarily designated to be the primary key and the others are called secondary keys.

(b)

1. SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE City = ‘Delhi’; [1]
2. SELECT * FROM Item WHERE Price > = 35000 and Price < = 55000;
3. SELECT Customer Name, City FROM Customer, Item WHERE Customer.I_Id=Item. I_Id;
4. Update Table Item Set Price=Price+1000;

City

Delhi Mumbai Banglore

6.

Item: Name	Price
Personal Computer Laptop	37.000 57.000

7.

Customer Name	Manufacturer
K Agarwal H Singh R Pandey C Sharma N. Roy	ABC XYZ COMP PQR PQR

8.

Item Name	Price
Personal computer Laptop	35.0. 00 55.0. 00

Question 6:
(a) State and define principle of duality. Why is it so important in Boolean Algebra ?
(b) Write the equivalent Boolean Expression for the following Logic Circuit: [2]

(c) Derive a Canonical SOP expression for a Boolean function F, represented by the following truth table:

p	Q	R	P(P,Q,R)
0	0	0	1
0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	0
1	0	0	0
1	0	1	0
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	1

(d) Reduce the following Boolean expression using K-map: F(a,b,c,d) = Σ(0,2,3,8,10,11).
Solution:
(a) Principal of duality : Daulity principle states that from every boolean relation another boolean . relation can be derived by :

• Changing each or sign (+) to an AND sign (-).
• Changing each AND sign (-) to an or sign (+) ex. Daul of A + A’B = A.(A’+B)

Importance in Boolean Algebra : The principle of daulity is an important concept in boolean algebra to prove various theorems.
(b) (A+B). (A+B’)
(c) F (P, Q, R) = (P+Q+R).(P+Q’+R’).(P’+Q+R).(P’+Q+R’) OR
F(P,Q,R) = π(0,3,4,S)
Note:
Deduct ½ mark if wrong variable names are used.
(d) F (a,b,c,d) = Σ(0,2,3,8,10,11)
The K-map is:

Hence F(a,b,c,d)= b’c+b’d’ + b’c = b’c + b’d’.

Question 7:
(a) Out of the following which is the fastest

1. wired and
2. wireless medium of communication.
   Infrared, Coaxial cable, Ethernet cable, Microwave, Optical fiber. [2]

(b) Expand the following terminologies: [1]

1. SMS
2. VOIP.

(c) What is MODEM? [1]
(d) Describe the following in brief: [2]

1. MOSAIC
2. Usenet

(e) ABC SWITCH GEARS LTD in Srinagar is setting up the network between its different departments located in different wings. There are 4 wings named as Manufacturing (M). Research (R), Administration (A) and Personnel (P).
Distance between various wings are :

Wing A to wing M	100 m
Wing A to wing R	200 m
Wing A to wing P	400 m
Wing M to wing R	300 m
Wing M to wing P	100 m

Wing R to wing P

450 m

Number of Computers:

Wing M	15 m
Wing R	100 m
Wing A	50 m
Wing P	150 m

1. Suggest a suitable Topology for networking the computers of all wings.
2. Name the wing where the server is to be installed. Justify your answer.
3. Suggest the placement of Hub/Switch in the network.
4. Mention an economic technology to provide Internet Accessibility to all the wings.

Solution:
(a)

1. Wired : Optical Fiber
2. Wireless : Infrared (or Microwave)

(b)

1. SMS : stands for Short Message Service.
2. VOIP : Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol.

(c) Modem : (Modulator Demodulator)

1. It is a device which converts analog signal to digital signals & vice versa.
2. It is a device used to connect and communicate with other computers.

(d)

1. MOSAIC: It is an easy method to navigate through internet. It was developed by Mark Anderson in 1993, at NCSA (National Center of Super-Computing Applications) at University of Illinois.
2. Usenet: It is a group of individuals sharing a particular interest to discuss the views regarding their interest i.e newsgroups.

(e)

1. Suitable network topology for all wings is BUS Topology.
   
2. Wing P should be used to install server as it has maximum number of computers.
3. The Hub /Switch should be installed in all the four wings.
4. The economic technology to provide Internet Accessibility to all wings is co-axial.
   Cable Network or Broadband Network.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Delhi – 2014

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question Numbers 1 to 10 are of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3.  Question Numbers 11 to 20 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question Numbers 21 to 30 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question Numbers 31 to 35 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
6. Question Number 35 is based on the map. Write the answer in your Answer-Book.

SET -I

Question.1.Which incident was related to 9/11 ? 1
Question.2. Under which plan did USA extend financial support for reviving Europe’s economy after the Second World War ? 1
Question.3. Who is the present Secretary-General of the United Nations ? 1
Question.4. Define Security. 1
Question.5. Name the leader who played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states to join the Indian Union. 1
Question.6. Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one country, one culture and one nation ? 1
Question.7. In which year was the fifth general election to Lok Sabha held ? 1
Question.8. Mention the main reason for the defeat “of Congress Party in the elections of 1977. 1
Question.9. Who represented Congress (O) and Congress (R) after the split of the Congress Party ? 1
Question.10. Which student’s group led the anti-foreigner movement in Assam ? 1
Question.11. What is meant by the Cold War ? 2
Question.12. State any two features of the Soviet System. 2×1=2
Question.13. Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962 ? 2×1=2
Question.14. List any four principal organs of the United Nations. ‘ 4x%=2
Question.15. Suggest any one effective step which would limit war or violence between countries. 2
Question.16. Differentiate between the main objectives of the First and the Second Five Year Plans. 2
Question.17. Highlight any two features of the ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. 2×1=2
Question.18. What is meant by Non-alignment ? 2
Question.19. What was the main demand of Chipko Movement ? 2
Question.20. Who was the chairperson of Mandat Commission ? State any one recommendation made by him/her. 1+1=2
Question.21. Describe any four consequences of Shock Therapy. 4×1=4
Question.22. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions that follow : l+l+2=4

(a) The mighty soldier with weapons represents which country ?
(b) Why do names of various countries appear on his uniform ?
(c) What important message does the cartoon convey to the World ?
Question.23. What is meant by the ASEAN way ? Mention any two of its objectives. 2+2=4
Question.24. Explain any two points of conflict between India and Bangladesh. 2+2=4
Question.25. As decided by the member States in 2005, highlight any four steps to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context. 4×1=4
Question.26. Mention any four political consequences of globalization. 4×1=4
Question.27. List any two merits and two demerits of the Green Revolution. 2+2=4
Question.28. Suppose you are looking after the foreign policy of India. Which four values will you like to integrate into the foreign policy ? 4×1=4
Question.29. Explain any two reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during 1971 election. 2+2=4
Question.30. In the given political outline map of India, four places have been marked A , B , C and D.
Identify them with the help of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book, along with their.serial numbers and the alphabet concerned. 4×1= 4

(i)The state associated with Narmada Bachao andolan?
(ii) The State which merged with the Indian Union in 1975.
(iii) The State related to ‘Operation Blue Star’.
(iv) The State whose one of the important leader was Lai Denga.
Question.31. What was Cuban Missile Crises ? Describe its main events.6
Or
Explain any three reasons for the disintegration of the USSR.
Question.32. Explain the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’. How and where was it emphasized upon ? 3×2=6
Or
Explain any three benefits of globalization with examples.
Question.33. What forced the Union Government of India to appoint the States Reorganisation Commission in 1953 ? Mention its two main recommendations. Name any four new States formed after 1956. 2+2+2=6
Or
Describe the various steps taken to hold the first general elections in India. How far these elections were successful ? 4+2=6
Question.34. Examine the three main reasons responsible for the split in the Congress Party during 1969.
Evaluate any three consequences of the emergency imposed in 1975. 3×2=6
Question.35. Read the passage carefully given below and answer the questions that follow : l+2+3=6
The Assam Movement from 1979 to 1985 is the best example of such movements against ‘outsiders’. The Assame suspected that there were huge numbers of illegal Bengali Muslim settlers from Bangladesh. They felt that unless these foreign nationals are detected and deported, they would reduce the indigenous Assamese into a minority. There were other economic issues too. There was widespread poverty and unemployment in Assam despite the existence of natural resources like oil, tea and coal. It was felt that these were drained out of the State without any commensurate benefit to the people. 2+2+2=6
(i) Name the group that led the movement against outsiders in 1979.
(ii) Why did the Assamese seek the detection and deportation of the outsiders ?
(iii) What were the economic issues taken up as part of the movement ?
Or
This new challenge came to the force in the 1980s, as the Janata experiment came to an end and there was some political stability at the centre. This decade will be remembered for some major conflicts and accords in the various regions of the country, especially in Assam, the Punjab, Mizoram and the developments in Jammu and Kashmir.
(i) Explain the meaning of the phrase ‘Janata experiment came to an end.’
(ii) ‘There was some stability at the centre’. What does it imply ?
(iii) Highlight any two developments in Punjab in 1980s.

SET-II

Question.2. Name any two member states of the European Union who are permanent members of the U.N. Security Council. 1
Question.4. What is the main objective of he United Nations ? 1
Question.6. Name the leader of the freedom movement of India who was popularly known as Frontier Gandhi. 1
Question.8. Who was the official Congress candidate for the post of President of India in 1969 ? 1
Question.11. List any four member countries of NATO. 2
Question.13. State any two features of the European Union that make it an influential organisation. 2×1=2
Question.17. Explain the major difference of ideology between that of the Congress and the Jana Sangh. 2
Question.19. Highlight any two main demands of the anti-arrack movement. 2×1=2
Question.23. Explain any two strategies to overcome hegemony. 2×2=4
Question.26. Explain any two ecpnomic consequences of globalization. 2×2=4
Question.29. Explain the reasons for the students movement of 1974 in Bihar and the role played by Jai Prakash Narain in this movement. 2+2=4
Question.33. Explain any three challenges faced by India at the time of its independence. 3×2=6
Or
“For a long time, Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition.” Justify the statement.

SET – III

Question.2.Name any two founder member-states of ASEAN. 1
Question.4.Mention any two agencies of the United Nations. 1
Question.6.Which political party of fndia had leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboordiripad and S.A. Dange ? 1
Question.8.What is meant by the term ‘Congress Syndicate’ ? 1
Question.11.What was the Cuban Missile Crisis ? 2
Question.13.State any two reasons for the instability of democracy in Pakistan. 2×1=2
Question.17.What is meant by the two nation theory ? 2
Question.19.Mention any two demands of Bhartiya Kisan Union. 2×1=2
Question.23.Explain any two reasons for the popular struggle in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan during 1971. 2×2=4
Question.26.What is meant by Common Property Resources ? Explain with examples. 2+2=4

CBSE previous Year Solved  Papers Class 12 Maths Outside Delhi 2014

Time allowed: 3 hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks : 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Please check that this question paper contains 26 questions.
3. Questions 1-6 in Section A are very short-answer type questions carrying 1 mark each.
4. Questions 7-19 in Section B are long-answer I type questions carrying 4 marks each.
5. Questions 20-26 in Section C are long-answer II type questions carrying 6 marks each.
6. Please write down the serial number of the question before attempting it.

SET I

SECTION – A

Question.1. If R = {(x, y): x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, write the range of R.
Solution.

Question.2.

Solution.

Question.3. If A is a square matrix such that A² = A, then write the value of 7A – (I + A)³, where I is an identity matrix.
Solution.

Question.4.

Solution.

Question.5.

Solution.

Question.6.

Solution.

Question.7.

Solution.

Question.8.

Solution.

Question.9.

Solution.

Question.10.

Solution.

SECTION – B

Question.11.

Solution.

Question.12.

Solution.


OR

Solution.

Question.13. Using properties of determinants, prove that:

Solution.

Question.14.

Solution.

Question.15.

Solution.

Question.16. Find the value (s) of x for which y = [x(x – 2)]² is an increasing function.
Solution.


OR

Solution.

Question.17.

Solution.


OR

Solution.

Question.18. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy/dx= 1 + x + y + xy, given that y = 0 when x = 1.
Solution.

Question.19.

Solution.

Question.20.

Solution.


OR

Solution.

Question.21.

Solution.

Question.22. An experiment succeeds thrice as often as it fails. Find the probability that in the next five trials, there will be at least 3 successes.
Solution.

SECTION – C

Question.23. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of sincerity, truthfulness and helpfulness. The school A wants to award Rs x each, Rs y each and Rs z each for the three respective values to 3,2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of Rs 1, 600. School B wants to spend Rs 2,3000 to award its 4,1 and 3 students on the respective values (by giving the same award money to the three values as before). If the total amount of award for one prize on each value is Rs 900, using matrices, find the award money f or each value. Apart from these three values, suggest one more value which should be considered for award.
Solution.



Apart from the three values, sincerity, truthfulness and helpfulness, another value for award should be discipline.

Question.24. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be described in a sphere of radius r is 4r/3. Also show that the maximum volume 3 of the cone is 8/27 of the volume of the sphere.
Solution.

Question.25.

Solution.

Question.26. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are (- 1, 2), (1,5) and (3,4).
Solution.

Question.27. Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes x + y + z=1 and 2x+3y+4z=5 which is perpendicular to the plane x – y + z = 0. Also find the distance of the plane obtained above, from the origin.
Solution . Equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the planes.

OR

Solution.

Question.28. A manufacturing company makes two types of teaching aids A and B of Mathematics for class XII. Each type of A requires 9 labour hours of fabricating and 1 labour hour for finishing. Each type of B requires 12 labour hours for fabricating and 3 labour hours for finishing. For fabricating and finishing, the maximum labour hours available per week are 180 and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit of Rs 80 on each piece of type A and Rs 120 on each piece of type B. How many pieces of type A and type B should be manufactured per week to get a maximum profit ? Make it as an LPP and solve graphically. What is the maximum profit per week ?
Solution.

Question.29. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is also a biased coin that comes up tails 40% of the times. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, and it shows heads. What is the probability that it was the two-headed coin ?
Solution. Let A be the two headed coin, B be the biased coin showing up heads 75% of the times and C be the biased coin showing up tails 40% (i.e., showing up heads 60%) of the times.


OR
Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find the probability distribution of the random variable X, and hence find the mean of the distribution.
Solution.

SET II

Note: Except for the following questions, All the remaining question have been asked in previous set.

SECTION – A

Question.9.

Solution.

Question.10.

Solution.

SECTION – B

Question.19. Using properties of determinants, prove that

Solution.

Question.20.

Solution.

Question.21. Find the particular solution of the differential equation x(1 + y²) dx – y(1 + x²) dy = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 0.
Solution.

Question.22.

Solution.

SECTION – C

Question.28.

Solution.

Question.29. Prove that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 2R/√3. Also find the maximum volume.
Solution.

SET III

Note: Except for the following questions, All the remaining question have been asked in previous set.

SECTION – A

Question.9.

Solution.

Question.10.

Solution.

SECTION-B

Question.19. Using properties of determinants, prove that:

Solution.

Question.20.

Solution.

Question.21. Find the particular solution of the differential equation log (dx/dy) =3x + 4y given that y = 0 when x = 0.
Solution.

Question.22.

Solution.

SECTION-C

Question.28. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side of a right triangle is given, show that the area of the triangle is maximum, when the angle of between them is 60°.
Solution.

Question.29.

Solution.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers Class 12 Maths Outside Delhi 2013

Time allowed: 3 hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks : 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Please check that this question paper contains 26 questions.
3. Questions 1-6 in Section A are very short-answer type questions carrying 1 mark each.
4. Questions 7-19 in Section B are long-answer I type questions carrying 4 marks each.
5. Questions 20-26 in Section C are long-answer II type questions carrying 6 marks each.
6. Please write down the serial number of the question before attempting it.

SET I

SECTION – A

SECTION – B

SECTION – C

27. In a hockey match, both teams A and B scored same number of goals up to the end of the game, so to decide the winner, the referee asked both the captains to throw a die alternately and decided that the team, whose captain gets a six first, will be declared the winner. If the captain of team A was asked to start, find their respective probabilities of winning the match and state whether the decision of the referee was fair or not. [6]
Solution: Probability of getting a six by the captains of both the teams A and B is
P(A) = 1/6

28.A manufacturer considers that men and women workers are equally efficient and so he pays them at the same rate. He has 30 and 17 units of workers (male and female) and capital respectively which he uses to produce two types of goods A and B. To produce one unit of A, 2 workers and 3 units of capital are required while 3 workers and 1 unit of capital is required to produce one unit of B. If A and B are priced at Rs 100 and Rs 120 per unit respectively how should he use his resources to maximize the total revenue ? Form the above as an LPP and solve graphically. 
Do you agree with this view of the manufacturer that men and women workers are equally efficient and so should be paid at the same rate ? [6]
Solution: Let x units of the goods A and y units of goods B be produced to maximize the total revenue. Then the total revenue is Z = 100x + 120y. This is a linear function which is to be maximized. Hence it is the objective function. The constraints are as per the following table:

29. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say x) for honesty, some (say y) for helping others and some others (say z) for supervising the workers to keep the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of awardees for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for honesty is 33. If the sum of the number of awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for helping others using matrix method, find the number of awardees of each category. Apart from these values namely honesty, cooperation and supervision, suggest one more value which the management of the colony must include for awards.[6]

SET II

Note: Except for the following questions, All the remaining questions have been asked in previous set.

SECTION – A

SECTION – B

SECTION – C

SET III

Note: Except for the following questions, All the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION – A

SECTION – B

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Computer Science Outside Delhi 2014

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions :

1.  There are a total of 26 questions and five sections in the question paper, All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A contains question number 1 to 5, Very Short Answer type questions of one mark each.
3.  Section B contains question number 6 to 10, Short Answer type I questions of two marks each.
4.  Section C contains question number 11 to 22, Short Answer type II questions of three marks each.
5.  Section D contains question number 23, Value Based Question of four marks.
6. Section E contains question number 24 to 26, Long Answer type questions of five marks each.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper, however, an internal choice is provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks. An examined is to attempt any one of the questions out of two given in the question paper with the same question number.

SET I

Question.1.(a) What is the difference between call by reference and call by value with respect to memory allocation? Give a suitable example to illustrate using a C++ code. 
Answer:

(b) Observe the following C++ code and write the name(s) of the header file(s), which will be essentially required to run it in a C++ compiler:

(c) Rewrite the followup C++ code after removing all the syntax error(s), if present in the code. Make sure that you underline each correction done by you in the code. 
Important Note:
— Assume that all the required header files are already included, which are essential to run this code.
— The corrections made by you do not change the logic of the program.
typedef char [80] STR;
void main ()
{

(d) Obtain the output of the following C++ program as expected to appear on the screen after its execution.
Important Note:
— All the desired header files are already included in the code, which are required to run the code.

(e) Obtain the output of the following C++ program, which will appear on the screen after its execution.
Important Note:
— All the desired header files are already included in the code, which are required to run the code.

(f) Read the following C++ code carefully and find out, which out of the given option (i) to (iv) are the expected correct output(s) of it. Also, write the maximum and minimum value that can be assigned to the variable Start used in the code:

Question.2. (a) What is function overloading ? Write an example using C++ to illustrate the concept of function overloading.
Answer: Function overloading means two or more function having same name, but they have either different number of parameters or different data type of the parameters.

(b) Answer the question (i) and (ii) after going through the following class:


(i) Which of the function out of Function 1,2,3,4 or 5 will get executed when the Statement 1 is executed in the above code?
(ii) Write a statement to declare a new object G with reference to already existing object H using Function 3.
Answer:
(i) Function 1 will be executed when the Statement 1 is executed.
(ii) Hospital G(H);

(c) Define a class Tourist in C++ with the following g specification:
Data Members
• CNo — to store Cab No
• CType — to store a character ‘A’, ‘B’ or ‘C’ as City Type
• PerKM — to store per kilometre charges
• Distance — to store Distance Or avelled (in Km)
Member Functions
• A constructor function to initialize CType as ‘A’ and CNo as ‘0000’
• A function CityCharges () to assign PerKM as per the following table:

• A function RegisterCab( ) to allow administration to enter the values for CNo and CType. Also, this function should call CityChargesO to assign PerKM Charges.
• A function Display() to allow user to enter the value of Distance and display CNo, CType, PerKM, PerKM * Distance (as Amount) on screen.

(d) Consider the following C++ code and answer the question from (i) to (iv):


(i) Which type of Inheritance is shown in the above example ?
(ii) Write the names of those member functions, which are ditecdy accessed from the objects of class Student.
(iii) Write the name of those data members, which can be directly accessible from the member functions of class Student.
(iii) Is it possible to directly call function Display O of class University from an object of class Department ? (Answer as YES or NO).
Answer:
(i) Multi-level inheritance is shown in the above example.
(ii) Member functions:
void Enroll();
void View();
void Enter();’
void Show();
(iii) Data Members:
long Kollno;
char Name[20];
double Budget;
(iv) No, it is not possible because DisplayO function of Campus becomes private for the object of Department class.

Question.3. (a) Write a code for a function Even Odd(int T[ ], int C) in C++, to add 1 in all the odd values and 2 in all the even values of the array T.

(b) An array A[20] [30] is stored along the row in the memory with each element requiring 4 bytes of storage. If the base address of array A is 32000, find out the location of A [15] [10]. Also, find the total number of elements present in this array.

(c) Write user-defined function Add End 2(int A[ ] [4], int N, int M) in C++ to find and display the sum of all the values, which are ending with 2 (ie., units place is 2). For example if the content of array is:

The output should be 36.

(d) Evaluate the following post fix expression. Show the status of Stack after execution of each operation separately: T, F, NOT, AND, T, OR, F, AND

(e) Write a function PUSHBOOK/) in C++ to perform insert operation on a Dynamic Stack, which contains Book No and Book_Tide. Consider the following definition of NODE, while writing your C++ code.

Question.4. Feeling in the blanks marked as the Statement 1 and the Statement 2, in be program segment given below the appropriate functions for the required task.

(b) Write the function AECount/) in C++, which should read character of a text file NOTFS.txt, should count and display the occurrence of alphabets A and F (including small case a Sjfid e too)
EXAMPLE:
If the file content is as follows:
CBSE enhanced its CCE guidelines further.
The AE Count function should display the output as
A: 1
E: 7

(c) Assume the class TOYS as declared below, write a functions in C++ to read the objects TOYS from binary file TOYS. DAT and display those details of those TOYS, which are meant for children of Age Range “5 to 8”.

Question.5. (a) Explain the concept of Cartesian Product between two tables, with the help of appropriate example.

NOTE:
Answer the question (b) and (c) on the basis of the following tables SHOPPE and ACCESSORIES
Table: SHOPPE

(b) Write a SQL query (1 to 4)
1. To display Name and Price of all the Accessories in ascending order of their Price.
2. lo display Id and S Name of all Shopee located in Nehru Place.
3. To display Minimum and Maximum price of each Name of Accessories.
4. To display Name, Price of all the Accessories and their respective S Name where they are available,
Answer: b(l) select Name, Price from ACCESSORIES order by Price;
b(2) select ID, S Name from SHOPPE where Area=’Nehru Place’;
b(3) select MIN(Price), MAX(Pnce) from ACCESSORIES group by Name;
b(4) select Name, Price, S Name ‘ from SHOPPE, ACCESSORIES
where SHOPPE.ID= ACCESSORIES.ID;

(c) Write the output of the following SQL command (1 to 4)
1. SELECT DISTINCT NAME FROM ACCESSORIES
WHERE PRICE>=5000;
2. SELECT AREA, COUNT(*), FROM SHOPPE GROUP BY
AREA;
3. SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT AREA) FROM SHOPPE;
4. SELECT NAME, PRICE * 0.05 DISCOUNT FROM ACCESSORIES WHERE SNO IN (‘SO₂’, ‘SO₃’);

Question.6. (a) Name the law shown below and verily it using a truth table.
X+X’.Y=X+Y

(b) Obtain the Boolean Expression for the logic shown below:

(c) Write the Product of Sum form of the function F(X, Y, Z) for the following truth representation of F:

(d) Obtain the minimal form for the following Boolean expression using Karnaugh’s Map.

Question.7.(a) Write two characteristics Wi-Fi.
Answer: The characteristics of Wi-Fi are as follows:-
1. It allows the devices to connect with the network without any wire.
2. Group of devices can be connected with single internet connection.

(b) What is the difference between E-Mail and Chat?
Answer : In Email, it is not necessary that receiver should be present online when the receiver is sending the E-mail, whereas, in Chat, it is must that the communicators should be online at the time of communication.

(c) Expand the following:

• GSM
• GPRS

Answer:
GSM— Global System for Mobile Communication
GPRS— General Packet Radio Service

(d) Which type of network (out of LAN, PAN and MAN) is formed, when you connect two mobiles using Bluetooth to transfer a video. 
Answer : PAN (Personal Area Network)

(e) Tech Up Corporation (TUC) is a professional consultancy company. The company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its hub at Hyderabad. As a network adviser, you have to understand their requirement and suggest them the best available solutions. Their queries are mentioned as (i) to (iv) below. ‘
Physical locations of the blocks of TUC


(i) What will be the most appropriate block, where TUC should plan to install their services?
(ii) Draw a block to block cable layout to connect all the
buildings in the most appropriate manner for efficient communication.
(iii) What will be the possible connectivity out of the following,
you will suggest to connect the new set up of offices in Hyderabad with its London based office.

• Infrared
• Satellite Link
• Ethernet Cable

(iv) Which of the following device will be suggested by you to connect each computer in each of the buildings?

• Gateway
• Switch
• Modem

Answer:
(i) Human Resource Block is appropriate to install the server.
(ii) CABLE LAYOUT:

(iii) Satellite Link
(iv) Switch

(f) Write the name of any two popular Open Source Software, which are used as operating system.
Answer: Linux and Unix are two Open Source operating system.

(g) Write any two important characteristics of Cloud Computing.
Answer: Two characteristic of Cloud Computing are:-
(i) It is controlled by entity and restricted to their authorized user.
(ii) It is delivered through internet 24 x 7.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers Class 12 Maths Outside Delhi 2016

Time allowed: 3 hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks : 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Please check that this question paper contains 26 questions.
3. Questions 1-6 in Section A are very short-answer type questions carrying 1 mark each.
4. Questions 7-19 in Section B are long-answer I type questions carrying 4 marks each.
5. Questions 20-26 in Section C are long-answer II type questions carrying 6 marks each.
6. Please write down the serial number of the question before attempting it.

SET I

SECTION – A

Question numbers 1 to 6 carry 1 mark each.
Question.1.

Solution.

Question.2. Use elementary column operation C₂ —>C₂+2C₁ in the following matrix equation:

Solution.

Question.3. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 x 2 with each entry 1,2 or 3.
Solution. Total number of all possible matrices of order 2 x 2 with each entry 1,2 or 3 are 3⁴ i.e., 81.

Question.4.

Solution.

Question.5. Write the number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to both the vectors

Solution.

Question.6. Find the vector equation of the plane with intercepts 3,-4 and 2 on x, y and z-axis respectively.
Solution.

SECTION – B

Question numbers 7 to 19 carry 4 marks each.
Question.7. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points A(3,4,1) and B(5,1,6) crosses the XZ plane. Also find the angle which this line makes with the XZ plane.
Solution.

Question.8.

Solution.

Question.9. In a game, a man wins Rs 5 for getting a number greater than 4 and loses Rs 1 otherwise, When a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he gets a number greater than 4. Find the expected value of the amount he wins/loses.
Solution. Let n denote the number of throws required to get a number greater than 4 and X denote the amount won/lost.
The man may get a number greater than 4 in the very first throw of the die or in second throw or in the third throw. Thus, we have the following probability distribution for X. ‘

OR
A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) and are found to be white. What is the probability that all balls in the bag are white ?
Solution. We know that the number of white balls can’t be less than 2.

Question.10. Differentiate x^{sin x} + (sin x)^{cos x} with respect to x.
Solution.

OR

Solution.

Question.11.

Solution.

Question.12. The equation of tangent at (2,3) on the curve y² = ax³ + b is y = 4x-5. Find the value of a and b.
Solution.

Question.13.

Solution.

Question.14.

Solution.



OR

Question.15.

Solution.

Question.16. Solve the differential equation:

Solution.

Question.17. Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the second quadrant and touching the coordinate axes.
Solution.


This is the required differential equation representing the given family of circles.

Question.18. Solve the equation for x: sin^-1 x + sin^-1 (1 – x) = cos^-1 x
Solution.

OR

Solution.

Question.19. A trust invested some money in two type of bonds. The first bond pays 10% interest and second bond pays 12% interest. The trust received Rs 2,800 as interest. However, if trust had interchanged money in bonds, they would have got Rs 100 less as interest. Using matrix method, find the amount invested by the trust. Interest received on this amount will be given to Help age India as donation. Which value is reflected in this question ?
Solution.

SECTION – C

Question numbers 20 to 26 carry 6 marks each.
Question.20. There are two types of fertilisers ‘A’ and ‘W. ‘A’ consists of 12% nitrogen and 5% phsophoric acid whereas ‘B’ consists of 4% nitrogen and 5% phsophoric acid. After testing the soil conditions, farmer finds that he needs at least 12 kg of nitrogen and 12 kg of phsophoric acid for his crops. If ‘A’ costs Rs 10 per kg and ‘B’ cost Rs 8 per kg, then graphically determine how much of each type of fertiliser should be used so that nutrient requirements are met at a minimum cost.
Solution.

Question.21. Five bad oranges are accidently mixed with 20 good ones. If four oranges are drawn one by one successively with replacement, then find the probability distribution of number of bad oranges drawn. Hence find the mean and variance of the distribution.
Solution. Let X denote the number of bad oranges in a draw of 4 oranges from a group of 20 good oranges and 5 bad oranges. Since there are 5 bad oranges in the group, therefore X can take values, 0,1,2,3,4.
Now, P(X = 0) = Probability of getting no bad orange. P(X = 0) = Probability of getting 4 good oranges

Question.22. Find the position vector of the loot of perpendicular and the perpendicular distance from the point P with position

Also find image of P in the plane.
Solution.

Question.23. Show that the binary operation *on A = R-{-l) defined as a*b = a + b + ab for all a, b e A is commutative and associative on A. Also find the identity element of * in A and prove that every element of A is invertible.
Solution.

Question.24. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle of radius r can be inscribed is 6√3r.
Solution.



OR
If the sum of lengths of hypotenuse and a side of a right angled triangle is given, show that area of triangle is maximum, when the angle between them is π/3.
Solution.

Question.25. Prove that the curves y² = 4x and x² = 4y divide the area of square bounded by x = 0, x = 4, y = 4 and y = 0 into three equal parts.
Solution.

Question.26. Using properties of determinants, show that ∆ABC is isosceles if:

Solution.


OR
A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. Meenu purchased 1 pen of each variety for a total of Rs 21. Jeevan purchased 4 pens of ‘A’ variety, 3 pens of ‘B’ variety and 2 pens of ‘C’ variety for Rs 60. While Shikha purchased 6 pens of’A’ variety, 2 pens of ‘W variety and 3 pens of ‘C’ variety for Rs 70. Using matrix method, find cost of each variety of pen.
Solution.

CBSE Solved Papers For Class 12 Computer Science (C++) Paper 2

SECTION A

Question 1.
(a) Define Macro with suitable example.
(b) Which C++ header file (s) will be included to run /execute the following C++ code?

void main( )
 {
 int Last =26.5698742658;
 cout< }

(c) Rewrite the following program after removing any syntactical errors. Underline each correction made.

#include
 void main( )
 int A[10];
 A=[3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 9, 10]; int S = 0, p;
 for ( p = 0; p<=6; p++)
 { if(A[p]%2=0)
 int S = S+A[p]; }
 cout<<S;
 }

(d) Find the output of the following C+ + program:

#include
 void repch(char s[])
 {
 for (int i=0;s [i] !='\0';i++)
 {
 if(((i%2) !=0) &&(s[i]!=s[i+1] ) )
 {
 s[i]='@';
 }
 else if (s [i]==s[i+1])
 {
 s[i+l]='!';
 i++;
 }
 }
 }
 void main()
 {
 char str[]="SUCCESS";
 cout<<"Original String"<<str
 repch(str);
 cout<<"Changed String"<<str;
 }

(e) Find the output of the following :

#include
 void switchover(int A[ ],int N, int split)
 {
 for(int K = 0; K<N; K++)
 if(K<split)
 A[K] += K;
 else
 A[K]*= K;
 }
 void display(int A[ ] ,int N)
 {
 for (int K = 0; K<N; K++)
 (K%2== 0) ?cout<<A[K]<<"%" : cout< }
 void main( )
 { int H[ ] = {30, 40, 50, 20, 10, 5};
 switchover(H, 6, 3);
 display(H, 6);
 }

(f) Observe the following C++ code and find out, which out of the given options (i) to (iv) are the expected correct outputAlso assign the maximum and minimum value that can be assigned to the variable ‘Go’.

void main()
 { int X [4] ={100,75,10,125};
 int Go = random(2)+2;
 for (inti = Go; i< 4; i++)
 cout<<X[i ]<<"$$";
 }
 i. 100$$75 ii. 75$$10$$125$$ iii. 75$$10$$ iv.l0$$125$

Answer:
(a) Macros are preprocessor directive created using # define that serve as symbolic constants. They are created to simplify and reduce the amount of repetitive coding,

For instance,
 ##define max (a, b) (a>b? a: b)

Defines the macro max, taking two arguments a and b. This macro may be called like any function. Therefore, after preprocessing

A = max (x, y) ;
 Becomes A = (x>y?x :y) ;

(b) iostream.h
iomanip.h

(c) #include
 void main( )
 { int A[10] = {3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 9, 10};
 int S = 0,p;
 for(p = 0; p<=6; p++)
 { if(A[p]%2==0) (
 S = S+A [p] ; }
 Cout<<S;
 }

(d) Original String SUCCESS
Changed String S@C!ES!

(e) 30%41
52% 60
40% 25

(f) iv is the correct option.
Minimum value of Go = 2
Maximum value of Go = 3

Question 2.
(a) Differentiate between data abstraction and data hiding.
(b) Answer the questions (i) and (ii) after going through the following class :

class Exam
 {
 int Rollno;
 char Cname[25];
 float Marks ;
 public :
 Exam( ) //Function 1
 {
 Rollno = 0 ;
 Cname="";
 Marks=0.0;
 }
 Exam(int Rno, char candname) //Function 2
 }
 Rollno = Rno ;
 strcpy(Cname,candname);
 }
 -Exam() //Function 3
 cout << "Result will be intimated shortly" < }
 void() display( ) //Function 4
 cout << "Roll no :"<<Rollno;
 cout<<"Name <<Cname;
 cout <<" Marks:"<<Marks; } } ;

(i) Which OOP concept does Function 1 and Function 2 implement.Explain?
(ii) What is Function 3 called? When will it be invoked?
(c) Define a class Candidate in C++ with the following specification : Private Members: A data members Rno(Registration Number) type long A data member Cname of type string A data members Agg_marks (Aggregate Marks) of type float A data members Grade of type char A member function setGrade () to find the grade as per the aggregate marks obtained by the student. Equivalent aggregate marks range and the respective grade as shown below. Aggregate Marks Grade >=80 A
Less than 80 and > =65 B
Less than 65 and > =50 C
Less than 50 D
Public members:
A constructor to assign default values to data members :
Rno=0,Cname=”N.A”,Agg_marks=0.0
A function Getdata () to allow users to enter values for Rno. Cname, Agg marks and call function
setGrade () to find the grade.
A function dispResult() to allow user to view the content of all the data members.
(d) Give the following class definition answer the question that is follow:

class University
 {
 char name [20];
 protected :
 char vc[20];
 public :
 void estd();
 void inputdata();
 void outputdata() ;
 }
 class College : protected University
 { int regno;
 protected
 char principal ()
 public :
 int no_of_students;
 void readdata();
 void dispdata ( );
 } ;
 class Department : public College
 char name[20];
 char HOD[20];
 public :
 void fetchdata(int);
 void displaydata( );
 }

(i) Name the base class and derived class of college.
(ii) Name the data member(s) that can be accessed from function displaydata().
(iii) What type of inheritance is depicted in the above class definition?
(iv) What will be the size of an object (in bytes) of class Department?

Answer:
(a) Data hiding can be defined as the mechanism of hiding the data of a class from the outside world. This is done to protect the data from any accidental or intentional access.
Implementation-Data hiding is achieved by making the members of the class private.
Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details.
Implementation-Members defined with a public label are accessible to all parts of the program. The dataabstraction view of a type is defined by its public members.
(b) (i) Constructor Overloading/Polymorphism, as multiple definitions for Constructors are given in the same scope. Functiort 1 is a Default constructor and function 2 is a Parameterized constructor.
(ii) Function 3 is a Destructor which is invoked when the object of class goes out of scope.

(c) class Candidate
 { long Rno;
 char Cname[20];
 float Agg_marks;
 char Grade;
 void setGrade()
 { if (Agg_marks>= 80)
 Grade = 'A';
 else if (Agg_marks>=65)
 Grade = 'B';
 else if (Agg_marks>=50)
 Grade ='C';
 else
 Grade='D';
 }
 public:
 Candidate()
 {
 Rno=0;
 Strcpy(Cname,"N.A.");
 Agg_marks=0.0;
 }
 void Getdata ()
 { cout<<"Registration No"; cin>>Rno;
 cout<<"Name";
 gets(name);
 cout<>Agg_marks;
 setGrade();
 }
 void dispResult()
 {
 cout<<"Registration No"<<Rno;
 cout<<"Name"puts(cname);
 cout< }

(d) (i) Base class: University
Derived class: Department
(ii) name[20], HOD[20], no_of_students.
[Hint: By default access type is private]
(iii) Multilevel Inheritance
[1 mark for the correct answer]
(iv) 62 bytes
[Note: 65 will be also considered correct because of NULL character i.e., ’10’ at last of each array. So ultimately size of array is 21],
85 bytes

Question 3.
(a) An integer array A [40] [30] is stored along the row in the memory. If the element A[20][25] is stored at 50000, find out the location of A[7][10].]
(b) Write the definition of function insert for the linked implemented queue containing passenger in-formation as follows: [4]

struct NODE
 { int Ticketno;
 char PName[20];
 NODE * NEXT; };
 class Queueofbus
 { NODE *Rear, *Front;
 public:
 Queueofbus()
 { Rear = NULL;
 Front = NULL; };
 void Insert ();
 void Delete();
 -Queueofbus()
 { cout<<"Object destroyed"; }
 } ;

(c) Write a function to sort any array of n elements using insertion sort. Array should be passed as argument to the function.
(d) Write a function NewMAT(int A[][],int r,int c ) in C++, which accepts a 2d array of integer and its size as parameters divide all those array elements by 6 which are in the range 60 to 600(both values inclusive) in the 2d Array .
(e) Evaluate the following postfix expression using stack and show the contents after execution of each Operations:470, 5, 4, ^ , 25, /, 6, *

Answer:
(a) A[i] [j] = B+W x [No.of columns x(I-Lr) + (J-L,) ]
A [20] [25] = B+ 2x[30x(20-0) + (25-0) ]
50000 = B+2x[30x(20-0)+(25-0)]
B = 48750
A[7] [10] = 48750+ 2x[30x(7-0) + (10-0)]
= 49190

(b) void Queueofbus::Insert()
 { NODE *p = new NODE;
 cout<<"Enter Ticket no" cin>>p->ticketno;
 cout<<"Enter Name"; cin>>p->Pname;
 p->NEXT = NULL;
 if (rear == NULL)
 { Rear = p;
 Front = Rear;
 }
 else
 { Rear -> NEXT = p;
 Rear = Rear -> NEXT;
 }
 }

(c) void insertsort( int a[],int n)
 {
 int p,ptr;
 //Assuming a[0]=int_min i.e. smallest integer
 for (p=1 ,p<=n;p+ + )
 {
 temp=a[p];
 ptr=p-1;
 while(temp<a[ptr])
 {
 a [ptr+1]=a[ptr]; // Move Element Forward
 ptr- -;
 }
 a[ptr+1]=temp; // Insert Element in Proper Place
 }

(d) void NewMAT(int A[][],int r,int c)
 {
 for (int i = 0;i<r;i++)
 for(j =0;j <c;j ++) if ( (A [i] [ j ] >=60 )&&(A[i] [ j ] <=600) )
 A [i] [j]/=6 ;
 or
 A [i] [j] = A [i] [ j ] / 6 ;
 }

(e)

S.No.	Symbol	Operation	Stack	Result
1	470	push(470)	470
2	5	push(5)	470, 5
3	4	push(4)	470, 5, 4
4	A	pop (4)	470, 5
		pop(5)	470
		perform(5ˆ4)
		push(625)	470, 625
5	25	push(25)	470, 625, 25
6	/	pop(25)	470, 625
		pop(625)	470
		perform(625/25)	470
		push(25)	470, 25
7	6	push(6)	470, 25, 6
8	*	pop(6)	470, 25
		pop(25)	470
		perform(25*6)	470

Question 4.
(a) Consider a file F containing objects E of class Emp.
(i) Write statement to position the file pointer to the end of the file
(ii) Write statement to return the number of bytes from the beginning of the file to the current posi¬tion of the file pointer.
(b) Write a function RevText() to read a text file ” Input.txt ” and Print only word starting with T in reverse order.
Example: If value in text file is: INDIA IS MY COUNTRY Output will be: AIDNI SI MY COUNTRY
(c)Write a function in C+ + to search and display details, whose destination is “Chandigarh”from binary file “Flight.Dat”. Assuming the binary file is containing the objects of the following class:

class FLIGHT
 { int Fno; // Flight Number
 char From[20j; // Flight Starting Point
 char To[20j; // Flight Destination
 public:
 char * GetFrom (); { return from; }
 char * GetTo(); { return To; }
 void input() { cin> >Fno> >; gets(From); gets(To); }
 void show() { cout< <Fno< < "From:"; puts (From); cout < < "\n To:"; puts (To); }
 };

Answer:
(a) (i) F.seekg(0,ios::end);
(ii) F.tellg();

(b) void RevText()
 { ifstream in ("Input.txt");
 char word[25];
 while(in)
 { in>>word;
 if (word[0]=='I')
 cout<<strrev(word)<<..;
 else
 cout<<word<<....;
 }

(c) void Dispdetails()
 { ifstream fin ( "Flight. Dat" ) ;
 Flight F;
 while (fin)
 { fin. read( (char*) &F, sizeof (F) )
 if (strcmp(F.GetTo(),"Chandigarh"))
 F.show();
 }
 }

SECTION B

Question 5.
(a) Differentiate between cardinality and degree of a table with the help of an example.
(b) Consider the following tables FACULTY and COURSES. Write SQL commands for the statements (i) to (v) and give outputs for SQL query (vi)
FACULTY

F_ID	Fname	Lname	Hire_date	Salary
102	Amit	Mishra	12-10-1998	12000
103	Nitin	Vyas	24-12-1994	8000
104	Rakshit	Soni	18-5-2001	14000
105	Rashmi	Malhotra	11-9-2004	11000
106	Sulekha	Srivastava	5-6-2006	10000

COURSES

C_ID	F_ID	Cname	Fees
C21	102	Grid Computing	40000
C22	106	System Design	16000
C23	104	Computer Security	8000
C24	106	Human Biology	15000
C25	102	Computer Network	20000
C26	105	Visual Basic	6000

(i) To display details of those Faculties whose salary is greater than 12000.
(ii) To display the details of courses whose fees is in the range of 15000 to 50000 (both values included).
(iii) To increase the fees of all courses by 500 of “System Design” Course.
(iv) To display details of those courses which are taught by ‘Sulekha’ in descending order of courses.
(v) Select COUNT (DISTINCT F_ID) from COURSES;
(vi) Select MIN(Salary) from FACULTY,COURSES where COURSES.F ID = FACULTY.F_ID;

Answer:
(a) Cardinality is defined as the number of rows in a table. Degree is the number of columns in a table.
Eg:Consider the following tables:
Table : Account

Acno	Cname
Ac100	Sheela
Ac101	Darsh
Ac102	Kathy

Cardinality of Account table is : 4
Degree of Account table is :2

(b) (i) Select * from faculty
where salary > 12000
(ii) Select * from Courses
where fees between 15000 and 50000
(iii) Update courses set fees = fees + 500
where Cname = “System Design”
(iv) Select * from faculty fac,courses cour
where fac.f_id = cour.f_id
and fac.fname = ‘Sulekha’
order by cname desc
(v) 4
(vi) 12000

Question 6.
(a) State and Verify Absorption law algebraically.
(b) Draw a logic circuit for the following Boolean expression: A.B+C.D’.
(c) Write the SOP form of a Boolean function F, which is represented in a truth table as follows:

A	B	C	D
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	0
1	0	0	1
1	0	1	1
1	1	0	0
1	1	1	0

(d) Obtain a simplified form for a Boolean expression:
F (U, V, W, Z) = 7i (0,1, 3,5,6, 7,15)

Answer:
(a) Absorption law states that:
A + AB = A and A . (A + B) = A
Algebraic method:
Taking LHS
A + AB = (A.1) + (A.B) by Identity
= A. (1+B) by Distribution
= A.1 by Null Element
= A
(b)

(c) ABC’+AB’C+A’BC+A’BC [1 mark for all the terms]
(d) (u+v+w).(u+z’).(v’+w’).(u’+w’+z)

Question 7.
(a) Write any 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of Bus topology.
(b) SunRise Pvt. Ltd. is setting up the network in the Ahmadabad. There are four departments named as MrktDept, FunDept, LegalDept, SalesDept.

Distance between various buildings is given as follows:

MrktDept to FunDept	80 m
MrktDept to LegalDept	180m
MrktDept to SalesDept	100 m
LegalDept to SalesDept	150 m
LegalDept to FunDept	100 m
FunDept to SalesDept	50 m

Number of Computers in the buildings:

MrktDept	20
LegalDept	10
FunDept	08
SalesDept	42

(i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the Departments and specify topology.
(ii) Suggest the most suitable building to place the server with a suitable reason.
(iii) Suggest the placement of i) modem ii) Hub /Switch in the network.
(iv) The organization is planning to link its sale counter situated in various part of the same city/which type of network out of LAN, WAN, MAN will be formed? Justify.
(c) Name the protocol
(i) Used to transfer voice using packet switched network.
(i) Used for chatting between 2 groups or between 2 individuals.
(d) What is an IP Address?
(e) What is HTTP?
(f) Explain the importance of Cookies.
(g) How is 4G different from 3G?

Answer:
(a) Advantage: Since there is a single common data path connecting all the nodes, the bus topology uses a very short cable length which considerably reduces the installation cost.
Disadvantage: Fault detection and isolation is difficult. This is because control of the network is not centralized in any particular node. If a node is faulty on the bus, detection of fault may have to be performed at many points on the network. The faulty node has then to be rectified at that connection point.
(b) (i)

Star Topology should be used.
(ii)As per 80 – 20 rule, Mrkt Dept beacause it has maximium no. of computers.
(iii) Each building should have hub/switch and Modem in case Internet connection is required.
(iv) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network). Because it is suitable to correct across a city.
(c) (i) VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
(ii) IRC(Internet Relay Chat)
(d) An IP address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on an IP network. An IP address
is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal points. This is known as “dotted decimal” notation. ’
Example:140.179.220.200
(e) HTTP is a protocol that is used for transferring hypertext(i.e. text,graphic,image,sound,video,etc,) between 2 computers and is particularly used on the World Wide Web (WWW). It is acronym for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
(f) When the user browses a website, the web server sends a text file to the web browser. This small text file is a cookie. They are usually used to track the pages that we visit so that information can be customised for us for that visit.
(g) 3G technology adds multimedia facilities such as video,audio and graphics applications whereas 4G will provide better than TV quality images and video-links. Transfer rate of 4G is very high as compared to 3G.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Computer Science Outside Delhi 2013

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions :

1.  There are a total of 26 questions and five sections in the question paper, All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A contains question number 1 to 5, Very Short Answer type questions of one mark each.
3.  Section B contains question number 6 to 10, Short Answer type I questions of two marks each.
4.  Section C contains question number 11 to 22, Short Answer type II questions of three marks each.
5.  Section D contains question number 23, Value Based Question of four marks.
6. Section E contains question number 24 to 26, Long Answer type questions of five marks each.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper, however, an internal choice is provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks. An examined is to attempt any one of the questions out of two given in the question paper with the same question number.

SET I

Question.1. (a) What is the benefit of using default parameter/argument in a function? Give a suitable example to illustrate it using C++ code
Answer : The benefits of using default parameter/argument in a function are as following:

• They can be used to add new parameters to existing function.
• They can be used to combine similar function into one.

(b) Observe the following C++ code and write the name(s) of the header file(s), which will be essentially required to run it in a C++ compiler:

(c) Observe the following C++ code carefully and rewrite the same after removing all the syntax error(s) present in the code. Ensure that you underline each correction in the code.
Important Note:
• All the desired header files are already included, which are required to run the code.
• Correction should not change the logic of the program.

(d) Observe the following C++ code carefully and obtain the output, which will appear on the screen after execution of it.
Important Note:
• All the desired header files are already included in the code, which are required to run the code.

(e) Observe the following C++ code carefully and obtain the output, which will appear on the screen after execution of it.

(f) Based on the following C++ code find out the expected correct output(s) from the option (i) to (iv). Also, find out the minimum and the maximum value that can be assigned to the variable Guess used in the code at the time when value of Turn is 3.

Question.2. (a) Write any two similarities between Constructor and
Destructor. Write the (unction headers for constructor and destructor of a class Flight.
Answer:
Similarities :
(i) Constructors and destructor’s do not have any return type, not even void, nor can they return values.
(ii) References and pointers cannot be used on constructors and destructor’s because their addresses cannot be taken.

(b) Answer the questions (i) and (ii) alter going through the following class:

(i) Out of the following, which of the option is correct for calling Function 2?
(ii) Option 1-Race T(30);
(iii) Option 2-Race U(R);
(iv) Name the feature of Object Oriented Programming, which illustrated by Function 1, Function 2 and Function 3 combined together.
Answer:
(i) Option-1 Race T (30)
(ii) Constructor overloading.

(c) Define a class Bus. in C++ with the following specifications:
Data Members
• Busno – to store Bus No
• From to store Place name of origin
• To — to store Place name of destination
• Type — to store Bus Type such as ‘O’ for ordinary
• Distance – to store the Distance in Kilometres
• Fare —to store the Bus Fare
Member Functions
• A constructor function to initialize Type as ‘O’ and Freight as 500 ’
• A function CalcFare() to calculate Fare as per the following criteria:
TYPE FARE
‘O’ 15*Distance
‘E’ 20*Distance
‘L’ 24*Distance
• A function Allocate)) to allow user to enter values for Busno, From, To, Type and Distance. Also, this function should call CalcFare() to calculate Fare.
• A function Show() to display the content of all the data members on screen.

(d) Consider the following C++ code and answer the questions from (i) to (iv):


(i) Which type of inheritance is shown in the above example?
(ii) Write the names of those data members, which can be directly accessed from the objects of class Result.
(iii) Write the names of those member functions which can be directly accessed from the objects of class Result.
(iv) Write names of those data members, which can be directly accessed from the Mentry () function of class Marks.

Question.3. (a) Write code for a function void Chang Over (inf P[ ],int N) in C++, which re-positions all the elements of the array by shifting each of them to the nest position and by shifting the last element to the first position.

(b) An array T[15][10] is stored along the row in the memory with each element requiring 8 bytes of storage. If the base address of array T is 14000, find out the location of T[ 10] [7].

(c) Write a user defined function DispTen(int A[ ] [4], int N, int M) In C++ to find and display all the numbers, which are divisible by 10. For example if the content of array is:

The output should be 20 10 30

(d) Evaluate the following post fix expression. Show the status of stack after execution of each operation: 5, 2, *, 50, 5, /, 5,-,+
Answer:

(e) Write a function Q DELETE() in C++ to perform delete operation on a Linked Queue, which contains Passenger no and Passenger name. Consider the following definition of node in the code.

Question.4. (a) Fill in the blanks marked as Statement 1 and Statement 2, in the program segment given below with appropriate functions for the required task.

(b) Write a function Count You Me() in C++ which reads the contents of a text file story.txt and counts the words You and Me (not case sensitive).
For example, if the file contains:
You are my best friend.
You and me make a good team.
The function should display the output as Count for You: 2 Count for Me: 1

(c) Assuming the class ANTIQUE as declared below, write a function in C++ to read the objects of ANTIQUE from binary file ANTIQUE.DAT and display those antique items, which are priced between 10000 and 15000.

Question.5. (a) Explain the concept of candidate keys with the help of an appropriate example.
Answer: A table may have more than one such attribute/ group of attribute that identifies a tuple uniquely, all such attribute(s) are known as Candidate Keys.

In the above table ID and Item both the attributes are unique in nature, so they are candidate key.
Note:
Write SQL queries for (b) to (g) and write the outputs for the SQL queries mentioned shown in (h1) to (h4) parts on the basis of tables PRODUCTS and SUPPLIERS.

(b) To display the details of all the products in ascending order of product names (i.e. P NAME).
Answer: select * from PRODUCTS order by P NAME;

(c) To display product name and price of all those products, * whose price is in the range of 10000 and 15000 (both value inclusive).
Answer: select P NAME,PRICE from PRODUCTS where PRICE>=10000 and PRICE<= 15000;

(d) To display the number of products, which are supplied supplier, i.e., the expected output should be:
501 2
502 2
503 1
Answer: select SUPCODE, count(SUPCODE) from PRODUCTS group by SUPCODE;

(e) To display the price, product name and quantity (i.e., qty) of those products which have quantity more than 100.
Answer: select PRICE, P NAME, QTY from PRODUCTS where QTY>100;

(f) To display the names of those suppliers, who are either from DELHI or from CHENNAI.
Answer: select S NAME from SUPPLIERS where
CITY=”DELHI” or CITY=”KOLKATA”;

(g) To display the name of the companies and the name of the products in descending order of company names.
Answer: select COMPANY, P NAME from PRODUCTS order by COMPANY desc;

(h) Obtain the outputs of the following SQL, queries based on the data given in tables PRODUCTS and SUPPLIERS above,
(h1) SELECT DISTINCT SUPCODE FROM PRODUCTS;
(h2) SELECT MAX(PRICE), MIN(PRICE) FROM PRODUCTS;
(h3) SELECT PRICE*QIY AMOUNT FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PID=104;
(h4) SELECT PNAME,SNAME FROM PRODUCTS P, SUPPLIERS S WHERE P.SUPCODE=S.SUPCODE AND QTY>100;

Question.6. (a) Verify the following using Boolean Laws X +-Z = X + X’.Z+Y.Z

(b) Obtain the Boolean Expression for the logic circuit shown below:

(c) Write the Sum of Product form of the function F(A, B, C) fur the following truth table representation of F.

(d) Obtain the minimal form for the following Boolean expression using Karnaugh map.

Question.7. (a) Write two advantages of using an optical fibre cable over an Ethernet cable to connect two service stations, which are 200 m away from each other.
Answer: Two using an optical fibre cable over an Ethernet cable are:
• Provides high speed.
• Electrical and Magnetic interference does not affect the transmission

(b) What is the different between HTTP and FTP?
Answer:

(c) Rovenza Communication international (RCI) is an on line corporate training provider company for IT related courses. The company is setting up their new campus in Kolltata. You as a network expert have to study the physical locations of various blocks and the number of computers to be installed. In the planning phase, provider the best possible answer for the queries (i) to (iv) raised by them.


(i) Suggest the most appropriate block, where RCI should plan to install the server.
(ii) Suggest the most appropriate block to block cable layout to connect all three blocks for efficient communication. 
(iii) Which type of network out of the following is formed by connecting the computers of these three blocks?

• LAN
•  MAN 
• WAN

(iv) Which wireless channel out of the following should be opted by RCI to connect to students from all over the world?

• Infrared
• Microwave
• Satellite

Answer:
(i) Faculty recording block is most appropriate block to install the server.

(iii) LAN
(iv) Satellite

(d) Write two advantages of using open source software over proprietary software.
Answer : Two advantages of using open source software aver proprietary software are:-

• Open Source Software is software whose source code is available to customer and it can be modified and redistributed without any limitations whereas source code of proprietary Software is not available.
• Open Source Software may come free of cost or with a payment of normal charges whereas proprietary software is neither open nor freely available.

(e) Which of the following crime(s) does not come under cybercrime?
(i) Copying some important data from a computer without taking permission from the owner of the data.
(ii) Stealing keyboard and mouse from a shop.
(iii) Getting into unknown person’s social networking account and start messaging on his behalf.
Answer: (ii) Stealing keyboard and mouse from a shop.

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Idiomatic Preposition Class 8 With Answers CBSE PDF

Idiomatic Use Of Prepositions:

• An idiom is an expression used in a way that is peculiar to itself either grammatically or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meaning of its elements.
• It is a style or form of artistic expression.
• In simple words, an idiom is an expression that means something more than its literal sense.
• A preposition is a word that is used with a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
• There is no hard and fast rule to explain why a particular verb or adjective takes a particular preposition after it. In English, the use of prepositions is largely a matter of convention, a matter of idiom.
• Certain nouns, adjectives, and verbs are idiomatically used with particular prepositions and conjunctions and lend a new meaning to the sentence.

A-List of Idiomatic Prepositions

1.	Abide by:	a promise, a decision to stick to it: Once you have made a promise, you ought to abide by it.
2.	Abound in:	to be rich in: This tank abounds in fish.
3.	Absorbed in:	engrossed in: The singer was absorbed in music.
4.	Acceptable to:	Your terms are not acceptable to me.
5.	Access to:	approach to: A financially sound person can manage an easy access to the authorities.
6.	Accordance with:	According to: He helped me according to his word.
7.	Account for:	to explain: His extravagance accounts for his poverty.
8.	Accuse of:	to charge with, to blame for: He was accused of theft.
9.	Act upon:	to take action, etc: You must act upon this letter at once, or it will be too late.
10.	Add to:	to increase: Do not add injury to insult.
11.	Addicted to:	given to something usually evil: Being addicted to drinking and gambling, he soon squandered away his property.
12.	Adhere to:	stick to: We must adhere to our principles at all costs.
13.	Admit to:	to confess: he admitted to jumping the traffic light.
14.	Admit of:	to allow, leave room for: Your conduct does not admit of any excuse.
15.	Afraid of:	being scared of: You are afraid of your father.
16.	Aim at:	to point at: He aimed his rifle at the leopard.
17.	Alien to:	foreign to: He is alien to any feeling of self respect.
18.	Alive to:	conscious of: He is not alive to the weakness of his son.
19.	Alive with:	Connaught Place is always alive with people.
20.	Angry with a person:	The teacher got angry at the student.
21.	Appeal to a person for or against something:	He appealed to the Principal for mercy.
22.	Appoint a person to a situation:	He was appointed to the post of the general manager of a reputed industrial concern.
23.	Approve of:	Everybody approved of his plan of joining IAS.
24.	Argue with a person on a subject, for or against something:	Do not argue with your elders.
25.	Ashamed of:	One should be ashamed of ones mistake.
26.	Ask about:	to enquire: I asked my friend about the welfare of his family.
27.	Asked for:	enquire for: Go to the top floor and ask for Mr. Chopra.
28.	Aspire to:	He aspired to become a doctor.
29.	Assure of:	to confirm: I can assure of my innocence.
30.	Astonished at:	surprised at: His father was astonished at his cleverness.
31.	Authority on:	power to give order on something: Our principal is an authority on modern algebra.
32.	Award to:	to give a prize to: A prize was awarded to him for having won the rifle shooting championship.
33.	Aware of:	to have knowledge of: Are you aware of the latest changes in the syllabus.
B
34.	Believe in:	We believe in reasoning out things.
35.	Belong to:	to request: He belongs to a respectable family.
36.	Beware of:	cautious of: Beware of doing wrong to any man.
37.	Blind of:	ignorant to: Maharaja Ranjeet Singh was blind of one eye.
38.	Boast of:	to show off: I agree that he is talented but he boasts of his talent a bit too much.
39.	Brood over:	to think constantly of: It is no use brooding over past failures.
C
40.	Celebrated for:	famous for: Amritsar is celebrated for its Golden Temple.
41.	Close to:	Close to the college building is the Principal’s residence.
42.	Coincide with:	to accord with: His view in this matter does not coincide with me.
43.	Collide with:	The tonga collided with a car and the horse was killed.
44.	Commence on:	to begin on: Our examination commences on next Monday.
45.	Commit to:	to imprison: The suspect was committed to the court.
46.	Consist of:	to be made up of: Our family consists of six members.
47.	Convenient to:	You may come to see me at any time convenient to you.
48.	Cope with:	to contend with, to be equal to: We need three more hands to cope with the heavy rush of work.
D
49.	Deal in:	to trade in something: We deal in stainless steel goods.
50.	Depend on:	I can depend on the sincerity of my servant.
51.	Devoted to:	given to: He is devoted to his duty.
52.	Differ from:	Birds differ from beasts.
53.	Disgrace to:	A morally depraved officer is a disgrace to his country.
54.	Disgusted at:	I felt disgusted at his rude behaviour.
55.	Dispose of:	to get rid of, to sell: I cannot buy a new house unless I dispose of the one I am now living in.
E
56.	Enquire into some matter:	He enquired into the matter of murder.
57.	Enter into an agreement:	The two teams entered into a secret agreement.
58.	Entrust with:	He was entrusted with the job of making purchases from the market.
59.	Envious of:	Feeling envious of the brilliant result of his cousin, he also started working hard.
60.	Equal to:	He proved equal to the situation.
F
61.	Faith in:	One can work wonders in life if one has faith in oneself.
62.	Faithful to:	We should be faithful to our friends if we want them to be faithful to us.
63.	False to:	You will be false to none if you are not false to yourself.
64.	Feed on:	Cows feed on grass. He feeds on flattery.
65.	Fight with, for:	I can fight with anyone for my friend.
66.	Fight against:	We should not fight against our sibling.
67.	Fond of:	Children are fond of sweets.
G
68.	Good at:	Australians are very good at cricket and tennis.
69.	Grieve for:	a person.
70.	Guilty of:	You have been guilty of giving false evidence.
H
71.	Hard of hearing:	Having low hearing power: My friend is hard of hearing.
72.	Hostile to:	opposed to: When he found even his friends hostile to his proposal, he withdrew it.
I
73.	Impose on, upon:	A heavy responsibility was imposed on him at a very early age.
74.	Incentive to:	an inspiration to: Poverty often acts as an incentive to hard work.
75.	Indifferent to:	unconcerned with, heedless of: He is indifferent to flattery and censure.
76.	Indispensable to:	necessary for: You might be a very suitable candidate for the job, but do not think that you are indispensable to me.
77.	Indulge in:	to gratify, to give a free court to: One must not indulge in luxuries until one can afford them.
78.	Inferior to:	Goods made in India are no longer inferior to the imported ones.
79.	Injurious to:	harmful to: Indulgence in anything may prove injurious to health.
J
80.	Join in:	The foreign visitors joined us in the festivities.
81.	Jump to the conclusion:	He hastily jumped to the conclusion that I was to blame for all his losses.
K
82.	Keen on:	He is keen on sending his son abroad for higher studies.
83.	Knock against:	In the dark, he knocked against the wall.
84.	Knock at:	I knocked at the door but got no response.
L
85.	Limit to:	There is a limit to everyone’s patience.
86.	Listen to:	If you listen to the singing you will appreciate her voice.
M
87.	Mad with:	angry at: I was mad with rag at the disobedience of the students.
88.	Meddle with:	to interfere in: I do not like anyone to meddle with my affairs.
N
89.	Necessary for:	Hard work is necessary for success.
90.	Negligence in:	Negligence in the bringing up of children lead to sad consequences.
91.	Notorious for:	He is notorious for back biting.
O
92.	Obedient to:	We ought to be obedient to our elders.
93.	Open to:	Your conduct is open to questions.
94.	Opposite to:	There is a library opposite to our house.
P
95.	Pay for:	to suffer: – You will have to pay for your follies.
96.	Plead with a person for something:	The lawyer pleaded with the judge.
97.	Possess of:	He is possessed of great wealth.
98.	Prey upon:	Fear preyed upon my heart.
99.	Prior to:	before: – prior to joining this newspaper as its editor, I was working in a college.
100.	Proficient in:	at home in: He is proficient in Mathematics.
Q
102.	Quarrel with, over:	He quarreled with his friend over a trifle.
103.	Qualified for:	He is well qualified for the post of the manager of a restaurant.
R
104.	Rely on:	to depend on: If you want to rely on others, you should first be reliable to yourself.
105.	Remedy against:	Quinine should be used as a remedy against malaria.
106.	Renowned for:	famous for: He is renowned for the impartiality of his behaviour.
107.	Repent of:	If you want to repent of a sin, promise never to repeat it.
108.	Resolve on	to decide: I have resolved on setting up an export business.
109.	Respectful to:	Be respectful to others if you want to be respected.
110.	Responsible to:	to a person for something: I am responsible to God for my actions.
111.	Revel in:	to take keen delight in: He has been revelling in drinking and gambling.
112.	Revolt against:	They decided to revolt against the arbitrary decisions of the Governor.
S
113.	Sacred to:	These articles are sacred to the memory of my father.
114.	Sentence to:	The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment.
115.	Similar to:	These two triangles are similar to each other.
116.	Slow of:	This child is slow of understanding.
117.	Strike at:	He struck at the snake with the stick.
118.	Successful in:	I am sure you will be successful in your aims.
119.	Suitable to:	He got a prize suitable to his age.
120.	Suspicious of:	distrustful of: I am suspicious of his intentions.
T
121.	Taste for:	liking for: – He who has no taste for music should be kept at arm’s length.
122.	Tend to:	Simple living and high thinking tend to a happy life.
V
123.	Victim of:	He was a victim of religious bigotry.
124.	Victim to:	A weak person falls a victim to many diseases.
125.	Victory over:	He won a convincing victory over his rivals.
126.	Void of:	deficient in: His remarks are void of sense.
W
127.	Welcome to:	You are welcome to our celebrations.
128.	Wish for:	I desperately wish for a change.
129.	Worthy of:	His conduct is worthy of the highest praise.
130.	Wonder at:	I often wonder at the spiritual stamina of Gandhi ji.
Y
131.	Yearn for:	to long for: Man has always yearned for eternal happiness.
132.	Yield to:	to surrender to: A man of spiritual strength will never yield to hardships.

Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 13

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                              [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. What did the ‘Second World’ mean ?
Answer. The Second World was the group of East European countries which had been liberated by Soviet army from the fascist forces. After being liberated they came under the control of the USSR and their political and economic systems were modelled after the USSR.

Question.2. Correct the following statement and rewrite:
“Veto power of the permanent members in the Security Council is in agreement with the concept of democracy and sovereign equality.”
Answer. Veto power of the permanent members in the Security Council is a special voting power with negative nature. The Security Council can trke no decisions if any of these members uses the Veto power.

Question.3. What continues to be the most important resource in the global strategy in the sphere of economy ?
Answer. The most important resource in the global strategy in the sphere of economy is the economic flows or exchanges expressed in the form of commodities, capital, people and ideas.
It also draws our attention to the role of international institutions like the IMF and the WTO in determining economic policies across the world.

Question.4. What is meant by White Revolution ?
Answer. White Revolution signifies revolution in the field of milk production. The White Revolution was launched in Gujarat by Verghese Kurien, known as the Milkman of India.
He launched the Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Ltd. to promote and channelise the milk product.
Marketing federation later on launched the well known Amul Dairy.

Question.5. Write the name of the second largest party in the Lok Sabha in the first three general elections.
Answer. The Communist Party of India was the second largest party next to Congress in the Lok Sabha in the first three general elections.

Question.6. Describe the economic system of the former Soviet Union.
Answer. The economic system of the former Soviet Union was planned and controlled by the state.

1.  Soviet Union had a domestic consumer industry.
2.  It had a complex communications network.
3.  The Soviet state ensured a minimum standard of living.

Question.7. “An International organisation is not a super state with authority over its members.” Justify.
Answer. The given statement is true to the extent the international organisation is created by and responds to states. Once created, it can help member states resolve their problems peacefully.
• Actually international organisations are not the answer to every thing. But they help with matters of war and peace.
• An international organisation also helps countries cooperate to make better living conditions for us.

Question.8. “Partition of India implies administrative concern and financial strains.” Discuss.
Answer. The partition of India saw a division of properties, liabilities and assets. It also saw a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus.
• Besides there was also the division of financial assets and things like tables, chairs, typewriters, paper-clips, books and musical instruments of the police band.
• The employees of the government and the railways were also divided.
• Above all, it was a violent separation of communities who had hitherto lived together as neighbours.
All these show that the partition saw administrative concerns and financial strains.

Question.9. What does Panchsheel imply ?
Answer. The word Panchsheel signifies five principles of peaceful coexistence.
Panchsheel was signed between India and China in 1954 and is a guideline in our relations with other countries.
The “five principles of Panchsheel” are as follows :

1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
2.  Mutual understanding
3.  Non-intervention in each other’s internal affairs
4. Mutual benefits and equality
5. Peaceful co-existence

Question.10. What are the components of vital National Interests ?
Answer. The main components of National and political interest would include issues like border problems, role in the UN and NAM, territorial integrity, etc.

1. For India, the economic interest would involve foreign exchange problems, North-south dialogue, south-south cooperation, etc.
2.  Political dimension : National development, national stability, defence dimension i.e. national security.
3. The defence aspect would include arms production, regional security, etc.

Question.11. In spite of having different political systems, how is democracy becoming an accepted norm in the entire region of South Asia ? Explain.
Answer. From the experience of Bangladesh and Nepal, we can say that democracy is becoming an accepted norm in the entire region of South Asia.
Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced both civilian and military rule with Bangladesh remaining a democracy in the cold war period. Pakistan began the post-cold war period with successive democratic governments under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif respectively. But it suffered a military coup in 1999 and has been run by a military regime since then.

1.  Till 2006, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy .with the danger of the king taking over executive powers. In 2006, a successful popular uprising led to the restoration of democracy and reduced the king to a nominal position.
2.  In the same way, despite many problems, Sri Lanka and India have successfully operated a democratic system. Despite many limitations India has remained a democracy throughout its existence as an independent country. The same is true of Sri Lanka.
   Hence, it is proved that the democratic system is an integral part of south Asian political model.

Question.12. Describe any four drawbacks of the Soviet system.
Answer. The Soviet system suffered from several drawbacks :

1.  Soviet system became bureaucratic and authoritarian. Due to lack of democracy and absence of freedom, the Soviet system became bureaucratic and authoritarian. It made the life difficult for its citizens.
2.  Soviet system became weak in economic sphere. As the Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe, the Soviet system became weak and its economy stagnant.
3.  Created disparities between East and West. The Soviet system created disparities between East and West by entering into an arms race and forming military alliances.
4.  Lack of democracy and absence of freedom of speech. In the Soviet system there was lack of democracy and absence of freedom of speech. This system was centred around the communist party and no other political party or opposition was allowed.

Question.13. Explain the concept of sustainable development.
Answer. The concept of ‘sustainable development’ signifies that development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not comprdmise with the needs of the future generations.
Sustainable development is important because it results in
(i) protecting the people against pollution enduring their quality of life and health.
(ii) conserving environment which is necessary for sustainable development.
(iii) raising the standard of living of the existing population.

Question.14. How has globalisation enhanced the position of a state ?
Answer. Globalisation has enhanced the position of state in many ways.
(i) Now the state is able to rule in a better manner due to advanced technology of collecting information.
(ii) The state continues to discharge its essential functions (law and order, national security) in a very firm manner.
(iii) Even the primacy of the state continues to be an unchallenged basis of political community.
(iv) Thus, states became more powerful as an outcome of the new technology in the global Era.

Question.15. Explain India’s changing relationship with Pakistan.
Answer. Although India-Pakistan relations seem to be a story of endemic conflict and violence recently there have been a series of efforts to manage tensions and build peace.
Under the agreement of friendship signed in 2005-2006, the two countries have agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the threat of war.

1. Social activists and prominent personalities have collaborated to create an atmosphere of friendship among the people of both countries.
2.  Leaders have met at summits to understand each other better and to find a solution to the major problems.
3.  A number of bus routes have been opended up between the two countries.
4.  Trade between the twq parts qf Punjab has increased substantially in the last five years.

Question.16. What is meant by ‘Common, but differential responsibilities’ in relation to environment ?
Answer. Common but differentiated responsibility signifies that states have common but differentiated responsibilities over the contribution of Global environmental degradation.
The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international purrsuit of sustainable development in view of pressures their societies place on the Global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command.
Conventions and Declarations on Differentiated Responsibilities.
We can implement the ideas with the help of Conventions and Declarations like :

1. The Rio Declaration of 1992 convened on Environmental issues says that “states shall cooperate in the spirit of Global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem.
2.  The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change (UNFCCC) also provides that the parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
3.  The Kyoto protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto in Japan, based on principles set out in UNFCCC.
   (i) The Kyoto Protocol, also enjoined on its members to protect the climatic system on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated respective capabilities.
   (ii) Besides, certain gases the carbon dioxide, methane, hydro-fluoro carbons, etc are considered responsible for global warming, the rise in global temperature which may have catastrophic consequences for life on Earth. The Kyoto Protocol stands for the protection of Earth from all these dangerous gases.

Question.17. As a citizen of India, how would you support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of the Security Council ? Justify your proposal.
Answer. Being the citizen of India we would firmly support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of the security council on the following grounds :
• India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost one-fifth of the world population.
• India is also the world’s largest democracy and has participated in virtually all of the initiatives of the UN.
• Its role in the UN’s peace keeping efforts is a long and substantial one.
• India’s economic emergence on the world stage is another factor that perhaps justifies our statement for India’s permanent seat in the Security Council.
• Besides, India has also made regular financial contributions to the UN and never faltered on its payments.
Apart from these, we also feel that permanent membership of the Security Council has symbolic importance and signifies a country’s growing importance in world affairs.
And this greater status is an advantage to a country in the conduct of its foreign policy. .
On the basis of above discussed grounds we can safely conclude that India has the capability to become a permanent member of the Security Council.

Question.18. Read the three extracts in the chapter from the Lok Sabha debate on the Indo-US deal. Develop any one of these into a full speech depending on a certain position on Indo- US relations.
Answer. Speech of Maj. Gen. [Retd.] B.C. Khanduri (BJP).
“Sir, I would respectfully urge this august House to pay a serious attention towards the present unipolar world led by US, the only superpower. Today the world is under the hegemony of US. But at the same time we must remember that in this unipolar world India has its own identity and has all the probability of becoming a super power.
As history tells us that although at its height hegemony seems formidable, it does not last for ever. To the contrary, balance of power politics over time, reduces the relative power of the hegemon. This is what may happen to US hegemony because of its challenges and constraints. Therefore, we feel that we should have a good and harmonious relationship with the US in. the international scenario for the mutual promotion of trade and technology. At the same time India will learn some diplomatic stands and will have a fair chance in UN. But it should not be at the cost of our security and independent identity.
With these words I conclude my speech, that by seeing the growing convergence of interests between the US and India as a historic opportunity for India, we must develop a strategy that would alow India to take advantage of US hegemony and the mutual convergences to establish the best possible options for itself.

Question.19. The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.
Answer. The above statement is very suitable to the ASEAN Security Community and the ASEAN Regional Forum which are based on the conviction that outstanding territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontation.
(a) The ASEAN Regional Forum [ARF] carries out coordination of security and foreign policy.
(b) At the same time ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation. Its Vision-2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiations over, conflicts in the region.
(c) In the same way, the foundation of European Union was laid for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs.
(d) The European Union has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.
All these examples justify the statement that the peace and prosperity of countries lies in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations.

Question.20. Identify the countries where the UN peace keeping operations administered in the following years.

Answer. (i) Haiti – 2004 (ii) Sudan – 2005
(iii) Sierra-Leone – 2006 (iv) Afghanistan – 2002

Question.21. Look at the picture given below and answer the following questions.

(a) When did the cartoon appear in the newspapers and why ?
(b) Who was the man behind Indira Gandhi ?
(c) What exactly does the ‘Political crisis’ stand for ? Explain.
Answer. (a) This cartoon appeared few days before the declaration of emergency and captures the sense of impending political crisis.
(b) The man behind the chair of Indira Gandhi was D.K. Barooah, the.Congress President.
(c) The political crisis exactly stands for threatened low and order and the administrative process as well.
• This happened when the opposition political parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan pressed for Indira Gandhi’s rage resignations and organised a massive demonstration.
• Jayaprakash Narayan announced a nation wide Stayagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey illegal and immoral orders.
• This too threatened the administrative activities of the government to a standstill. In retaliation the government declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975.

Question.22. How was Non-Alignment Policy of India criticised? What is the relevance of nonalignment after the end of Cold War ?
Or
Explain as to how did the reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev bring about the disintegration of the USSR.
Answer. There have been many occasions when India’s role in NAM was criticised:

1.  India’s role in NAM was said to be ‘unprincipled’, i.e., in the name of national interest it often refused to take a firm stand on crucial international issues.
2.  It is suggested that India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures.

For example, India signed a treaty of friendship with the USSR for 20 years. This was regarded by the outside observers as India virtually joining the Soviet Alliance system.
However, NAM contained some core values and enduring ideas and it meant that small and poor countries of the world need not become the followers of any of the super powers. Non-alignment as a strategy evolved in the Cold War context, but the end of Cold War and a Unipolar world did not see the end of the non-alignment.
Non-alignment still contains some core values and end-using ideas.

1. Arts emphasis has shifted-from “political issues to economic issues”.
2.  Liberalisation of third world economies for rapid development of the countries of south now remains the main concern of NAM.
3.  Issues like democracy, disarmament, human rights and neo-colonialism are as relevant today as earlier.

With the disintegration of the erstwhile USSR, there is only one super power, therefore, it is very essential for NAM to make sincere efforts to check USA from taking unilateral decisions.- Now its emphasis has also shifted towards poverty alleviation, New International Economic Order (NIEO) based on equality, equity and justice and promotion of industrialisation.
NAM must make efforts to reshape and democratise the United Nations so that the domination of powerful countries is checked.
Besides, NAM must ensure that in the era of Globalisation, liberalism and explosion of Information Technology (IT), the developed and developing nations derive the maximum benefit and are not allowed to be exploited.
Therefore, the concept of non-alignment is applicable even in normal situation. Its essence is that every international issue is discussed on merit. This is an attitude which must be reflected in international affairs.

Or
As the question is very complicated in itself, so the answer to this question becomes more controversial in nature like:

1.  The most basic answer seems to be that when Gorbachev carried out his reforms and loosened the system, he set in motion forces and expectations that few could have predicted. These become virtually impossible to control.
2.  There were sections of Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed and impatient with his methods. They did not benefit in the way they had hoped or they benefitted too slowly.
3.  Others, especially members of the communist party, and those who were served by this system, took exactly the opposite view. They felt that their power and privileges were eroding and that Gorbachev was moving too quickly.
4.  Hence, in this tug-of-war Gorbachev lost support on all sides and divided public opinion. Even those who were with him became disillusioned as they felt that he did not adequately defend his own policies.

Question.23. Explain India – China’s relations since Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in 1988.
Or
Despite the ethnic conflict, Sri Lanka has maintained a democratic political system and registered considerable economic growth and high levels of human development. Explain.
Answer. Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in December 1988 provided an opportunity for improvement in Indo-China relations.

1.  After the visit both governments took mutual steps to curtail conflict and maintain peace and tranquility on the borders.
2.  Agreements on cultural exchanges and cooperation in science and technology were signed between India and China.
3. Four border posts were opened for trade by both the countries. This has led to an increase in the trade between the two countries, i.e., 30 per cent per year since 1999.
4. Now in 21st century both countries have agreed to cooperate in areas of conflict between the two for instance bidding for energy at global level. Even at the Global level India and China have adopted similar policies in international economic institutions like the WTO.
5. On the darker side, as well, the issues like China’s military relations with Bangladesh, Pakistan and Myanmar never lead to a conflict between the two.
   To conclude, we can say that increasing transportation and communication links, common economic interests and global concerns should help establish more positive and harmonious relations between China and India.

Or
Despite the ongoing ethnic conflict, Sri Lanka has registered considerable economic growth and high levels of human development through :

1.  Bilateral trade relations
2. Liberalising economy
3.  Controlling the rate of growth of population
   These factors led Sri Lanka to have highest per capita gross domestic product [GDP] for many years right through the civil war. It became the first country in the region to open the economy to cope up with globalisation.
   On the other hand, despite the ravages of internal conflict, Sri Lanka has maintained a democratic political system by introducing majoritarian concept of government.

Question.24. Explain as to why the first decade of electoral competition is known as Congress system.
Or
After Independence what was the general agreement about development and what were the differences in approach to development ?
Answer. Factors for domination of political scene by the Congress :

1. Congress is the oldest party in India. It started in 1885 and was the major party that struggled to get India independence. It produced many great leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Rajaji, Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose. It provided strong leadership to the Indian masses.
2.  Congress sacrificed in all possible forms to achieve independence. One can rightly say that Congress wholeheartedly fought for India’s independence.
3.  Gandhi (the Father of the Nation) lived like an ordinary Indian and propagated ideologies of truth, non-violence, swaraj, trusteeship which the people of India thoroughly appreciated. He was the first man to launch a national movement as mass movement by bringing women, peasants and students to participate on a large scale.
4.  Indian masses were totally impressed by the role of Congress party and having faith in the Congress they voted for it for more than four decades. The able leadership of Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and Narashimha Rao led India on to the path of success even though some leaders fell victim to terrorism (Indira Gandhi and her son Rajiv Gandhi were assassinated, i.e., they sacrificed their lives).
5. The Congress after India’s independence, not only tried to solve the problems but also faced the challenges before the nation. It is not that independence meant that we had achieved everything. There were many challenges such as poverty, unemployment, low production in agriculture, industry, problem of integration of states and very importantly the refugees. It was a tough time for Congress and it managed to overcome these problems slowly but steadily.
   (vi) There was no strong political party to replace the Congress and the policies of the Congress and our relations with the neighbours favour Congress to become the dominant political party.

Or
As the concept of “development has varied scope and complex nature” so any discussion on development is bound to generate contradictions, conflicts and debates.
The first decade after independence witnessed a lot of debate around this question of development. It was common then, as it is even now, for people to refer to the “west” as the standard for measuring development.
Development was about becoming more modern and moreJike the industrialised countries of the West. It was believed that every country would go through the process of “modernisation of the West” which involved the breakdown of traditional social structures and the rise of capitalism and liberalism.
Modernisation was also associated with the ideas of growth, material progress and scientific rationality.
On the eve of independence, India had two models of modern development

Hence, there was a debate on the selection of a model for our economy. There were some communist leaders, members of the socialist party and leaders like Nehru who supported the “Socialist model”. This reflected a broad consensus that had developed during the national movement.
All these made it clear that the task of poverty alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen primarily as the responsibility of the government. But at the same time there were debates among them like :

1. For some Industrialisation seemed to be the preferred path.
2.  For others, the development of agriculture and, in particular, alleviation of rural poverty was the priority.

Question.25. What does the term Syndicate mean in the context of the Congress Party of the sixties ? What role did the syndicate play in the Congress party ?
Or
Discuss the nature of the contest in 1971. How was the Congress (O) different from Congress (R) ?
Answer. Syndicate was the informal name given to a group of Congress leaders who were in control of the party’s organisation i.e. within the Congress.

1.  It was led by K. Kamraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the then President of the Congress Party. It included powerful state leaders like S.K. Patil, S. Nijalingappa, N. Sanjeeva Reddy and Atulaya Ghosh.
2.  In the sixties, syndicate played a decisive role in the installation of both Lai Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister.
3.  This group had a decisive say in Indira Gandhi’s first Council of Ministers and also in policy formulation and implementation.
4.  But after the Congress split the leaders of the syndicate and those owing allegiance to them stayed with Congress (O) and a group led by Indira Gandhi formed Congress (R).
   (v) Since, it was Indira Gandhi’s Congress (R) that won the test of popularity, all these big and powerful men of Indian politics lost their power and prestige after 1971.

Or
The electoral contest of 1971 was a landmark in Indian politics. It was the restoration of Congress (R).

1. Actually this electoral contest appeared to be loaded against Congress (R). After all the new Congress was just a faction of an already weak party. Every one believed that the real organisational strength of the Congress party was’ under the command of Congress (O).
2.  To make matters worse for Indira Gandhi, all the major non-communist, non-Congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance known as the “Grand Alliance”.
3. Under the umbrella of this Grand Alliance the parties like SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swantantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came together to form a united front.
   Comparative Analysis between Congress (R) and Congress (O).
   The new Congress under Indira Gandhi had something that its big opponents lacked—it had an issue, an agenda, and a positive slogan.

But, the Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political programme rather it had only one common programme i.e. “Indira Hatao” (Remove Indira).

1. In contrast to this she put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao. i.e. Remove poverty.
2.  Through the slogan of Garibi Hatao, Indira Gandhi tried to generate a support base among disadvantaged especially landless labourers, dalits, and adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth.
3.  Besides, Congress (R) focussed on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property, removal of disparity etc.
   Thus, the slogan of Garibi Hatao and the programmes that followed it were part of Indira Gandhi’s political strategy of building an independent nationwide political support base during the electoral contest of 1971.

Question.26. What were the main provisions of the Punjab Accord of 1985 ? How has peace been restored on secular lines in Punjab ?
Or
Explain how in the coalition era a consensus seems to have emerged among most political parties. Explain its elements also.
Answer. The Punjab Accord was an agreement signed between the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal, the then President of the Akali Dal in 1985.
This agreement is known as the “Rajiv Qandhi-Longowal Accord” or the Punjab Accord. It was a step towards bringing normalcy in Punjab.
Main provisions of the Accord :

1.  Under this accord, it was agreed that Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.
2. A separate commission would be appointed to resolve the border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
3. A tribunal would be set up to decide the sharing of Ravi-Beas river waters among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
4. The agreement also provided for compensation to and better treatment of those affected by militancy in Punjab and the withdrawal of the application of Armed Forces Special Powers Act in Punjab.
   However, peace did not come easily or immediately. The cycle of violence continued nearly for a decade.
   (a) Militancy and counter insurgency violence led to excesses by the police and violation of the human rights.
   (b) Politically it led to fragmentation of the Akali Dal.
   (c) Thus, the central government had to impose President’s rule in the state and the normal electoral and political process was suspended.
   (d) It was not easy to restore the political process in the atmosphere of suspicion and violence. For example when elections were held in Punjab in 1992, only 24 per cent of the electors turned out to vote.
   All this in turn added to tension between Punjab and its neighbouring states.

Or
In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties on many’crucial issues. This consensus consists of four elements.

1.  Agreement on new economic policies : While many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
2. Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes: Political parties have recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result all political parties now support reservation of seats for the backward classes in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get adequate share of power.
3.  Acceptance of the role of state level parties in the governance of the country: The distinction between state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important.
4.  Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement: Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Thus most parties of the NDA did not agree with the Hindutva ideology of the BJP, yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.
   To sum up, all these are momentous changes and are going to shape politics in the near
   future.

Question.27. ‘Explain any two aspects of India’s nuclear policy.
Or
Was the Congress split in 1969 avoidable? If the split had not taken place, how could it have influenced the course of events in the 1970s?
Answer. India’s Nuclear Policy:

1.  For a country’s development, the role of science and technology is very significant. Our
   first Prime Minister Nehru had full faith in Science and Technology for rapidly building a modern India.
2. The Nuclear Programme was initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of H.J. Bhabha. Former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam had written about our Nuclear strategy in his book “India’s Vision-2020”.
3.  When China conducted her Nuclear Test in 1964, India realised its strategic importance.
4.  In 1968, the UN permanent members (Security Council) tried to impose Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty on the rest of the World.
5.  India’s first nuclear explosion was conducted in 1974. India declared that it was only for peaceful purposes.
6.  Although there are some differences among political parties regarding external relations but they agreed on national integration, protection of national boundaries, etc. This could be clearly seen when we faced three wars during the decade (1962-1972).
7. India refused to sign the CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) in 1995.
8.  India also conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes.

Or
The political events which followed the elections of 1967 indicated that the split in the Congress was not avoidable.
The Congress retained power at the centre but with a reduced majority.
The Congress lost power in many states and non-Congress governments were formed as coalitions.
It should be noted that the results proved that the” Congress could be defeated at the elections. The political events could be analysed under the following headings

1. Indira vs. the ‘Syndicate’.
2.  Presidential Election, 1969.

1.  Indira vs. the Syndicate : Indira Gandhi faced a serious problem not from outside but from her own party. ‘Syndicate’ was a group of Congress leaders who were in control of the party’s organisation. Some of the prominent leaders were K. Kamaraj, S.K. Patil, S. Nijalingappa, etc. They wanted to make Indira Gandhi the Prime Minister and expected her to follow their advice. Indira Gandhi wanted to be independent of the ‘Syndicate’ and to regain the power for Congress which was lost in the 1967 elections. She launched a 10-Point Programme and a government policy with left orientation.
2.  Presidential Election 1969: The factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open in 1969 when the President Zakir Hussain died.
   The Syndicate leaders proposed Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy as their official candidate without even consulting Mrs Indira Gandhi. She supported the then Vice President V.V. Giri to file his nomination as an independent candidate.
   The syndicate leader S. Nijalingappa issued a ‘whip’ asking all the Congress MPs and MLAs to vote in favour of Sanjeeva Reddy but ultimately V.V. Giri emerged victorious. She also announced many popular policy measures like nationalisation of 14 banks and the abolition of the privy purses (special privileges) given to the former princes. She raised the slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ and returned to power with a solid majority in 1971 elections. In case the split did not take place the progressive measures might not be achieved. The split was not avoidable and the events after 1969 proved to be beneficial to the people of India.