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CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Business Environment

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Business Environment: Definition
The term ‘business environment’ means the sum total of all individuals, institutions and other forces that are outside the control of a business enterprise but that may affect its performance.

Importance of Business Environment

1. It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage instead of losing them to its competitors.
2. It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals which are likely to hinder a firm’s performance and take timely actions.
3. It helps in tapping useful resources as the enterprise designs policies that allow it to get the resources that it needs so that it can convert those resources into outputs that the environment desires.
4. It helps in coping with rapid changes as the managers are able to understand and examine the environment and develop appropriate courses of action.
5. It helps in assisting in planning and policy formulation as its understanding and analysis can be the basis for deciding the future course of action or decision making.
   It helps in improving performance of an enterprise through continuous monitoring of the environment and adopting suitable business practices which help to improve both their present and future performance
6. It helps in improving performance of an enterprise through continuous monitoring of the environment and adopting suitable business practices which help to improve both their present and future performance.

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Features of Business Environment

1. It is a sum total of all the forces external to business firms.
2. It consists of both specific forces such as investors, customers, competitors and suppliers which affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to¬day working and general forces such as social, political, legal and technological conditions which have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly.
3. All the elements of business environment are closely interrelated.
4. It is dynamic in nature and keeps on changing due to technological upgradations, shifts in consumer preferences or increase in competition in the market.
5. It is highly uncertain as it is not always possible to predict future happenings, especially when environment changes are taking place too frequently as in the case of information technology or fashion industries.
6. It is complex in nature as it is relatively easier to understand in parts but difficult to comprehend in its totality because it consists of numerous interrelated and dynamic conditions or forces which arise from different sources.
7. It is a relative concept since it differs from country to country and even region to region

DIMENSIONS OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Dimensions of the business environment include economic, social, technological, political and legal conditions which are considered relevant for decision-making and improving the performance of an enterprise.

Various Factors Constituting the General Environment of Business

1. Economic Environment comprises of factors that can affect management practices ina business enterprise. It includes interest rates, inflation rates, changes in disposable income of people, stock market indices and the value of rupee etc.
2. Social Environment includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc.
3. Technological Environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating business.
4. Political Environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business.
5. Legal Environment includes various legislations passed by the Government administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgments as well as the decisions rendered by various commissions and agencies at every level of the government— center, state or local.

ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN INDIA 
Various Macro-level Factors of Economic Environment in India

1. Stage of economic development of the country.
2. The economic structure in the form of mixed economy which recognises the role of both public and private sectors.
3. Economic policies of the Government, including industrial, monetary and fiscal policies.
4. Economic planning, including five year plans, annual budgets, and so on.
5. Economic indices, like national income, distribution of income, rate and growth of GNP, per capita income, disposal personal income, rate of savings and investments, value of exports and imports, balance of payments, etc.
6. Infrastructural factors, such as, financial institutions, banks, modes of transportation communication facilities etc.

The Constituents of Economic Environment of Business in India at the time of Independence

1. The Indian economy was mainly agricultural and rural in character.
2. About 70% of the working population was employed in agriculture.
3. About 85% of the population was living in the villages.
4. Production was carried out using irrational, low productivity technology
5. Communicable diseases were widespread, mortality rates were high and there was no good public health system.

Key Aspects of the Economic Planning in India After Independence

1. Initiate rapid economic growth to raise the standard of living, reduce unemployment and poverty.
2. Become self-reliant and set upa strong industrial base with emphasis on heavy and basic industries.
3. Reduce inequalities of income and wealth.
4. Adopt a socialist pattern of development— based on equality and prevent exploitation of man by man.

NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF 1991
Three Major Componenets of New Industrial Policy of 1991

1. Liberalisation
2. Privatisation
3. Globalisation

Disinvestment definition
Disinvestments refers to transfer from public sector enterprises to the private sector through dilution of state of the Government in the public enterprise

The Broad Feature of New Industrial Policy, 1991

1. The Government reduced the number of industries under compulsory licensing to six.
2. Many of the industries reserved for the public sector under the earlier policy, were dereserved. The role of the public sector was limited only to four industries of strategic importance.
3. Disinvestment was carried out in case of many public sector industrial enterprises.
4. The share of foreign equity participation was increased and in many activities 100 per cent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was permitted.
5. Automatic permission was now granted for technology agreements with foreign companies.
6. Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was set up to promote and channelise foreign investment in India.

Liberalisation 
These economic reforms signalled the The new set of economic Globalisation means the end of the licence-permit-quota raj reforms aimed at giving integration of the various and were aimed at liberalising the greater role to the private economies of the world Indian business and industry from all sector in the nation building leading towards the unnecessary controls and restrictions.
Simplifying procedures for imports and exports.
Key initiatives of the government:

1. Abolishing licensing requirement in most of the industries except a short list .
2. Freedom in deciding the scale of business activities
3. Removal of restrictions on the movement of goods and services.
4. Freedom in fixing the prices of goods and services.
5. Reduction in tax rates and lifting of unnecessary controls over the economy.
6. Making it easier to attract foreign capital and technology to India.

Privatisation
The new set of economic Globalisation means the end of the licence-permit-quota raj reforms aimed at giving integration of the various and were aimed at liberalising the greater role to the private economies of the world Indian business and industry from all sector in the nation building leading towards the
unnecessary controls and restrictions. process and a reduced role emergence of a cohesive to the public sector.
Key initiatives of the government:

1. Adopted the policy of planned disinvestments of the public sector.
2. Decided to refer the loss making and sick enterprises to the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.

Globalisation
These economic reforms signalled the The new set of economic Globalisation means the end of the licence-permit-quota raj reforms aimed at giving integration of the various and were aimed at liberalising the greater role to the private economies of the world Indian business and industry from all sector in the nation building leading towards the unnecessary controls and restrictions. process and a reduced role emergence of a cohesive to the public sector. global economy.
Key initiatives of the government:

1. Import liberalisation and export promotion through rationalisation of the tariff structure and reforms with respect to foreign exchange.
2. Increased level of interaction and interdependence among the various nations of the global economy.

MIND MAP

Impact of Government Policy Changes on Business and Industry/ Challenges faced by the
Indian Corporate Sector

1. Increasing competition for Indian firms due to changes in the rules of industrial licensing and entry of foreign firms.
2. More demanding customers as they are more aware and are offered wider choice in purchasing better quality of goods and services due to high competition.
3. Repidly changing technological environment creates tough challenges before smaller firms.
4. Necessity for change in the way of their operations.
5. Need for developing human resource as the new market conditions require people with higher competence and greater commitment. Hence the need for developing human resources.
6. Market orientation as the firms have to study and analyse the market first and produce goods accordingly.
7. Loss of budgetary support to the public sector has declined over the years

Managerial Response to Changes in Business Environment

1. Acquisitions and mergers
2. Diversification
3. Brand building
4. Innovative distribution and selling techniques.
5. Changes in capital structure
6. Customer-oriented approach
7. Technological developments
8. Better labour relations

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Metlapp Networks and Technologies Ltd. is a leader in technology innovation in the United States, creating products and solutions for connecting the world. It has,, a large research and development team which invented the first smart watch, named as W-7. The watch besides showing the time, also monitors few health parameters like heart beat, blood pressure etc.
While in search of markets abroad, the company found that in India, the reform process was underway with the aim of accelerating the pace of economic growth. The company decided to take advantage of simplified export procedure and removal of quantitative as well as tariff restrictions in India.
It set up its office in Jamnagar with a view to capture the Indian market. In a short span of time, the company emerged as a market leader. Success of the company attracted many other players to enter the market. Competition resulted in reduction in prices, thereby benefiting the customers.

1. In the above paragraph, two major concepts related to government policy have been discussed. Identify and explain these concepts.
2. Also, explain briefly any three impacts of these concepts on Indian business and industry.

Answer:

1. Liberalisation and globalisation are the two major concepts related to government policy that have been discussed.
   • Liberalisation: These economic reforms signalled the end of the licence-pemit-quota raj and were aimed at liberalising the Indian business and industry from all unnecessary controls and restrictions.
   • Globalisation: Globalisation means the integration of the various economies of the world leading towards the emergence of a cohesive global economy.
2. The three impacts of reforms on Indian business and industry are outlined below:
   • Increasing competition: The Indian firms are facing lot of competition due to changes in the rules of industrial licensing and entry of foreign firms. This change is more apparent in the sectors which were earlier reserved for private sector only like banking, insurance, telecommunications, etc.
   • More demanding customers: With the easy availability of wider choice in purchasing better quality of goods and services due to high competition consumers have become more aware and demanding. The growing expections of the consumers has increased the pressure on the business firms.
   • Rapidly changing technological environment: With the entry of new firms which are far more superior in terms of technology the small firms are facing a lot of challenges. Moreover, the firms are constantly involved in innovating new products and upgrading present products with the help of better technologies in order to satisfy the customers demands.

Question 2:
Naman and Govind after finishing their graduation under vocational stream decided to start their own travel agency which will book Rail Tickets and Air Tickets on commission basis. They also thought of providing tickets within ten minutes through the use of internet. They discussed the idea with their Professor Mr. Mehta who liked the idea and suggested them to first analyse the business environment which consists of investors’, competitors and other forces like social, political etc. that may affect their business directly or indirectly. He further told them about the technological improvements and shifts in consumer preferences that were taking place and hence they should be aware of the environmental trends and changes which may hinder their business performance. He emphasised on making plans keeping in mind the threat posed by the competitors, so that they can deal with the situation effectively. This alignment of business operations with the business environment will result in better performance.

1. Identify and state the component of business environment highlighted in the above
   Para.
2. State any two features of business environment as discussed by Professor Mehta with Naman and Govind.
3. Also state two points of importance of business environment as stated by Professor Mehta in the above situation.

Answer:

1. Technological Environment is the component of business environment highlighted in the above Para. Technological Environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.
2. The two features of business environment as discussed by Professor Mehta with Naman and Govind are as follows:
   • Dynamic nature: It is dynamic in nature and keeps on changing due to technological upgradations, shifts in consumer preferences or increase in competition in the market.
   • Inter-relatedness: All the elements of business environment are closely interrelated. Therefore, any change is one element may necessitate corresponding changes in the other elements as well.
3. The two points of importance of business environment as stated by Professor Mehta in the above situation are described below:
   • It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage: The dynamic business environment provides numerous opportunities for a business to evolve as per the changing needs. Therefore, early identification of the forthcoming opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first to exploit them instead of losing them to the competitors.
   • It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals: Sometimes the changes in the external environment may pose as a threat and hinder a firm’s performance. An awareness about the business environment helps the managers to identify such threats on time and take necessary decisions and action.

Question 3:
With changes in the consumption habits of people, Neelesh, who was running a sweet shop, shifted to the chocolate business. On the eve of Diwali, he offered chocolates in attractive packages at reasonable prices. He anticipated huge demand and created a website chocolove. com for taking orders online. He got a lot of orders online and earned huge profits by selling the chocolate.
Identify and explain the dimensions of business environment discussed in the above case.
Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment being referred to in the above case are as follows:

1. Social environment: Social Environment includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc.
2. Technological environment: Technological Environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.

Question 4:
A recent rate cut in the interest on loans announced by the banks encouraged Amit, a science student of Progressive School, to take a loan from State Bank of India to experiment and develop cars to be powered by fuel produced from garbage. He developed such a car and
exhibited it in the Science Fair organised by the Directorate of Education. He was awarded the first prize for his invention.
Identify and explain the dimensions of business environment discussed in the above case.
Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment being referred to in the above case are as follows:

1. Economic Environment: It comprises of factors that can affect management practices in a business enterprise includes interest rates, inflation rates, changes in disposable income of people, stock market indices and the value of rupee etc.
2. Technological Environment: It includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.

Question 5:
‘Accent Electronics Ltd.’ was operating its business in Malaysia. The company started exporting its products to India when the Prime Minister announced relaxation in import duties on electronic items. The company appointed retailers in India who had direct online links with the suppliers to replenish stocks when needed.
Identify and explain the dimensions of business environment discussed in the above case.
Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment being referred to in the above case are as follows:

1. Political Environment: Political Environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business.
2. Technological Environment: Technological Environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.

Question 6:
After completing her MBA, Beni took up a job with a multinational company named Fortio. The company paid good salaries and perks to its employees. The wages were within the paying capacity of the company that provided the employees with a reasonable standard of living. The company also had a good work-culture and the behaviour of superiors was very good towards their subordinates. Beni was very happy in this organisation but due to long working hours, she did not have time to cook her meals. She had to depend upon outside food which was deteriorating her health.
She observed that this problem was faced by many of her colleagues, not only in her company but also in many other companies. This was because of increase in the number of working women and non-availability of hygienic home-cooked food. She identified this as a great opportunity and decided to give up her job to supply packaged home-cooked food to office-goers at a reasonable price. At the end of the day, she also distributed the leftover food to the nearby night-shelters.

1. State the dimension of business environment being discussed above.
2. State the principle of management being followed by Fortio.
3. Identify any two values being communicated by the company to society in above case.

Answer:

1. The dimension of business environment being discussed above is Social.
   Social Environment includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc.
2. The principle of management being followed by Fortio is ‘Remuneration of employees’. Remuneration of employees: The overall pay and compensation should be fair to both employees and the organization. The employees should be paid fair wages, which should give them at least a reasonable standard of living. At the same time it should be within the paying capacity of the company i.e. remuneration should be just and equitable.
3. The values being communicated by the company to the society are:
   • Justice
   • Ethical Behaviour

Question 7:
After completing his MBA from the USA, Mr. Ajay came to India to start a new business under the banner Ecom Creations Ltd. He launched a new product in e-learning for senior secondary school students in the commerce stream which already had an established market in the UK and the USA but not in India. His business started flourishing in India. As a result, more Indian companies entered into the market with other subjects also.
Identify and quote the lines from the above paragraph which highlight the significance of understanding business environment.
Answer:

1. The understanding of business environment helps in assisting in planning and policy formulation as its understanding and analysis can be the basis for deciding the future course of action or decision making.
   It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage instead of losing them to its competitors.
   ” After completing his MBA from USA, Mr. Ajay came to India .to start a new business under the banner Ecom Creations Ltd. He launched a new product in e-learning for senior secondary school students in the commerce stream which already had an established market in UK and the USA but not in India.”
2. It helps in improving performance of an enterprise through continuous monitoring of the environment and adopting suitable business practices which help to improve both their present and future performance.
   “His business started flourishing in India.”
3. It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals that is likely to hinder a firm’s performance and take timely actions.
   “As a result, more Indian companies entered into the market with other subjects.”

Question 8:
As per the directions issued by the Supreme Court, the government passed an order to ban the sale of tobacco products within the area of 200 meters of all educational institutions as:

1. Its consumption is injurious to health.
2. People are becoming more conscious about health and fitness. This indicates the government’s attitude towards this business.
   Identify the business environment under three different dimensions by quoting from above paragraph.

Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment being referred to the in the above case are as follows:

1. Legal Environment: “As per the directions issued by the Supreme Court.’
2. Political Environment: “The government passed an order to ban the sale of tobacco products within the area of 200 meters of all educational institutions.”
3. Social Environment: “Its consumption is injurious to health and people are becoming more conscious about health and fitness.”

Question 9:
The court passed an order to ban polythene bags as:

1. These bags create many environmental problems which affect the life of people.
2. Society at large is more concerned about the quality of life.
   The government decided to give a subsidy to the jute industry in order to promote this business. As a result,—
   • Innovative techniques are being developed to manufacture jute bags at low rates.
   • Incomes are rising and people can afford to buy these bags.
     Identify the different dimensions of business environment by quoting lines from the above particulars.

Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment being referred to in the above case are as follows:

1. Legal Environment: “The court passed an order to ban polythene bags.”
2. Social Environment: “The bags create many environmental problems which affect the life of people and society at large is more concerned about the,,quality of life.”
3. Political Environment: “The government decided to give a subsidy to the jute industry in order to promote this business.”
4. Technological environment: “Innovative techniques are being developed to manufacture jute bags at low rate.”
5. Economic Environment: “Incomes are rising and people can afford to buy these bags.”

Question 10:
The court passed an order that all schools must have water purifiers for the school children as:

1. Society in general is more concerned about the quality of life. .
2. Innovative techniques are being developed to manufacture water purifiers at competitive rates.
3. Incomes are rising and children are drinking purified water at their homes as well.
4. The Government is also showing a positive attitude towards the business of water purification.
   Identify the different dimensions of business environment by quoting from the above details.

Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment being referred to the in the above case are as follows:

1. Legal Environment: “The court passed an order that all schools must have water purifiers for the school children.”
2. Social Environment: “Society in general is more concerned about the quality of life.”
3. Political Environment: “The government is also showing a positive attitude towards the business of water purifiers.”
4. Technological environment: “Innovative techniques are being developed to manufacture water purifiers at competitive rate.”
5. Economic Environment: “Incomes are rising and children are drinking purified water at their homes as well.”

Question 11:
Just after the declaration of the results of the Lok Sabha Elections, 2009, the Bombay Stock Exchange’s price index (Sensex) rose by 2100 points in a day. Identify the environmental factor which led to this rise.
Answer:
Political environment has led to the rise in the sensex.

Question 12:
The Government of India is seriously thinking of allowing the oil-marketing public sector undertaking to fix their own prices for petrol and diesel. Which economic reform is the reason for this change in the government’s policy?
Answer:
Privatisation as a reform is the reason for this change in the government policy.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation making all Rs.500 and Rs. 1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series invalid past midnight. The government claimed that the action would curtail the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism. The BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50 stock indices fell over 6 percent on the day after the announcement. The decision was heavily criticised by members of the opposition parties, leading to debates in both houses of parliament and triggering organised protests against the government in several places across India. People seeking to exchange their bank notes had to stand in lengthy queues, and several deaths were linked to the inconveniences caused due to the rush to exchange cash. After demonetisation the demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased. E-payment options like PayTM has also seen a rise.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the various dimensions of business environment which relate to the above mentioned case.
2. List any through two values that the government seeks to promote through demonetisation.

Answer:

1. The various dimensions of business environment which relate to the above mentioned case are outlined below:
   • Political Environment: Political Environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business.
   • Technological environment: Technological Environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.
   • Legal environment: Legal Environment includes various legislations passed by the Government administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgments as well as the decisions rendered by various commissions and agencies at every level of the government— centre, state or local .
   • Social environment: Social Environment includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc.
   • Economic Environment: Economic Environment comprises of factors that can affect management practices in a business enterprise includes interest rates, inflation rates, changes in disposable income of people, stock market indices and the value of rupee etc.
2. The two values that the government seeks to promote through demonitisation are:
   • Transparency in dealings
   • Promote well being of people

Question 2:
Post demonitisation in a further push to cashless economy, the Central cabinet has recently approved the ordinance for paying wages via electronic means. Accordingly, the government approved to Amend Section 6 of the Payment Of Wages Act 1936, to allow employers of certain industries to make payment through the electronic mode and cheques . The new ordinance will be applicable to the public sector. Identify the various dimensions of business environment which relate to the above mentioned case.
Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment which relate to the above mentioned case stated below:

1. Political environment
2. Legal environment
3. Technology environment

Question 3:
Make in India is an initiative launched by the Government of India to encourage national and multinational companies to manufacture their products in India. It focuses on job creation and skill enhancement and is in twenty five sectors of the economy. Under the initiative, brochures on these sectors and a web portal were released. The initiative aims at high quality standards and minimising the impact on the environment. It also seeks to attract foreign capital investment in India.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the various dimensions of business environment being referred to by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. List any two values which the Government of India wants to convey through this initiative.

Answer:

1. The various dimensions of business environment being referred to in the above case are as follows:
   • Political Environment: “Make in India is an initiative launched by the Government of India to encourage national and multinational companies to manufacture their products in India.”
   • Technological Environment: “Under the initiative, brochures on the twenty five sectors and a web portal were released.”
   • Economic Environment: “It also seeks to attract foreign capital investment in India.”
2. The two values which the Government of India wants to convey through this initiative are:
   • High quality standards
   • Concern for environment

Question 4:
India’s retail sector has been undergoing structural changes for the last two decades. On one hand, the ‘mall culture’ has gradually become a way of life, especially in the metros and mini¬metros. On the other hand, there is accelerated growth in e-business as customers also prefer to buy products and services via the Internet, telephone and television. However, operating in either of the segments is marked by the presence of strong competitors.
Identify the components of specific forces and general forces being discussed in the above paragraph.
Answer:
The components of specific forces discussed in the above paragraph are the customers and competitors.
The components of general forces discussed in the above paragraph is the social and technological conditions.

Question 5:
Kapil Sharma is working as the Country Head of a company which owns a chain of malls under the name of ‘Virtuoso’ in the various parts of India. Through an analysis report of the business environment, it has been brought to his notice that in the coming years, shopping at a mall will not be a necessity for the buyers as purchases can be made online from anywhere
and at any time with ease and at the consumer’s convenience. Hence, malls will have to provide much more than shopping to be able to attract customers. So, he recommends that ‘Virtuoso’ malls should to be restructured into recreation centres, offering more spaces to socialise, host events and concerts, and provide ample Food and Beverages options.
Consequently the share of entertainment segment and Food and Beverages segment in the overall mall space is increased by 20%. As a result, the company gains enormously by getting the first mover advantage.
In context of the above case :

1. Define the term ‘Business Environment’.
2. Explain the terms ‘Threats’ and ‘Opportunities’ by quoting lines from the paragraph.

Answer:

1. The term ‘Business Environment’ means the sum total of all individuals, institutions and other forces that are outside the control of a business enterprise but that may affect its performance.
2. The term ‘Threats’ refers to the external environment, trends and changes that will hinder a firm’s performance.
   “Through an analysis report of the business environment, it has been brought to his notice that in the coming years, shopping at a mall will not be a necessity for the buyers as purchases can be made online from anywhere and at any time with ease and at the consumer’s convenience. Hence, malls will have to provide much more than shopping to be able to attract customers.”
   The term ‘opportunities’ refers to the positive external trends or changes that will help a firm to improve its performance.
   “As a result, the company gains enormously by getting the first mover advantage.”

Question 6:
“Zero Defect Zero Effect” (ZED) is a slogan coined by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi with reference to the Make in India initiative launched by the government. The slogan reflects the efficiency of production processes, i.e. the products have no defects and the process through which the product is made has zero adverse environmental and ecological effects. The ZED model aims to make India the manufacturing hub of the world and prevent the products developed in India from being rejected by the global market. Moreover, before the initiative was launched, the limits of foreign direct investment in various sectors had been relaxed. The application for licences was made available online and the validity of licences was increased to three years. Various other norms and procedures were also relaxed by the government. In the light of the above paragraph, identify and explain the major component of New Economic Policy of 1991 that are being referred to by quoting lines from the paragraph.
Answer:
The major components of New Economic Policy of 1991 that are being referred to are as follows:

1. Liberalisation: These economic reforms signalled the end of the licence-pemit-quota raj and were aimed at liberalising the Indian business and industry from all unnecessary controls and restrictions.
   “Moreover, before the initiative was launched, the limits of foreign direct investment in various sectors had been relaxed. The application for licences was made available
   online and the validity of licences was increased to three years. Various other norms and procedures were also relaxed by the government.”
2. Globalisation: Globalisation means the integration of the various economies of the world leading towards the emergence of a cohesive global economy.
   “The ZED model aims to make India the manufacturing hub of the world and prevent the products developed in India from being rejected by the global market.”

Question 7:
It is interesting to know that the menu items of the multinational food chains are customised to suit the general palates of the local people in the region. When McDonald’s started its business in India in the year 1996, the company went through a complete localisation strategy. McDonald’s changed its product menu to accommodate the vegetable burger given the large vegetarian population. It also altered its store design and even reduced the product price by close to fifteen per cent. Also , the “McAloo Tikki burger” is not available anywhere but in the Indian outlets of McDonalds.
Identify the relevant feature of business environment being discussed above.
Answer:
Relativity is the relevant feature of business environment which is being discussed above.

Question 8:
Eco-friendly products are gaining power as the consumers’ awareness about environmental issues has increased over the years and they are conscious about choosing products that do not have adverse effects on the environment. They are now more conscious about the carbon emission and climate change effects, and want themselves to be ‘seen’ as a green advocate among their peers. In such a scenario, it has become a challenge for the companies as they have to not only meet the needs of the consumers but also ensure that their products are safe and environment friendly. As a result, there is growing need for better and advanced technologies to works as a catalyst in this regard.

1. Identify the relevant feature of business environment being discussed above.
2. Describe briefly any three points which highlight the importance of business environment and its understanding by managers.

Answer:

1. Inter-relatedness is the relevant feature of business environment which is being discussed above.
2. The three points which highlight the importance of business environment and its understanding by managers are described below:
   • It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage: The dynamic business environment provides numerous opportunities for a business to evolve as per the changing needs. Therefore, early identification of the forthcoming opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first to exploit them instead of losing them to the competitors.
   • It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals: Sometimes the changes in the external environment may pose as a threat and hinder a firm’s performance. An awareness about the business environment helps the managers to identify such threats on time and take necessary decisions and action.
   • It helps in tapping useful resources: As the enterprise designs policies that allow it to get the resources that it needs so that it can convert those resources into outputs that the environment desires.

Question 9:
In the year 2016, the State Government of Kerala had made it mandatory for anganwadis hostels and canteens in educational institutions to secure the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) licence to ensure food safety. As the educational institutions also get categorised as food business operators in the event of the annual turnover of the hostels, they run exceeding Rs. 12 lakh per annum.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the various dimensions of business environment being referred to here.
2.  List any two values which the State Government of Kerala wants to convey through this initiative.

Answer:

1. The various dimensions of business environment being referred to in the above case are as follows:
   • Political Environment: Political environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business.
   • Legal Environment: Legal environment includes various legislations passed by the government administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgments as well as the decisions rendered by various commissions and agencies at every level of the government -Center, State or Local .
2. The two values which the State Government of Kerala wants to convey through this initiative are:
   • High quality standards
   • Good health

Question 10:
Postage stamps have been unveiled to commemorate 140 years of existence of the country’s first stock exchange the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The setting up of BSE is considered to be the greatest revolution that took place in the financial markets in India as it acts as a key driver for economic growth of a country. This is due to the fact that there exists a strong corelation between economic growth and capital accumulation.
In the context of the above case:

1. Identify the dimension of business environment of India being referred here.
2. State any three factors which broadly affect the dimension of business environment of India as identified in part (a) of the question.

Answer:

1. Economic environment is the dimension of business environment of India being referred here.
2. The three factors which broadly affect the economic environment of India are stated below:
   • Stage of economic development of the country.
   • The economic structure in the form of mixed economy which recognises the role of both public and private sectors.
   • Economic planning, including five year plans, annual budgets, and so on.

Question 11:
The organic food market in India is growing at 25-30 per cent which reflects a clear shift in consumer tastes and preferences. The current growth in the organic food market is driven by multiplicity of factors like rising health consciousness, changing lifestyles, increase in disposable income and growing availability of organic food products in shopping malls, retail outlets and online.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the features of business environment being referred to here.
2. By quoting phrases from the paragraph identify the various components of general forces which have led to a growth in the organic food market.

Answer:

1. The features of business environment being referred to in the above case are as follows:
   • Dynamic nature: It is dynamic in nature and keeps on changing due to technological upgradations, shifts in consumer preferences or increase in competition in the market.
   • Inter-relatedness: All the elements of business environment are closely interrelated. Therefore, any change is one element may necessitate corresponding changes in the other elements as well.
2. The various components of general forces which have led to a growth in the organic food market are as follows:
   • Social: “rising health consciousness, changing lifestyles”
   • Economic: “increase in disposable income”
   • Technological: “growing availability of organic food products in shopping malls, retail outlets and online.”

Question 12:
Anurag, aspires to work with a socially and environmentally committed company as he does not want to work just for monetary benefits but also the brand value of the company he works for in the society matters a lot to him. Therefore, he has joined Cerebra Integrated Technologies a Bengaluru-based Infotech company. The company has built India’s largest e-waste recycling plant. The company strives to be one of the leading players in this business which has huge potential not only in terms of generating huge revenues and profits but also wants to contribute to the environment issues that have become crucial worldwide. The company sees big business in the mountains of e-waste in Bengaluru which produces 200,000 tonnes of e-waste a year. The company plans to make its millions by extracting metals such as gold and platinum from the e-waste piling up in the city. As a mobile phone, for example, is made up of a combination of rare earth and precious metals: it contains 250 mg of silver, 24 mg of gold and nine mg of palladium while a laptop has 1,000 mg of silver, 220 mg of gold and 500 grams of copper.
To start the business, the company has obtained a licence from KSPCB ( Karnataka State Pollution Control Board) .
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the various dimensions of business environment being referred to by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. List any two values which the company wants to convey to the society.

Answer:

1. The various dimensions of business environment being referred to the in the above case are as follows:
   • Technological Environment: Technological environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.
   •  administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgments as well as the decisions rendered by various commissions and agencies at every level of the government— center, state or local.
   • Social Environment: Social environment includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc.
2. The two values which the Cerebra Integrated Technologies wants to convey through this initiative are:
   • Sustainable development
   • Concern for environment.

Question 13:
The government wants to raise Rs.56,500 crore from the sale of stakes in state-owned enterprises National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) in the financial year 2016-17.
Identify and explain the related concept.
Answer:
Disinvestment: Disinvestment refers to transfer in the public sector enterprises to the private sector through dilution of stake of the Government in the public enterprise.

Question 14:
Bharat is running an ice cream parlour in a local market. Keeping in mind the changing perceptions about health among the people, one of his employee Abhiraj suggests to him that they should introduce a range a flavoured yogurt. Bharat accepts his suggestion as a result both the image and the profitability of his business increases.
In the context of the above case:

1. Identify the feature of management which is being highlighted.
2. State the related dimension of the business environment.
3. Name and explain the related principle of general management.

Answer:

1. The feature of management which is being highlighted is Dynamic.
2. The related dimension of the business environment is Social.
3. The related principle of general management is Initiative.

Initiative means taking the first step with self-motivation. The workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvement. Suggestion system should be adopted in the organization.

Question 15:
As a result of the decision by Britian to exit to European Union the new trade agreements will come into force from the EU as it accounts for 35-40% of auto component exports from India. Tata Motors owned Britain’s largest carmaker Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) has been in Britain for three decades and makes 4,75,000 cars a year in the country of which most of them are exported inside the European Union and beyond. JLR estimates that their annual profit could be cut by one billion pounds ($1.47 billion) by the year 2020.
In the context of the above case:

1. Explain why are all the elements of business environment considered to be closely interrelated?
2. Name any two related dimensions of the business environment.

Answer:

1. All the elements of business environment are considered to be closely interrelated as any change in one of them may necessitate a series of changes in other dimensions as well.
2. The related dimensions of the business environment are Political and Legal.

Question 16::
After competing his education, Arun joins his father in their family business of manufacturing cookware. As a businessman, his father is rigid in his approach and has fixed ideas about various issues. He tends to maintain a distance from the factory workers. However, Arun is more receptive to the needs of the workers and doesn’t seem to believe in any class- differences. He believes that the prosperity of their business greatly depends upon the prosperity of their workers and vice versa. At the same time, he has a good understanding of the business environment. Therefore, he introduces a new range of green pans that provide a healthy cooking surface, as they are manufactured with all ceramic or silicon coating and are considered safer than the traditional petroleum based nonstick surfaces which may contain toxic substances. Although, the new cookware range is highly priced/, he expects a ready market for it as both the purchasing power of people and their preference for better quality products has increased over the years.
In the context of the above case:

1. Identify the nature of management which is being reflected in the different styles of management in practice adopted by Arun and his father.
2. Name and explain the related principle of scientific management.
3. State the related dimensions of business environment.

Answer:

1. The different styles of management in practice adopted by Arun and his father reflect that management is an art.
2.  ‘Harmony, Not Discord’ is the related principle of scientific management.
   Taylor emphasised that there should be complete harmony between the management
   and workers instead of a kind of class-conflict, the mangers versus workers. To achieve this state, Taylor called for complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. The prosperity for the employer cannot exist for a long time unless it is accompanied by prosperity for the employees and vice versa. He advocated paternalistic style of management should be in practice.
3. The related dimensions of the business environment are :
   • Economic Environment: Economic environment comprises of factors that can affect management practices in a business enterprise includes interest rates, inflation rates, changes in disposable income of people, stock market indices and the value of rupee etc.
   • Social Environment: Social environment includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc.
   • Technological Environment: Technological environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.

Question 17:
‘Gallant’ is a well known FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) company in India. However, for the past few years its profitability is diminishing due to the presence of a new company ‘Prakritik’. ‘Prakritik’ has gradually acquired a reasonable share in a wide variety segments like soaps, shampoos, detergents, dish wash and oral care. One of the key reason is that ‘Prakritik’ has positioned itself as a natural/Ayurvedic brand and this approach has worked well with the Indian consumer. In order to compete with this threat ‘Gallant’ has acquired a premium Ayurvedic brand ‘Madhumita’ from another group. Moreover its likely to increase its advertising budget to counter the threat from ‘Prakritik’.
In the context of the above case:

1. Identify the related component of the business environment which has contributed effectively towards the success of Prakritik.
2. Also, state the two ways in which ‘Gallant’ has responded to the changes in its business environment.

Answer:

1. Social aspect is the related component of the business environment which has contributed effectively towards the success of Prakritik.
2. The two ways in which ‘Gallant’ has responded to the changes in its business environment are as follows:
   • Acquisition
   • Brand building

Banknifty Pivot Point comes under business environment if you see in stock market.

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CBSE Class 9 Maths Lab Manual – Area of a Parallelogram

Objective
To show that the area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of its base and corresponding height by using paper cutting and pasting.

Prerequisite Knowledge

1. Construction of parallelogram by paper folding.
2. Area of rectangle = length x breadth
3. Area of parallelogram = base x corresponding height.

Materials Required
Glazed papers, pencil, a pair of scissors, gluestick.

Procedure

1. Draw a parallelogram by paper folding using coloured glazed paper and name it as ABCD.
2. Cut the parallelogram with the help of scissors.
3. In the parallelogram, draw a perpendicular from a vertex D to its opposite side AB of the parallelogram ABCD by paper folding.
4. We will get a crease along DE. Dark the colour in AADE [fig (i)]. Now cut it along DE. We will get two pieces, one triangle named as AED and other one a trapezium named E’D’CB as shown in fig.(ii).
   
   
5. Paste this triangular piece AED on the other side of trapezium such that its side AD coincides with BC [fig (iii)].
   
6. After pasting, we get a rectangle E’ECD’ with length as E’B + BE = E’E = D’C = AB and breadth as E’D’ = EC.

Observation
We observe that new figure D’E’EC is a rectangle.
Area of parallelogram ABCD = Area of rectangle E’ECD’
= length x breadth
= E’E x D’E’
= AB x DE
Hence, Area of parallelogram = Base x Height

Result
It is verified that the area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of its base and corresponding height by paper cutting and pasting method.

Learning Outcome
We can draw perpendicular from different vertices on opposite sides of parallelogram and verify that the area of the parallelogram is the product of base and height.
Area of parallelogram with the same base and the same height are identical. This leads to famous theorem:
“Parallelogram between the same parallel lines and on the same base are equal in area.”

Activity Time
Verify the area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of its base and corresponding height in which perpendicular falls outside the base of the parallelogram.

Viva Voce

Question 1.
What is the relation between the area of a triangle and area of a parallelogram, if they lie on the same base and between the same parallel lines?
Answer:
Area of parallelogram is twice the area of triangle.

Question 2.
What is the area of a parallelogram and area of a triangle ?
Answer:
Area of a triangle = \(\frac{ 1 }{ 2 }\) x base x height.
Area of a parallelogram = base x height.

Question 3.
A ∆ABC and a parallelogram ABCD are on the same base AB and their height is also same. If the area of the triangle is 21 cm², what would be the area of the parallelogram ?
Answer:
42 cm².

Question 4.
If one rectangle and one parallelogram lying on the same base and between the same parallel lines then what will be area of the rectangle ?
Answer:
ar(rectangle) = ar (parallelogram)

Question 5.
In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 7.2 cm and altitudes corresponding to sides AB and AD are respectively 10cm and 8cm. Find AD.
Answer:
9cm

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What will be the area of a parallelogram if its one of sides is 12 cm and its corresponding height is 6 cm?
(i) 72cm²
(ii) 24 cm²
(iii) 36 cm²
(iv) none of these

Question 2.
ABCD is a parallelogram in which AB = 9.5 cm and its perimeter is 30 cm. The length of CB will be:
(i) 9.5 cm
(ii) 5.5 cm
(iii) 15 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 3.
‘RENT’ is a parallelogram, in which RE = 4 cm and EN = 6 cm. TR will be:
(i) 6 cm
(ii) 4 cm
(iii) 10 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 4.
In a parallelogram ABCD, if AB = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm, then CD will be:
(i) 12 cm
(ii) 3 cm
(iii) 6 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 5.
In a parallelogram PQRS, SR = 7 cm, its corresponding altitude = 6 cm and QR = 8 cm. Find its corresponding altitude to PS:

(i) \(\frac{ 21 }{ 4 }\) cm
(ii) 5.7 cm
(iii) \(\frac{ 6 }{ 8 }\) cm
(iv) none of these

Question 6.
If a parallelogram is a square of side 7 cm, then what will be its area ?
(i) 49 cm²
(ii) 14 cm²
(iii) 3.5 cm²
(iv) none of these

Question 7.
If a parallelogram is a rectangle of sides 7 cm and 8 cm, then what will be the area of parallelogram ?
(i) 16 cm²
(ii) 24 cm²
(iii) 56 cm²
(iv) none of these

Question 8.
If a parallelogram is in the shape of a rhombus having diagonals 12 cm and 14 cm, what will be the area of parallelogram ?
(i) 21cm²
(ii) 168 cm²
(iii) 84 cm²
(iv) none of these

Question 9.
Is a trapezium a parallelogram ?
(i) yes
(ii) no
(iii) can’t say
(iv) none of these

Answers

1. (i)
2. (ii)
3. (i)
4. (i)
5. (i)
6. (i)
7. (iii)
8. (iii)
9. (ii)

Math Lab ManualMath Labs with ActivityMath LabsScience LabsScience Practical Skills

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary English grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Reported Questions Exercises for Class 7 CBSE With Answers Pdf

Fundamental:
The sentences, which ask questions, are called interrogative sentences. Every interrogative sentence ends with a sign of interrogation.

For Examples:

• Do you live here?
• Have you ever watched the movie Terminator III?
• Is it raining?
• To convert interrogative sentences into Indirect Speech, follow the following rules along with the above – mentioned rules:
• Reporting Verb SAID TO is changed into ASKED
• If Reporting Speech is having Reporting Verb in the beginning, then IF is used in place of THAT.
• If the Reporting Speech is having interrogative words like who, when, how, why, when then neither IF is used nor any other word is added.
• Full Stop is placed at the end of the sentence instead of mark of interrogation.

Change in tense	Direct speech	Indirect speech
simple present to simple past	Manjiri said, “My sister likes the painting.”	Manjiri said that her sister liked the painting.
present continuous to past continuous	Shirish said, “I am studying”.	Shirish said that he was studying.
present perfect to past perfect	Tanvi said, “I have read the book.”	Tanvi said that she had read the book.
simple past to past perfect	Aunty said, “I studied in Delhi University.”	Aunty said that she had studied in Delhi University.
past perfect stays the same	Keerthi said, “My sister had lived in the UK as a child.”	Keerthi said that her sister had lived in the UK as a child.
past perfect continuous stays the same	Kai said, “I had been living in Shillong for five years, when I started trekking.”	Kai said he had been living in Shillong for five years, when he had started trekking.
simple future to simple past	Anshul said, “I will join this college.”	Anshul said that he would join that college.

Presentation:
Read the picture story.
Mita asked Ditya how she had spent her holidays. Did she go somewhere with her family? Ditya told her that she had visited her Nani’s house, Jurassic Park, Fun City, and Amusement Park.

Ditya asked Mita if she had joined the summer camp which she had been searching for before the vacations. Mita told that she had a I great fun in the camp.

Mita asked when she did her holiday homework. Ditya told that she had done when she had been ¡n her Nani’s house.

Reported Questions And Answers Pdf for Class 7 CBSE

A. Answer the following questions.
1. What did Mita and Ditya talk about?
2. What did Ditya ask Mita?
3. Where did Ditya complete her homework?

B. Change the following sentences into indirect speech. The first one has been done for you.

1. Direct: Veena said to Rosy, “Where are you going?”
Indirect: Veena asked Rosy where she was going.

2. Direct: The teacher asked the new comer, “What is your name?”
Indirect: ________________________
3. Direct: The wolf said to the lambs, “Why are you all so sad?”
Indirect: ________________________
4. Direct: The mother said to her daughter, “Dear, how have you fared in the examination?”
In direct: ________________________
5. Direct: The shopkeeper said to me, “Which bag do you want?”
Indirect: ________________________
6. Direct: She said to him, “Why are you disturbing me?”
Indirect: ________________________
7. Direct: I said to the boys, “Who teaches you English?”
Indirect: ________________________
8. Direct: Jiwan said to Maya, “What are you doing?”
Indirect: ________________________
9. Direct: The old man said to himself, “Why did I come here?”
Indirect: ________________________

Reported Questions Exercises Pdf for Class 7 CBSE

A. Change the direct speech into indirect speech.

1. Chetan: “Do you want to dance?”
Chetan asked me ________________________
2. Babita: “When did you come home?”
Babita wanted to know ________________________
3. Mayank: “Has Jiwan arrived?”
Mayank asked me ________________________
4. Ronny: “Where does Mamta park her car?”
Ronny asked me ________________________
5. Easha: “Did you watch the latest film?”
Easha asked me ________________________
6. Mohan: “Can I help you?”
Mohan wanted to know ________________________
7. Alok: “Will Mohan have lunch with Suman?”
Alok asked me ________________________
8. Jatin: “What are you doing?”
Jatin asked me ________________________
9. Firoz: “How much pocket money does Mumtaz get?”
Firoz wanted to know: ________________________
10. Anu: “Must I do the shopping?”
Anu asked: ________________________

B. Complete the sentences in reported speech.

1. “What’s the time?” he asked.
→ He wanted to know _______________
2. “When will we meet again?” she asked me.
→ She asked me _______________
3. “Are you crazy?” she asked him.
→ She asked him _______________
4. “Where did they live?” he asked.
→ He wanted to know _______________
5. “Will you be at the party?” he asked her.
→ He asked her _______________
6. “Can you meet me at the station?” she asked me.
→ She asked me: _______________
7. “Who knows the Answer:?” the teacher asked.
→ The teacher wanted to know _______________
8. “Why don’t you help me?” she asked him.
→ She wanted to know _______________
9. “Did you see that car?” he asked me.
→ He asked me _______________
10. “Have you tidied up your room?” the mother asked the twins.
→ The mother asked the twins: _______________

CBSE Class 9 Science Practical Skills – Pressure

EXPERIMENT

AIM
To observe and compare the pressure exerted by a solid iron cuboid on fine sand/wheat flour while resting on its three different faces and to calculate the pressure exerted in the three different cases.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Solid iron cuboid of appropriate size, spring balance, clamp, stand, trough filled with fine loose sand, scale, temporary marker or chalk and wooden sheet.

You can also Download Class 9 Science Notes PDF to help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

THEORY
Pressure of solid on a solid.
The thrust, i.e. the normal force exerted by a solid per unit surface area in contact with the other solid is called pressure exerted by the first solid over the another solid and is given by
P=\(\frac { F }{ A }\)
where, P is the pressure, F is the applied force and A is the surface area where the force is applied.

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the dimensions of a cuboid with the help of scale and mark them l, b and h respectively.
2. Measure the weight of a cuboid with the help of spring balance as shown below. Record your observations in table A.
   Note: See Experiment 2 of term II for the procedure of measurement in detail.
3. Level the surface of loose sand in the trough with the help of wooden sheet.
4. Lay the cuboid on the loose sand on its widest base position, l x b, first as shown in Fig. 4.2. Observe the depression of solid in the sand.
   
   
5. Mark the point carefully on the cuboid with a marker where it is just above the sand.Remove it and measure the height of the point from the base of cuboid .Let it be x₁ mm
   – After levelling the sand, repeat the step 4 when cuboid is on upright position, i.e. with base bxh as shown in Fig.4.3
   – cuboid is on side base position, i.e. with base lxh as shown in Fig. 4.4Mark the point carefully on the cuboid with a marker where it is just above the sand.Remove it and measure the height of the point from the base of cuboid .Let it be x₁ mm
6. Note the observations in two different cases of step (6) in a similar manner as in step (5). Let it be x₂ and  x₃.
7. Mark the point carefully on the cuboid with a marker where it is just above the sand.Remove it and measure the height of the point from the base of cuboid .Let it be x₁ mm
8. Repeat the experiment two more times for three different cases of cuboid. Record the observations in observation Table B.

OBSERVATIONS
(a) For dimensions of the cuboid

1. Length of cuboid, l =……………… cm
2. Breadth of cuboid, b =…………… cm
3. Height of cuboid, h = ………….. cm

(b) For weight of the cuboid

1. Least count of spring balance – g wt
2. Zero error of spring balance = …… g wt

Table A: Measurement of weight of a given iron cuboid

Mean weight of cuboid=\(\frac { { w’ }_{ 1 }+{ w’ }_{ 2 }+{ w’ }_{ 3 } }{ 3 }\) g wt = ………g wt=……kg wt
Table B: Measurement of mark on cuboid from base

CALCULATIONS
(a) Mean height of mark on the cuboid from its base when in the

1. widest base position =………… mm
2. upright position =…………. mm
3. side base position =…………… mm.

(b) Force ‘F’ exerted by the cuboid on the sand = Weight of cuboid = kg wt
(c) Calculation of pressure exerted by cuboid in three different cases:

1. Widest base area, A₁= l x b =…………………… cm² = …………..m²
   Pressure, =P₁ =\(\frac { F }{ { A }_{ 1 } } \)=…………………. N/m²
2. Upright position, A2= b x h =…………………… cm² = …………..m²
   Pressure P₂ =\(\frac { F }{ { A }_{ 2 } } \)=…………………. N/m²
3. Widest base area, A₁= l x b =…………………… cm² = …………..m²
   Pressure, P3=\(\frac { F }{ { A }_{ 3 } } \)=…………………. N/m²

PRECAUTIONS

1. Spring balance should be sensitive, stable and error free.
2. Spring balance must be suspended vertically from fixed support of iron stand.
3. Eye should be kept in line (exactly horizontal) while taking the reading of spring balance.
4. Reading should be taken only when oscillation of hanging object dies completely.
5. Zero error, if any, should be taken into account.
6. Loose sand must be used.
7. Same cuboid should be used for the three different cases as different cuboids have different weights and dimensions.
8. Cuboid should be placed gently on the sand.
9. Caution should be taken while marking on the cuboid.
10. Sand must be levelled properly after taking every observation.

RESULT

1. Mean height of mark on the cuboid from the base in three different cases shows that the effect of thrust on sand is larger while standing upright than while lying side base than in widest base.
2. Pressure exerted by cuboid while in
   • upright position, P₁ =………..N/m²
   • side base position, P₂ = ……….N/m²
   • widest base position, P3 = …………..N/m²
     This confirms that
     Smaller the area over which same magnitude of force acts, greater will be the pressure applied by the object.

INTERACTIVE SESSION

Examiner :
What is the aim of your experiment?
Examinee:
To observe and compare the pressure exerted by a solid iron cuboid on sand while resting on its three different faces and to calculate the pressure exerted in the three different cases.

Examiner :
What observation is made by you in this experiment?
Examinee:
The effect of force is greater when the area of contact is smaller.

Examiner :
In which position of cuboid, the effect of force is the greatest?
Examinee:
When the cuboid is in upright position.

Examiner :
Why?
Examinee:
The upright position of cuboid has smallest area of contact which increases the pressure exerted on the loose sand.

Examiner :
When is the effect of force minimum?
Examinee:
When the cuboid is laid on its widest base position.

Examiner :
What is pressure?
Examinee:
It is defined as the force exerted per unit area.

Examiner :
How is the area of contact to the force acting over it?
Examinee:
Since P = F/A, so, for the same magnitude of force, pressure is inversely proportional to area. Hence smaller the area, the greater is the pressure and therefore, the larger is the effect of force.

Examiner :
What is the unit of pressure in SI system?
Examinee:
The unit of pressure is pascal (Pa).
1 Pa = 1 N/m²

Examiner :
Why do nails have pointed tip, knives sharp edge and buildings wide foundation?
Examinee:
According to the basic concept of pressure, the effect of thrust depends on the area on which it acts. Therefore, for the same magnitude of force acting on a smaller area exerts a larger pressure and a smaller pressure on a larger area. This is the basic reason behind these happenings.

Examiner :
If you swing around on one leg of a chair, how much pressure do you put on one point of the floor as you do if you sit properly?
Examinee:
Four times as the total pressure is 4P which is distributed equally among four legs when we sit properly. But now the whole pressure is exerted by one leg of the chair on the floor.

Examiner :
What is the difference between force and pressure?
Examinee:
The force exerted by the object on the surface is equal to its weight while the pressure exerted by the object is the force exerted per unit area.

Examiner :
Do all forms of matter exert pressure?
Examinee:
Yes, all forms of matter— solid, liquid and gas exert pressure.

Examiner :
How?
Examinee:
In case of solid and liquid, pressure is exerted by the weight of an object over the area on which it acts.

Examiner :
And in case of gas?
Examinee:
It is caused by the motion of gas particles which travel through the space collide with the objects (such as wall of the container) and exerts a force on it. The force exerted per unit area of the wall causes gas pressure.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions/VSA

Question 1:
Which of the following statements is true for the pressure exerted by a solid body?
(a) It depends upon the area of contact for the same magnitude of force
(b) It does not depend upon the area of contact for the same magnitude of force
(c) Greater the area over which the force acts, greater is the pressure
(d) None of the above

Question 2:
To show that the effect of force depends upon the area of contact, a student holds both the ends of a sharpened pencil between the index-fingers of both the hands and press it from both sides. The finger which has a deeper mark of the pencil is
(a) towards the pointed end of the pencil
(b) towards the fiat end of the pencil
(c) on forefinger of both the hands
(d) on thumb of both the hands

Question 3:
To observe and compare the pressure exerted by a solid iron cuboid on sand, two students take different solid iron cuboids having the same weight but different dimensions. After performing the experiment
(a) same conclusion is drawn by them
(b) different conclusions are drawn by them
(c) none of the students draw any conclusion
(d) conclusion can be determined by making the dimension same

Question 4:
To observe and compare the pressure exerted by solid iron cuboid in its upright position, student ‘A’ placed the cuboid gently on the loose sand while ‘B’ placed it on the surface of table top. Who will observe the exerted pressure by the cuboid easily?
(a) Student A only
(b) Student B only
(c) Both students A and B
(d) Neither A nor B

Question 5:
For the greatest and the least pressure exerted by the cuboid in the experiment ‘To observe and compare the pressure exerted by solid iron cuboid on sand while resting on its three different faces’ the position of cuboid should be
(a) upright, widest base
(b) widest base, side base
(c) upright, side base
(d) widest base, upright respectively

Question 6:
In a school trip to Rohtang pass, Manali, student A wears wide base shoes and student B wears narrow base shoes while walking on the ice. Who will be able to walk easily and comfortably if both the students have equal weight?
(a) Neither student A nor B
(b) Only student B
(c) Both students A and B
(d) Only student A

Question 7:
In doing the experiment, a student puts the solid iron cuboid in upright position on loose sand. After that he laid it. In these two cases
(a) thrust is same but effects are different
(b) thrust is same and its effects are also same
(c) effects of thrust are same but different thrusts are there
(d) the effect of thrust on sand is smaller while in upright position than lying

Question 8:
To observe and compare the pressure of solid iron cuboid on sand, a student puts the cuboid in its upright position on loose sand. The force, that is, the weight of cuboid acting on an area equal to area of its base. When he lies it down
(a) the same force acts on area equal to contact area of cuboid
(b) different forces act on an area equal to contact area of cuboid
(c) same force acts on area equal to surface area of cuboid
(d) same force acts on each face of cuboid.

Question 9:
To compare the pressure exerted by the solid iron cuboid, a student took two cuboids having the same dimensions and same nature of material. After performing the experiment with both the cuboids, she found
(a) p₁ = 2p₂
(b) p₁= p₂
(c) p₂ = 3p₁
(d) p₂ = 2p₁

Question 10:
If a cuboid is mounted on the top of an inverted pointed object, the pressure exerted by the set-up on the sand
(a) remains same
(b) increases
(c) decreases
(d) cannot say

Question 11:
In the activity shown in above question, more impression will be made by the cuboid in the sand in case of
(a) activity (i) only
(b) activity (ii) only
(c) both activities (i) and (ii)
(d) neither in activity (i) nor in activity (ii)

Question 12:
To observe and compare the pressure exerted by three faces of a cuboid on sand, the following apparatus is available in the laboratory:
(i) Iron cuboid (ii) Aluminium cuboid of same dimensions (iii) Coarse sand in a tray (iv) Very fine sand in a tray
The best choice would be
(a) Iron cuboid and coarse sand
(b) Aluminium cuboid and coarse sand
(c) Iron cuboid and fine sand
(d) Aluminium cuboid and coarse sand.

Question 13:
An iron cuboid of dimensions 12 cm x 5 cm x 2 cm is placed on a bed of sand. Which of its surface in contact will apply the maximum pressure on the sand bed?
(a) 12 cm x 2 cm
(b) 12 cm x 5 cm
(c) 5 cm x 2 cm
(d) The pressure applied will be same for all the surfaces.

Question 14:
A student takes an iron cuboid of dimensions 30 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm of 5 kg mass. He places it on the loose sand filled in a rectangular tray. On the basis of his observations he may conclude that the penetration of the iron cuboid into the loose sand is
(a) maximum when it lies on its sides of dimension 30 cm x 20 cm
(b) maximum when it lies on its sides of dimension 20 cm x 10 cm
(c) maximum when it lies on its sides of dimension 10 cm x 30 cm
(d) same in all the three cases as the thrust is same.

Multiple Choice Questions/VSA

1. (a)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (a)
8. (a)
9. (b)
10. (b)
11. (b)
12. (a)
13. (c)
14. (b)

Science Practical SkillsScience LabsMath Lab ManualMath Labs with ActivityMath Labs

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Chemistry Outside Delhi 2015

Time allowed: 3 hours                                                                                      Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Questions number 1 to 5 are very short-answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
3. Questions number 6 to 10 are short-answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
4. Questions number 11 to 22 are also short-answer questions and carry 3 marks each.
5. Questions number 23 is a value based question and carry 4 marks.
6. Questions number 24 to 26 are long-answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
7. Use log tables, if necessary. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SET I

Question.1. Write the formulae of any two oxoacids of sulphur.
Answer : Oxoacids of sulphur are chemical compounds that contain sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen. Two oxoacids of sulphur are :
(i) Peroxodisulphuric acid : H₂S₂O₈
(ii) Dithionic acid : H₂S₂O₆.

Question.2. Write the IUPAC name of the given compound:

Answer: Ethoxy-2-methyl propane.

Question.3. A delta is formed at the meeting point of seawater and river water. Why?
Answer : River water are a negatively charged colloidal solution whereas sea water contains a number of electrolytes the meeting point of sea water and river water, the electrolytes present in sea water coagulate the colloidal solution of clay resulting in its deposition with the formation of delta.

Question.4. Which would undergo S_N1 reactions faster in the following pair:

Question.5. What is the formula of a compound in which the element Y forms ccp lattice and atoms of X occupy 2/3 rd of tetrahedral voids ?
Answer: The formula of the compound is X₄Y₃.

Question.6. Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of lanthanoids and that of actinoids.
Answer: Similarity
(i) Both involve the filling of f-orbital (i.e. 4f and 5f.)
(ii) Both show contraction i.e. Lanthanoide contraction and actinoide contraction.

Question.7. (i) Write down the IUPAC name of the following complex: [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]²⁺
(ii) Write the formula for the following complex:
Potassium tetrachloridonickelate(II).
Answer:
(i) [CO(NH₃)₅Cl]²⁺: Pentaamminechloroscobalt(III) ion
(ii) Potassium etrachloridonickelate(II): K₂[NiCl₄]

Question.8. Write the reagents required in the following reactions :

OR
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

Nucleophiles are negatively charged entity, positivity of carbon is carbonyl group facilitates nucleophilic addition. Thus positivity of carbon in carbonyl group is in order III > I > II. Due to +1 effect of – CH₃ group and benzene ring ω -cloud, positivity of carbonyl carbon is so much decrease than (I) and (II). Thus nucleophilic addition order III > I > II.

The stability order II > I > III. Due to +1 effect of —CH₃ group electron density of oxygen is more. But in (I) and (II),—I effect of-F is more than -Cl. Thus II is more stabilized than I. Thus acidity order is II > I > III.

Question.9. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution ? What change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y ?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution) ? Give reason.
Answer : (i) Negative deviation of Raoult s law occurred. There is a elevation of boiling point occurs i. e., temperature of the solution increase.
(ii) When blood cell is placed in water (hypotonic solution), water penetrate to blood cell and blood cell gets bulged and then disrupt.

Question.10. Calculate the time to deposit 1.27 g of copper at cathode when a current of 2A was passed through the solution of CuS0₄. (Molar mass of Cu = 63.5 g mol^-1, 1 F = 96500 C mol^-1).

Question.11. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. (Vapour pressure of pure water at 308 K = 32 mm Hg).

Question.12. (i) Name the method of refining to obtain silicon of high purity.
(ii) What is the role of SiO₂ in the extraction of copper ?
(iii) What is the role of depressants in froth floatation process ?
Answer: (i) Zone refining is the method of refining to obtain silicon of high purity.
(ii) Si0₂ combined with the iron in the copper ore to form iron(II) silicate slag which is easily removed.

(iii) In froth flotation process, depressant prevents the formation of froth. It is used to separate two sulphide ore by preventing the formation of froth of one sulphide ore and allowing the other to form the froth e.g., NaCN a depressant selectively prevents ZnS from coming in froth but allows PbS to come with the froth.

Question.13. (i) Which one of the following is a polysaccharide :
Starch, maltose, fructose, glucose.
(ii) Write one difference between a-helix and β-pleated sheet structures of protein.
(iii) Write the name of the disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin B₁₂.
Answer : (i) Starch is a polysaccharide.

(iii) Pernicious Anaemia caused by the deficiency of Vitamin B₁₂.

Question.14. (i) What type of isomerism is shown by the complex [Cr(H₂0)₆] Cl₃ ?
(ii) On the basis of crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration for d ion if ∆₀ > P. (iii) Write the hybridization and shape of [CoF₆]^3-. (Atomic number of Co = 27).

Question.15. How can the following conversion be carried out:
(i) Aniline to bromobenzene
(ii) Chlorobenzene to 2-chloroacetophenone
(iii) Chloroethane to butane.
OR
What happens when
(i) Chlorobenzene is treated with Cl2/FeCl₃,
(ii) Ethyl chloride is treated with AgN0₂,
(iii) 2-bromopentane is treated with alcoholic KOH ?
Write the chemical equations in support of your answer.

Question.16. Examine the given defective crystal:

Answer the following questions :
(i) Is the above defect stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric ?
(ii) Write the term used for this type of defect. Give an example of the compound which shows this type of defect.
(iii) How does this defect affect the density of the crystal ?
Answer : (i) Stoichiometric defect
(ii) Schottky defects e.g. NaCl, CsCl.
(iii) The presence of a large number of Schottky defect in a crystal will lower its density markedly.

Question.17.

Question.18. Write any three differences between Physisorption and Chemisorption.
Answer :

Question.19. Give reasons of the following:
(i) Phenol is more acidic than methanol.
(ii) The C – O – H bond angle in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral angle (109°28′).
(iii) (CH₃)₃C – O – CH₃ on reaction with HI gives (CH₃)₃C -I and CH₃ – OH as the main products and not (CH₃)₃C – OH and CH₃ -I.

Question.20. Predict the products of the following reactions :

Question.21. (a) Account for the following:
(i) Cu⁺ is unstable in an aqueous solution.
(ii) Transition metals form complex compounds, (b) Complete the following equation :
Cr₂O₂^-7 +8H⁺ +3NO^– —->
Answer:

The higher stability of Cu²⁺ ion in aqueous solution is due to its greater negative than Cu.
It compensates the second ionisation enthalpy of Cu involved in the formation of Cu²⁺ ions.
(ii) Since transition metals have unfilled or partially filled (sf-orbital thus to satisfy its octate its forms complex compounds.

Question.22. Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers:
(i) Terylene
(ii) Buna-S
(iii) Neoprene

Question.23. Seeing the growing cases of diabetes and depression among young children, Mr. Chopra, the principal of one reputed school organized a seminar in which he invited parents and principals. They all resolved this issue by strictly banning junk food in schools and introducing healthy snacks and drinks like soup, lassi, milk, etc. in school canteens. They also decided to make compulsory half an hour of daily physical activities for the students in the morning assembly. After six months, Mr. Chopra conducted the health survey in most of the schools and discovered a tremendous improvement in the health of the students.
After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr. Chopra ?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread awareness about this issue ?
(iii) Why should antidepressant drugs not be taken without consulting a doctor ?
(iv) Give two examples of artificial sweeteners.
Answer : (i) The values displayed by Mr. Chopra are :
(a) Care towards nature
(b) Social awareness
(ii) Awareness can be spread by perforating nukkad natak in community, displaying posters, cartoons and slogans and by conducting seminars.
(iii) Antidepressant drugs have lots of side effects like indigestion, headache, stomach aches, drowsiness, weight gain. That is why it should not taken without consultant with doctors.
(iv) Example of artificial sweeteners — Aspartame, Saccharin, Sucralose etc.

Question.24. (a) Account for the following:
(i) Acidic character increases from HF to HI.
(ii) There is a large difference between the melting and boiling points of oxygen and sulphur.
(iii) Nitrogen does not form pentahalide.
(b) Draw the structures of the following:
(i) ClF₃
(ii) XeF₄
OR
(i) Which allotrope of phosphorus is reactive and why ?
(ii) How are the supersonic jet aeroplanes responsible for the depletion of ozone layer ?
(iii) F₂ has lower bond dissociation enthalpy than Cl₂. Why?
(iv) Which noble gas is used in filling balloons for meteorological observations ?
(v) Complete the following equation :

(ii) The exhaust emitted from supersonic jet aeroplane contains C0₂, NO and other particles which are the killers of stratospheric ozone layer along with the supersonic sound produced by these aeroplanes are destroy ozone layer.
(iii) Due to smaller size and high electro-negativity of fluorine, there are lot more energy require to break the bond of F₂ than Cl₂. Thus F₂ has lower bond dissociation energy than Cl₂.
(iv) Helium (He) gas is used in filling balloons for meteorological observations because as it is non-inflammable and light gas.

Question.25. An aromatic compound ‘A’ of molecular formula C₇H₆0₂ undergoes a series of reactions as shown below. Write the structures of A, B, C, D and E in the following reactions :

OR
(a) Write the structures of main products when benzene diazonium chloride reacts with the following reagents:
(i) H₃P0₂+H₂0
(ii) CuCN/KCN
(iii) H₂O
(b) Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic character in an aqueous solution :
C₂H₅NH₂, (C₂H₅)₂NH, (C₂H₅)₃N
(c) Give a simple chemical test to distinguish between the following pair of compounds :
C₆H₅ – NH₂ and C₆H₅– NH – CH₃
Answer:


+1 effect of three -CH₃ group increase the enormous availability of lone pair nitrogen than +1 effect of 2 methyl group than. Thus basicity order I < III < II.
(c) C₆H₅ — NH₂ (Primary amine) and C₆H₅ – NH — CH₃ (Secondary amine) can be distinguished by Hinsberg’s test. In this test amines are allowed to react with Hinsberg’s reagent, benzenesulphonyl chloride (C₆H₅S0₂Cl). Primary amines reacts with this reagent to form N-alkylbenzene sulphonyl amide which is soluble in alkali but secondary amines gives sulphonamide which is insoluble in alkali.

26. For the hydrolysis of methyl acetate in aqueous solution, the following results were obtained :

(a) Show that it follows pseudo first order reaction, as the concentration of water remains constant.
(b) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 10 to 20 seconds%
(Given: log2 = 0.3010, log4 = 0.6021).
OR
(a) For a reaction A + B —> P, the rate is given by Rate = k[A] [B]²
(i) How is the rate of reaction affected if the concentration of B is doubled ?
(ii) What is the overall order of reaction if A is present in large excess ?
(b) A first order reaction takes 30 minutes for 50% completion. Calculate the time required for 90% completion of this reaction.


OR
(a) (i) Since the given reaction has order two with respect to reactant B, thus if the concentration of B is doubled in the given reaction, then the rate of reaction will become four times.
(ii) It the concentration of B is doubled i.e.; [B]² the overall reaction will be two, because if A is present in large excess, then the reaction will be independent of the concentration of A and will be dependent only on the concentration of B. Order of reaction = 2.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 English Delhi 2015

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions :

1. This paper is divided into three sections : A, B and C. All the sections are compulsory.
2. Separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary. Read these instructions very carefully and follow them faithfully.
3. Do not exceed the prescribed word limit while answering the questions.

SET I

SECTION —A
(READING)

Question.1. Read the passage given below carefully:

1. For four days, I walked through the narrow lanes of the old city, enjoying the romance of being in a city where history still lives – in its cobblestone streets and in its people riding asses, carrying v-ine leaves and palm as they once did during . the time of Christ.
2. This is Jerusalem, home to the sacred sites of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This is the place that houses the church of the Holy Sepulchre, the place where Jesus was finally laid to rest. This is also the site of Christ’s crucifixion, burial and resurrection.
3. Built by the Roman Emperor Constantine at the site of an earlier temple to Aphrodite, it is the most venerated Christian shrine in the world.. And justifiably so. Here, within the church, are the last five stations of the cross, the 10th station where Jesus was stripped of his clothes, the 11th where he was nailed to the cross, the 12th where he died on the cross, the 13th where the body was removed from the cross, and the 14th, his tomb.
4. For all this weighty tradition, the approach and entrance to the church is nondescript. You have to ask for directions.
   Even to the devout Christian pilgrims walking along the Via Dolorosa – The Way of Sorrow first nine stations look clueless. Then a courtyard appears, hemmed in by other buildings and a doorway to one side. This leads to a vast area of huge stone architecture.
5. Immediately inside the entrance is your first stop. It’s the stone of anointing: this is the place, according to Greek tradition, where Christ was removed from the cross. The Roman Catholics, however, believe it to be the spot where Jesus body was prepared for burial by Joseph.
6. What happened next ? Jesus was buried. He was taken to a place outside the city of Jerusalem where other graves existed and there, he was buried in a cave. However, all that is long gone, destroyed by continued attacks and rebuilding; what remains is the massive – and impressive – Rotunda (a round building with a dome) that Emperor Constantine built. Under this, and right in the centre of the Rotunda, is the structure that contains the Holy Sepulchre.
7.  “How do you know that this is Jesus tomb ?” I asked one of the pilgrims standing next to me. He was clueless, more interested, like the rest of them, in the novelty of it all and in photographing it, than in its history or tradition.
8. At the start of the first century, the place was a disused quarry outside the city walls. According to the gospels, Jesus crucifixion occurred at a place, outside the city walls with graves nearby…….’. Archaeologists have discovered tombs from that era, so the site is compatible with the Biblical period.
9. The structure at the site is a marble tomb built over the original burial chamber. It has two rooms, and you enter four at a time into the first of these, the Chapel of the Angel. Here the angle is supposed to have sat on a stone to recount Christ’s resurrection. A low door made of white marble, party worn away by pilgrims hands, leads to a smaller chamber inside. This is the ‘room of the tomb’, the place where Jesus was buried.
10. We entered in single file. On my right was a large marble slab that covered the original rock bench on which the body of Jesus was laid. A woman knelt and prayed. Her eyes were wet with tears. She pressed her face against the slab to hide them, but it only made it worse.

I. On the basis of your understanding of this passage answer the following questions with the help of given options :
(a) How does Jerusalem still retain the charm of ancient era ?
(i) There are narrow lanes.
(ii) Roads are paved with cobblestones.
(iii) People can be seen riding assess.
(iv) All of the above.
(b) Holy Sepulchre is sacred to ————.
(i) Christianity.
(ii) Islam.
(iii) Judaism.
(iv) Both (i) and (iii).
(c) Why does one have to constantly ask for directions to the church ?
(i) Its lanes are narrow.
(ii) Entrance to the church is nondescript.
(iii) People are not tourist-friendly.
(iv) Everyone is lost in enjoying the romance of the place.
(d) Where was Jesus buried ?
(i) In a cave.
(ii) At a place outside the city.
(iii) In the Holy Sepulchre
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer.
(a) (iv) All of the above.
(b) (iv) Both (i) and (ii)
(c) (ii) Entrance to the church is nondescript.
(d) (iv) Both (i) and (ii).

II. Answer the following questions briefly:
(e) What is the Greek belief about the ‘stone of anointing’ ?
(f) Why did Emperor Constantine build the Rotunda ?
(g) What is the general attitude of the pilgrims ?
(h) How is the site compatible with the Biblical period ?
(i) Why did the pilgrims enter the room of the tomb in a single file ?
(j) Why did a woman try to hide her tears ?
(k) Find words from the passage which mean the same as:
(i) A large grave (para 3)
(ii) Having no interesting features/dull (para 4)
Answer.
(e) According to the Greek belief, the stone of anointing is a place where Christ was removed from the cross.
(f) Emperor Constantine built Rotunda to safeguard the Holy Sepulchre and the remaining structure around it.
(g) Pilgrims have a very casual attitude and they are completely unaware about the history and tradition. They are more into capturing pictures and appreciating the novelty of the church. .
(h) According to the gospels, Jesus Crucifixion occurred at a place outside the city walls with graves nearby…’ and as the archaeologists have discovered tombs from the Biblical era, the site is compatible.
(i) ‘Room of the tomb is a very small place, hence the pilgrims entered in a single file.
(j) The woman knelt down to pray looking at the large marble slab and wanted to hide her tears as she became very sentimental.
(k) (i) Tomb.
(ii) Nondescript.

Question.2. Read the passage given below:

1. We often make all things around us the way we want them. Even during our pilgrimages we have begun to look for whatever makes our heart happy, gives comfort to our body and peace to the mind. It is as if external solutions will fulfil our needs, and we do not want to make any special efforts even in our spiritual search. Our mind is resourceful — it works to find short cuts in simple and easy ways.
2. Even pilgrimages have been converted into tourism opportunities. Instead, we must awaken our conscience and souls and understand the truth. Let us not tamper with our own nature of that of the Supreme.
3. All our cleverness is rendered ineffective when nature does a dance of destruction. Its fury can and will wash away all imperfections. Indian culture, based on Vedic treatises, assists in human evolution, but we are using our entire energy in distorting these traditions according to our convenience instead of making efforts to make ourselves worthy of them.
4. The irony is that humans are not even aware of the complacent attitude they have allowed themselves to sink to. Nature is everyone’s Amma and her fierce blows will sooner or later corner us and force us to understand this truth. Earlier, pilgrimages to places of spiritual significance were rituals that were undertaken when people became free from their worldly duties. Even now some seekers take up this pious religious journey as a path to peace and knowledge. Anyone travelling with this attitude feels and travels with only a few essential items that his body can carry. ‘Pilgrims traditionally travelled light, on foot, eating light, dried chickpeas and fruits or whatever was available. Pilgrims of olden days did not feel the need to stay in special AC bedrooms, or travel by luxury cars or indulge themselves with delicious food and savouries.
5. Pilgrims traditionally moved ahead, creating a feeling of belonging towards all, conveying a message of brotherhood among all they came across whether in small caves, ashrams or local settlements. They received the blessings and congregations of yogis and mahatmas in return while conducting the dharma of their pilgrimage. A pilgrimage is like penance of sadhana to stay near nature and to experience a feeling of oneness with it, to keep the body healthy and fulfilled with the amount of food, while seeking freedom from attachments and yet remaining happy while staying away from relatives and associates.
6. This is how a pilgrimage should be, rather than making it like a picnic by taking a large group along and living in comfort, packing in entertainment, and tampering with environment. What is worse is giving a boost to the ego of having had a special darshan. Now alms are distributed, charity done while they brag about their spiritual experiences !
7. We must embark on our spiritual journey by first understanding the grace and significance of a pilgrimage and following it up with the prescribed rules and rituals – this is what translates into the ultimate and beautiful medium of spiritual evolution. There is no justification for tampering with nature.
8. A pilgrimage is symbolic of contemplation, meditation and acceptance, and is a metaphor for the constant growth or movement and love for nature that we should hold in our hearts.
9. This is the truth !

I. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions that- follow with the help of given options:
(a) How can a pilgrim keep his body healthy ?
(i) By travelling light
(ii) By eating small amount of food
(iii) By keeping free from attachments
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer. (iii) By keeping free from attachment.

(b) How do we satisfy our ego ?
(i) By having a special darshan
(ii) By distributing alms
(iii) By treating it like a picnic
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer. (iv) Both (i) and (ii)

II. Answer the following as briefly as possible :
(c) What change has taken place in our attitude towards pilgrimages ?
Answer. Earlier pilgrimages were a penance to stay near nature and did not require luxury rooms and big cars to travel, now they have become more of a tourism opportunity where people go for a picnic.

(d) What happens when pilgrimages are turned into picnics
Answer. When pilgrimages turn into picnics, the entire significance of pilgrimage as a sadhana is lost. It becomes more of a social gathering, a life of comfort and a boost to ego, where pilgrims brag about charity and their special darshan.

(e) Why ate we complacent in our spiritual efforts ?
Answer. Pilgrimages are no more of travelling on foot and living in the ashrams with basic necessities, it has become a picnic with all the comfort, AC rooms, travelling by car with a large group to have all the fun and entertainment. Hence, we are complacent in our spiritual efforts.

(f) How does nature respond when we try to be clever with it ?
Answer . We are ruining our bodies because of the extra comfort that we are adapting our bodies into. We are not making any efforts to -make our body work and adjust in adverse conditions rather making it all the more tender. Nature is just like everyone’s Amma and would act destructive by affecting our health etc. sooner or later and force us to’ understand this truth.

(g) In olden days with what attitude did people go on a pilgrimage ?
Answer . In olden days, pilgrimages were more of a sadhna to love people, stay close to the nature, understand it, stay healthy and eat healthy. It was also for seeking freedom from attachment. It was not to adhere to materialistic pleasure and live a luxurious life.

(h) What message does the passage convey to the prilgrims ?
Answer. It conveys that pilgrimages are a religious connotation and undertaken for ritualistic purposes, to understand .the realities of life, to stay close to nature and should not be taken as a tourism opportunity where you gather a large group, enjoy almost all the luxuries and make a life rest upon only comfort. You should learn to live in hardships and only basic things needed for survival.

(i) Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:
(i) made/turned (para 3)
(ii) very satisfied (para 4).
Answer . (i) Rendered (ii) Complacent.

Question.3. Read the passage given below:
It is surprising that sometimes we don’t listen to what people say to us. We hear them, but we don’t listen to them. I was curious to know how hearing is different from listening. I had thought both were synonyms, but gradually, I realized there is a big difference between the two words.
Hearing is a physical phenomenon. Whenever somebody speaks, the sound waves generated reach you, and you definitely hear whatever is said to you. However, even if you hear something, it doesn’t always mean that you actually understand whatever is being said. Paying attention to whatever you hear means you are really listening. Consciously using your mind to understand whatever is being said is listening.
Diving deeper, I found that listening is not only hearing with attention, but is much more than that. Listening is hearing with full attention, and applying our mind. Most of the time, we listen to someone, but our minds are full of needless chatter and there doesn’t seem to be enough space to accommodate what is being spoken.
We come with a lot of prejudices and preconceived notions about the speaker or the subject on which he/she is talking. We pretend to listen to the speaker, but deep inside, we sit in judgement and are dying to pronounce right or wrong, true or false, yes or no. Sometimes, we even come prepared with a negative mindset of proving the speaker wrong. Even if the speaker says nothing harmful, we are ready to pounce on him with our own version of things.
What we should ideally do is listen first with full awareness. Once, we do that, we can decide whether we want to make a judgement or not. Once, we do that, communication will be perfect and our interpersonal relationship will become so much better. Listening well doesn’t mean one has to say the right thing at the right moment. In fact, sometimes if words are left unspoken, there is a feeling of tension and negativity. Therefore, it is better to speak out your mind, but do so with awareness after listening to the speaker with full concentration.
Let’s look at this in another way. When you really listen, you imbibe not only what is being spoken, but you also understand what is not spoken as well. Most of the time we don’t really listen even to people who really matter to us. That’s how misunderstandings grow among families, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters.

On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary – minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
Answer.
1. Listening Vs. Hearing
1.1 Difference between the two synonyms
1.2 Hearing but not listening
1.3 Paying attention
1.4 Hearing as a physical phenomenon
1.5 Consciously using your mind
1.6 Mind full of needless chatter
1.7 Accommodating what is said
2. Judgement about the speaker
2.1 Prejudiced and preconceived notions
2.2 Neg. mindset
2.3 Proving our ver. of things right
3. Ideal way of listening
3.1 Listen first
3.2 Listen with awareness ,
3.3 Think before you judge .
3.4 Words unspoken leave a feeling of’ tension and negativity
3.5 Speak your mind out
4. Listening to understand people
4.1 Imbibe what is not spoken
4.2 Times when we don’t listen to people who matter
4.3 Triggers misunderstanding
List of abbreviations used
1. Vs. — Versus
2. Neg. – Negative
3. Ver. – Version
4. Don’t — Do not
Title- Listening Versus Hearing
Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.
Answer . Sometimes, we hear people but do not listen to them attentively. The difference between the two synonyms is that one is a physical phenomenon while the other is a conscious use of mind.
We, as listeners, often have preconceived notions about the speaker. We come prepared with a negative mindset, tend to prove them wrong and pounce our own version of things Ideally, we should listen to them, understand their perception and stop judging them in order to avoid misunderstandings.

SECTION-B
(Writing Skills)

Question.4. Every year in the central park of the city a flower show is held in the month of February. Your school has received a circular from the District Collector inviting your students to visit it. Write a notice in about 50 words informing the students about the show and advising them to go and enjoy it. You are Navtej/Navita, Head Boy/Head Girl, Sunrise Public School, Surat.
OR
Sarvo days Education Society, a charitable organization is coming to your school to- distribute books among the needy students. As Head Boy/Head Girl, Sunrise Public School, Surat, write a notice in about 50 words asking such students to drop the lists of books they need in the box kept outside the Principal’s office. You are Navtej/ Navita.
Answer.

OR

Question.5. Recently you went to your native village to visit your grandparents. You saw that some of the children in the age group 5-14 (the age at which they should have been at school) remained at home, were working in the fields or simply loitering in the streets.
Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a national daily analysing the problem and offering solutions to it. You are Navtej/Navita, M-114 Mount Kailash, Kanpur.
OR
When cricket teams go abroad the members are allowed to take their wives, even friends along with them. Does this fact distract them or help them to focus on their game in a better way ? If it is good, why don’t we allow our athletes to enjoy the same privilege ?
Write a letter to editor of a national daily in 120-150 words giving your views on the issue. You are Navtej/Navita, M-l 14 Mount Kailash, Kanpur.
Answer.
M-l 14, Mount Kailash
Kanpur
3 March, 2015
The Editor,
The Times of India,
Kanpur
Subject: Pathetic condition of children
Dear Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the government and NGOs towards the large population of children not attending school. Children are the future of any country and a country that does not take care of this valuable resource suffers later. A successful nation is that which makes its youth strong enough to lift this mighty responsibility on their shoulders. Unfortunately, this is not the case in our country. Education, which is a necessity, is still a luxury here. Poor people hesitate to send their children to school. On a recent visit to a village,
I could not help but notice the sheer amount of children who should have been in the school, but were not. Children in the age group of. 5-14 are supposed to attend school to make a bright future. But in the villages, they are either seen loitering around or helping their parents in the fields, which is a very painful and depressing situation.
It is high time that the government and the NGOs take up the issue seriously and implement measures to solve it. Besides, literate villagers can also help by starting makeshift schools to educate the children till reforms are made by the government.
Yours sincerely,
Navita
OR
M-114, Mount Kailash
Kanpur
3 March, 2015
The Editor,
The Times of India,
Kanpur
Subject: Pathetic condition of children Dear Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I ‘ would like to express my views on the difference in the status of Cricketers and Athletes.
Cricket is a very popular game in India and Cricketers are idolised. The public as well as the officials are willing to give special privileges to them. The extent of their love is such that rules are easily bent for them. Cricketers are allowed to take their families with them when they go on tours, irrespective of the fact that this may distract them while playing. But when it comes to other games, Indian Government becomes rather stingy and the players do not get the same treatment. Why do we have two policies ? I believe, this is because Cricket and Cricketers are worshipped, while the other games and their players are ignored. Even the finances that are allotted to these games are either too less or are utilised by the officers themselves.
The perspective of India needs a revolution and all the games need equal treatment, after all they all bring glory to the country. Government needs to implement measures to ‘ keep all the games at par.
Yours sincerely,
Navtej

Question.6. Mobile phone of today is no longer a mere means of communication. Music lovers are so glued to it that they don’t pay attention even to the traffic while crossing the roads. This leads to accidents sometimes even fatal ones. Write a speech in 150-200 words to be delivered in the morning assembly advising the students to be careful in the use of mobile phone otherwise it is a very useful gadget. Imagine you are the Principal of your school.
OR
Power shortage has become a norm even in the Metropolitan Cities. One way to face this situation is by Preventing the wastage of power.
Write a speech in 150-200 words on the importance of power in our daily life and how to save power at school and at home. Imagine that you are the Principal of your school.
Answer. Mobile and Its Ill-Effects “I fear the day when technology surpasses human interaction, we will have a generation of idiots”.
My deaf students’, a very good morning to one and all. You might have already guessed why I quoted Albert Einstein. Yes, I am talking about the mania that has gripped i this generation. I couldn’t help but notice youngsters swimming so deep in the waves of the gimmicks that these gadgets offer, that they are unconcerned about the surroundings. Just the other day, I read in a newspaper that a girl in New York fell off the harbour because she was too involved in her phone to notice where she was going. Even while crossing roads, children don’t seem to notice the oncoming cars. And music lovers always have earphones plugged in and they don’t seem to hear the blaring horns of the traffic. A lot of youngsters are dying even before they see the dawn of adulthood. And if they are lucky enough to survive, they have to live-with a disability for the rest of their lives due to the accident.
Children, you should understand that you have a bright life ahead if you adhere to safety. Gadgets are for our help and convenience, not to lead us to death trap. Stay safe children, and make your parents proud, not sorry.
Thank You.
OR
Saving Power
Good morning to one and all!
The dwindling resources of today are giving all of us nightmares , and the scariest one is loss of electricity. It won’t be long before we are plunged into darkness and that too because of .our own foolishness. Though electricity can be generated, it is not easy to do so and this fact needs to be recognized and realized at the earliest. We dread power failure but do nothing to save power so that we may not face such a situation. It is high time we started saving power, not only at school but at home too. Saving electricity will save fossil fuel too. We should switch off the lights and fans when not in use. We all should make use of the daylight to do most of our chores and not forget to check the switches before we leave the room.
Remember, power needs to be saved and used efficiently for future use. Wasting power is going to leave us powerless in the future and I am sure no one would like that. So, children please heed my advice and save electricity. Set an example for others in doing so and lead the country to a brighter future.
Thank you and wish you a power full day.

Question.7.In the year to come (if you have not already done this year) you are going to celebrate your 18th birthday. Write an article in 150-200 words on the joys and responsibilities of being eighteen. You are Navtej/Navita.
OR
Write an article in 150-200 words on how we can make India a carefree and enjoyable place for women when they can go wherever they like to without any fear of being stared at, molested or discriminated against. You are Navtej/ Navita.
Answer. Responsibility and J6y of Being 18
By — Navita/Navtej
Turning 18 is a big deal, not just from a parent’s emotional perspective, but legally too. Eighteen is a magic birthday, a milestone into adulthood accompanied by great privileges as well as serious legal implications. At 18, a teen can vote, buy a house or marry his high school sweetheart. He can also go
to jail, get sued, gamble away his/her tuition via online poker, and make terrible stock market investments — just like you. That’s because an 18-year-old is considered an adult in nearly every state in our union.
Some teens think it’s acceptable to get out of control just because they’re of the legal age. It’s not OK. I think being 18 years old should make teens become more responsible and mature instead of careless and stupid. At 18, you have to be more accountable for your actions, so doing crazy things should not be an option. At that age, people expect more from you because you’re not a child any more. You’re considered an adult. You’re at the age when you can start working, get your own apartment or go off to college and live alone. The age of 18 is a transition from your young adult years to adulthood. You have to be conscientious; it’s not the start of your wild years where you get crazy just because you’re legal. You can still have fun, but remember that people are watching. You’ll still make mistakes as you try to find your way, but don’t forget everything you were taught.
The law is harsher on legal teens than minors, so you should keep that in mind. Being legal and grown up are two different things. Have fun while you’re young and live life to the fullest, but make wise decisions and choices because it will affect your future.
Why shouldn’t you be able to do crazy things when you’re 18 ? As long as you’re not doing anything illegal, no one can really bother you. I’m not saying you should go out and crash a car or get arrested, but you should take advantages of being an adult and really celebrate the moment. ,
Also, if doing crazy things at the age of 18 is legal, then- I don’t think it’s that “crazy”. For example, you can buy cigarettes when you’re 18 what’s so crazy about that ?
May be in your parents point of view things like smoking, getting a tattoo or gambling all your money away is crazy and irresponsible, but they aren’t necessarily against the law. At the age of 18, you can do whatever you want. However, if you make the wrong move, you should also be adult enough to face the consequences. One thing to remember is that if you still live,with your parents, you have to abide by their rules. So if they say no, you might want to listen to them, so you don’t end up on the streets.
As long as you’re safe and smart about what you decide to do when you reach the legal age, then go ahead and go crazy. Be adventurous ! You only live once.
OR
How Safe are Women ?
By Navtej/Navita
One woman killed for dowry, minor raped by an acquaintance, eve-teasing in broad day light, road r,age leads to death of a woman driver – these are the headlines of everyday newspaper and horrendous reality of living in the capital city of India. On one hand we talk of women liberation and on the other, we are so cruel to them. Is this humanity,What Indianness is ail about ? The land where women are considered to be the manifestation of goddess Durga and Shakti, there they are worshipped in so many forms, should witness such ghastly crimes against women—folk is shocking.
What is surprising is that these incidents occur in big cities, where most of the people are educated and broad-minded, having an understanding and being aware as compared to rural India where houring an women in any case are not liberated.
It’s high time that awareness is created amongst people; organization of the Police Force is done on such humanitarian issues. We should stop treating these women as an object but rather look at them as home makers, mothers, sisters, colleagues and friends. With increasing pressures on family life, with increasing education and awareness, it is evident that women need to work. We all like money and comfort, then isn’t it our duty to make their safety our prime concern? We must consider safety options for them, increase police patrolling in lonely places and sensitive areas like colleges,hostels and universities. Women police and personnel should be mobilized and women should be given training in Self-Defence and Martial Arts. Police should adopt sensitive approach in handling cases of atrocities against women, so that women can come out to lodge complaints more openly. Punishments should be given for heinous crimes like rape and dowry deaths. All these measures, if heeded can go a long way in making life of women safer and better.

SECTION – C
(Literature : Text Books and Long Reading Texts)

Question.8. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
I saw my mother,
beside me,
doze, open mouthed, her face
ashen like that
of a corpse and realized with
pain
that she was as old as she
looked but soon
put that thought away,……
(a) What worried the poet when she looked at her mother ?
(b) Why was there pain in her realization ?
(c) Why did she put that thought away ?
(d) Identify the figure of speech used in these lines.
OR
Far far from gusty waves these children’s faces.
Like rootless weeds, the hair torn round their pallor:
The tall girl with her weighed-down head.
(a)Who are these children ?
(b) What does the poet mean by ‘gusty waves’ ?
(c) What has possibly weighed-down the tall girl’s head ?
(d) Identify the figure of speech used in these lines.
Answer .
(a) The poet was worried about her mother’s advancing age.
(b) There was pain in the poet’s realization because her mother now looked as old as she was, her bodily infirmities that come with old age were visible on her face and she was fast approaching her death. –
(c) The poet put that thought away because she would not be
able to go through with her plan of travelling away from home if she continued to dwell on her mother’s old age. (as old as she looked)
(d) The figure of speech used is a simile.
OR
(a) The children referred to in the poem are slum children who attend an elementary school in that slum.
(b) “Gusty waves refers” to the sea and its waves. It is to
denote that the children were far away from the presence of nature and sinking further and further into a hopeless mire in spite of receiving education. ;
(c) The tall girl’s head is possibly weighed-down by the troubles and tribulations of living out her life in abject poverty and thinking of a future within the hopeless confines of a slum.
(d) The figure of speech is a simile. (Like rootless weeds)

Question.9. Answer any four of the following in 30-40 words each:
(a) Who occupied the back benches in the class room on the day of the last lesson ? Why ?
Answer . The villagers occupied the back benches in the classroom because they had come to know about the new order that has come from Berlin. They sat down on the back benches as it was their way of thanking their teacher who had devoted his life for the welfare of the society. They also felt sorry as they had ignored the school and the lessons.

(b) Why did Douglas mother recommend that he should learn swimming at the YMCA swimming pool ?
Answer . When Douglas was ten or eleven years old, he decided to learn swimming. He chose YMCA pool because it was safe and his mother had also warned him to learn swimming in this pool. Yakima River was full of danger and she warned Douglas against it by reminding him of every drowning incident in this river.

(c) What will counting up to twelve and keeping still help us achieve ?
Answer . Counting up to twelve and keeping still helps us to introspect. We will be able to find our inner-self, think and redetermine our future for the betterment of ourselves as well as environment in which we live. It is necessary for creating a feeling of mutual understanding among men. This way people will be together in sudden strangeness and it would be an exotic moment.

(d) What does a thing of beauty do for us ?
Answer . Beautiful things are good for mind as well as soul. They give us aesthetic pleasure and permanent joy. Its beauty increases forever. They divert our mind from all the ugly things of the world. They allow us to find a ray of hope even in despair, sorrow and sufferings.

(e) Which do you think is a better ending of Roger Skunk’s story, Jo’s or her father’s ? Why ?
Answer. Jo wanted the story to have another end in which wizard should hit the mommy by his magic wand because for her the smell of roses was awful. Jo thought that Roger was the hero of the story so he must not look ugly or stinky. Jo’s perspective on life was different from her father’s.
Whereas her father thought the different way. He wanted 1 to convey that for a mother, her son never smells bad. The adults’ world is full of hardships and they had to face the reality of life.
His ending may not be very pleasing but is realistic and he wanted to highlight the fact that for a mother, her child is always an object of love. His smell makes no difference. Thus, the original ending is acceptable.

(f) What could the Governor have done to securely bring Evans back to the prison from the ‘Golden Lion’ ?
Answer. The governor was extra careful at every place \ except in the end. He took all the steps and precautions for not letting Evan escape anyway. He got success also to bring Evan back to the prison from Golden Lion but in the end acted foolishly. He could not judge Evan’s cleverness. He should understand that Evans could not go out of the cell in Mcleery’s disguise. McLeery was found injured and covered with blood in the cell. No one took the pain to check the identity of the injured. It was Evans himself. Further, when Evans was arrested and handcuffed, he was made to sit in the police van. But the van and – driver’s identification was not done and Evans was able to escape.

Question.10. Answer the following in 120-150 words :
Giving a bribe is evil practice. How did the Tiger King ‘ bribe the British officer to save his kingdom ? How do you view this act of his ?
OR
Dr. Sadao was a patriotic Japanese as well as a dedicated surgeon. How could he honour both the values ?
Answer.
The Tiger King dispatched a telegram to a famous British Company of jewellers in Calcutta to send samples of expensive diamond rings of different designs. Some fifty rings arrived and the king sent the entire lot to the British officer’s wife. The king and his minister had expected that the D.uraisani would choose one or two rings and send the rest back. However, it turned out that the Duraisani had kept the entire lot and t replied with a thank you note for the gifts. In two days, a bill for three lakh rupees came from the British jewellers, which the Maharaja was happy to pay because he had managed to retain his kingdom. This act of the king sheds light on the deplorable practice of bribery that perpetuates the vicious cycle of corruption, especially considering the fact that the king had personal interests to protect rather than the welfare of his kingdom.
OR
Dr. Sadao Hoki was not only a trained Surgeon but also a fervent patriot who dedicated himself to the cause of serving his country in wartime through Scientific Research. However, the dilemma that Sadao faced in lieu of the arrival of the wounded enemy soldier on his doorstep was a clash between his duties as a doctor and that of a citizen of a particular nation. Sadao remarked that if the. man had been whole and uninjured, then he would not have faced any difficulty in turning him over to the police. However, the fact that he was wounded, complicated this issue because as a doctor, Sadao had taken the oath to put his professional duties first and serve mankind as a whole, without any discrimination on the basis of nationality. But he was able to protect his patriotism by informing the General about the matter. In this way, he balanced both of his values by tending the soldier and helping him escape at the end, while having informed the General about his presence.

Question.11. Answer the following in 120-150 words :
Describe the difficulties the bangle makers of Firozabad have to face in their lives.
OR
The peddler declined the invitation of the” ironmaster but accepted the one from Edla. Why ?
Answer. Every family in Firozabad was engaged in the task of making bangles. It was the centre of India’s glass-blowing industry, where families had spent generations working around furnaces, welding glass and making bangles for apparently all the women in the country. The circumstances that kept them in this trade were the vicious circle of middlemen who wpuld interfere if the young men tried to form a cooperative. Moreover, these youngsters would be hauled up by the police, beaten and dragged to jail for doing something illegal, while it was the middlemen who performed such practices. There was no leader among them who could help them see things differently. Their fathers were as tired as they and continued to sink in the mire of an endless spiral of poverty, apathy, greed and injustice. The bangle seller’s families were caught in a web of poverty, burdened by the stigma of the caste into which they were born and simultaneously suffered under the oppressive regime of a vicious circle of sahukars, middlemen, policemen, bureaucrats and politicians. Together they ‘ imposed a baggage on the children born into such families, from which’they could not free themselves. ‘
OR
Edla proved to be much more persuasive than her father in dealing with the peddler. His gentle behavior and kind treatment managed to, effect a monumental change in the latter. Although Edla had misgivings, she convinced her father to let the peddler stay and revelled in the opportunity to actually help a poor, hungry, homeless man, who was always chased away by everyone. She wanted him to enjoy a day of peace and partake in the Christmas festivities. She was kind, sympathetic and friendly with the stranger, taking hold of his hand and leading him to the dinner table, thus, making him a part of her family, at least for a day. It was this act of kindness that helped the peddler change himself. Besides, before leaving, he left a Christmas present for her and signed it as Captain Von Stahle.

Question.12. Answer the following in 120-150 words :
Describe the ironical situation in which Silas Mamer had to leave Lantern Yard.
OR
Within a few days of his arrival in Iping, people became suspicious of Griffin. Why ?
Answer . Lantern Yard was a place where Silas Marner had lived a successful life. He worked as a weaver and was betrothed to a young servant-woman, Sarah. He had a social life and also a best friend named William Dane. However, it was in this cheerful place of Lantern Yard that Silas became the victim of an evil plot hatched by his best friend William Dane, whom Silas hardly ever found any reason to suspect. William had gradually developed an intimacy with Sarah. It was William who had secredy used Silas’ pocket-knife to accuse him of stealing the dead senior deacon’s church bag. Honest Silas asked the minister to get his house checked. Cunning William pretended to find the church bag tucked behind a chest of drawers in Silas’ house. Silas was thus, proven guilty. It was ironical that the place where Silas used to be most happy, was also the place which he had to leave in unpleasant circumstances.
OR
The stranger’s arrival in Iping created a curious impression on the residents of the village. Although there had been a number of skirmishes with Mrs. Hall on matters of domestic discipline, Griffin used to override her objections with extra payment. He did not even go to church and there was no difference in his costume to tell a Sunday apart from other days. He worked fitfully and some days he would come down early and be continuously busy. On other days, he would rise late, pace his room, fret audibly for hours, smoke and sleep in the armchair by the fire,Communication with the world beyond, was not in his itinerary. His temper was uncertain, he had the manner of a man suffering under almost unendurable provocation and once or twice things were snapped, torn, crushed or broken in spasmodic gusts of violence. He rarely went anywhere by daylight but at twilight he would go out muffled up to render himself invisible, whether it was cold or not. He chose the loneliest paths and those mostly overshadowed by trees or banks. His goggling spectacles and ghastly bandaged face under the penthouse of his hat, came with a surprising suddenness out of the dark upon one or two home going labourers. He came across as a bogeyman to children. All this made people’ suspicious of him.

Question.13. Answer the following in 120-150 words :
Describe Dolly Winthrop as the most lovable character in George Eliot’s ‘Silas Mamer’.
OR
Attempt a character sketch of Marvel.
Answer . Winthrop was a woman of scrupulous conscience. She was a dutiful woman. She used to rise at half-past four and start her day’s work. Yet, she maintained a sweet temper. Though she was good-looking and had a fresh complexion, she liked dwelling upon the saddest and more serious elements of life. It was this reason that Silas’ unfortunate incident of his, gold getting stolen drew her sympathy. She visited Silas on Sunday afternoon carrying some lard-cakes to lift his spirit. She extended her help to the people of Raveloe whenever they needed. Thus, whether it was illness or death in a family, or when leeches were to be applied or when there was disappointment in a monthly nurse, Dolly Winthrop was the person whom the people of Raveloe thought of first.
OR
Thomas Marvel was a large man of flexible appearance. He had a nose of cylindrical protrusion, a fluctuating mouth and a bristly beard. His figure was well-rounded and his short limbs accentuated this propensity towards a rotund figure. He dressed in the attire of a bachelor. Marvel was one day sitting by himself and contemplating upon the poor condition of his shoes, when he encountered the Invisible Man as the voice, who succeeded in bullying him into becoming his reluctant accomplice. Marvel was distraught and harried by this time with the Invisible Man. He wanted to be let out and continually offered his resignation, but to no avail. The Invisible’ Man wanted to use him as a tool. However, Marvel was not willing to be made a tool and he decided to snivel and grovel his way out of his predicament. He became the chink in the armour, for the Invisible. Man as he held the key to the three manuscript books that would help the latter perpetuate his state of invisibility. If Marvel hadn’t turned on the Invisible Man and given himself up to the police, the Invisible Man would not have been apprehended in his demonic task of unleashing a reign of terror. Eventually, Thomas Marvel became the landlord of a little inn near Port Stowe and retained his ill-begotten ownership over the Invisible Man’s prized possessions.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Physics Outside Delhi 2016

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. 1.  All questions are compulsory. There are 26
      questions in all.
   2.  This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
   3. Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D contains one value based question of four marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks each.
   4.  There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks and all the three questions of five marks weightage. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
   5. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:

SET I

SECTION – A

Question. 1. A charge ‘q’ is moved from a point A above a dipole of dipole moment ‘p’ to a point B below the dipole in equatorial plane without acceleration. Find the work done in the process.

Answer: Work done, W=q(V_B -V_A )=q x 0=0. W=0

Question. 2. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic material different from that of a paramagnetic, when kept in an external magnetic field ?
Answer : The magnetic field lines pass through the paramagnetic material while the magnetic field lines move away from the diamagnetic material.

Question. 3. Name the essential components of a communication system.
Answer: The essential components are: Transmitter, communication channel and receiver

Question. 4. Why does sun appear red at sunrise and sunset?
Answer: Sun appears red at sunrise and sunset due to the scattering of light.

Question. 5. The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical cells in series, versus current is shown below. What is the emf and internal resistance of each cell ?

SECTION-B

Question.6. Define modulation index. Why is it kept low ? What is the role of a band pass filter ?
Answer : Modulation Index : It is the ratio of the amplitude of the modulating wave to that of the carrier wave.
So, m_a =E_m /E_c.
The modulation index is kept low because when Em is greater than Ec, the carrier is over-modulated, i.e., ma> 1, which causes distortion during the reception.The main function of a bandpass* filter is to limit the bandwidth of the output signal to the band allocated for the transmission.

Question.7. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism. From which face will the ray emerge ? Justify your answer.

Answer: The ray PQ suffers the total internal reflection at the other face AC and will come out along that face only. This means that the ray will strike the other face AC just at the critical angle, C.

Question.8. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron orbitting in the n = 2 stage of hydrogen atom.

Question. 9. Define ionization energy.
How would the ionization energy change when electron in hydrogen atom replaced by a particle of mass 200 times that of the electron but having the same charge?
OR
Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral lines emitted in Balmer series. [Given Rydberg constant, R=10⁷m^-1]
Answer: Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy needed to remove the valence electron of an isolated gaseous atom.

Question. 10. A battery of emf 12V and internal resistance 2Ω connected to a 4Ω is resistor as shown in the figure.
(a) Show that a voltmeter when placed across the cell and across the resistor, in turn, gives the same reading.
(b) To record the voltage and the current in the circuit, why is voltmeter placed in parallel and ammeter in series in the circuit ?


So, a voltmeter when placed across the cell and across the resistor, gives the same reading.
(b) An ammeter is connected in series because it has very low resistance. So, when, an ammeter is connected in series, then there is not much increase in the resistance of the Circuit and hence the current through the circuit is unchanged.
A voltmeter is connected in parallel because it has resistance. It draws a very small current from the circuit.

SECTION – C

Question. 11. Define an equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surfaces:
(i) in the case of a single point charge and
(ii) in a constant electric field in Z-direction. Why the equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant ?
(iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface ? Give reason.

The electric field due to single charge is not constant, this is the reason why the equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant,
(iii) No, electric field cannot exist tangential to an equipotential surface. If happen so then a charged particle will experience a force along the tangential line and can move along it. As a charged particle can move only due to the potential difference means along the direction of charge of potential, this contradicts the concept of an equipotential surface.

Question. 12. (i) State law of Malus.
(ii) Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity (I) of polarised light transmitted by an analyser with angle (θ) between polariser and analyse.
(iii) What is the value of refractive index of a medium- of polarising angle 60°?
Answer : (i) Malus discovered that when a beam of completely plane polarized light is passed through the analyser, the intensity T of transmitted light changes directly as the square of the cosine of the angle 0 between the transmission directions of polarizer and analyzer. This is known as the law of Malus.

Then, the refractive index of the material becomes 1.73.

Question.13. Sketch the graphs showing variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiations for two photosensitive materials A and B having threshold frequencies v_A> v_B.
(i) In which case is the stopping potential more and why ?
(ii) Does the slope of the graph depend on the nature of the material used ? Explain.
Answer: (i) The stopping potential of metal A is more than that of metal B because the stopping potential increases linearly with the increase in frequency of incident radiation.

(ii) No, the slope of the graph tells us the value of h/e which is same for both the materials. So, it does not depend on the nature of the materials.

Question.14.

Question.15. (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons.
(ii) How does drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor vary with increase in temperature ? Explain.
Answer: (i) Consider a conductor in which an electric field E is produced. Let a free electron experience a force (-eE) in this electric field. So, the acceleration of free electron is


(ii) The drift velocity of free electrons in a metallic conductor decreases with increase in temperature, because, if we increase the temperature of the metallic conductor the collision between the electrons and ions increases, which decrease in the relaxation time. Hence, drift velocity decreases.

Question.16. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an AC  source. What happens to the brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an , iron rod is inserted inside the inductor ? Explain.


So, when an ac source is connected to an ideal inductor, the average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) The brightness of the lamp will decrease. When the key is plugged in and the iron rod is inserted inside the inductor, it decreases the inductance. Hence, the reactance of the inductor (X_L = coL) decreases. So, the impedance of the circuit increases, which decreases the current in the circuit.

Question.17. (i) Explain with the help of a diagram the formation of depletion region and barrier potential in a p-n junction.
(ii) Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier and explain its working.
Answer: (i) During the formation of p-n junction, the holes diffuse from p-type semiconductor to the n- type, and electrons diffuse from n-type to p-type. This is because of the concentration gradient across p-side and n-side.
When a hole diffuse from p to n type, it leaves an immovable negative charge. Similarly, when an electron diffuses from n to p type, it leaves an unmovable positive charge. When the diffusion of holes and electrons takes place continuously across the junction, a layer of unmovable positive and negative charges are developed on either side of the junction. This layer is called the depletion layer or the depletion region.
(ii) Half wave rectifier:

Working : when an input ac voltage is applied across the primary coil, a potential difference is developed across the ends of the secondary coil. Consider that in half cycle of input ac signal, the end A acts as the +ve end and B acts as the-ve end of the battery.
So, the diode is in forward bias and we get output across the ends of the load resistance RL.
In the second half cycle, ends A and B reverse in polarity. Now, A acts as the-ve end and B acts as the +ve end. So, the diode D is in reverse bias and no output is obtained due to the high resistance offered by the diode.

So, in this process, we get output alternately, and hence the diode is called the half wave rectifier.

Question.18. (i) Which mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast service having frequency range from a few MHz up to 30 MHz ? Explain diagrammatically how long distance communication can be achieved, by this mode.
(ii) Why is there an upper limit to frequency of waves used in this mode ?
Answer: (i) Sky wave propagation is used by short wave broadcast services having frequency range from a few MHz up to 30 MHz.

The sky waves reach the receiver after reflection from the ionosphere The oscillating electric field of electromagnetic wave changes the velocity of the electrons in the ionosphere which changes the effective dielectric constant and hence refractive index. In a single reflection from the ionosphere, radio-waves cover a distance of not less than 4000 km. In this way, a very long distance communication is possible with the help of sky waves.
(ii) There is an upper limit to frequency of waves used in this mode because waves above 40 MHz get refracted through ionosphere and escape.

Question.19. (i) Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is:
(a) suitable for radar system used in aircraft navigation,
(b) produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons,
(ii) Why does a galvanometer show a momentary deflection at the time of,charging or discharging a capacitor ? Write the necessary expression to explain this observation.
Answer: (i) (a) Microwave (b) X-rays
(ii) During the charging and discharging of a capacitor, a flow of charges take place from the battery to the plates of the capacitor. This produces a conduction current in the circuit and hence the galvanometer shows a momentary deflection.

This expression is called the generalized expression of Ampere’s law.

Question.20. For a CE-transistor amplifier, the audio signal voltage across the collector resistance of 2 kΩ is 2 V. Suppose the current amplification factor of the transistor is 100, find the input signal voltage and base current, if the base resistance is 1 kΩ.

= 2/2000 x 100 = 10 µA.

Question.21. Define the term wave front. State Huygen’s principle. Consider a plane wave front incident on a thin convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to show how the incident wave front traverses through the lens and after refraction focusses on the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of the emergent wave front.
OR
Explain the following, giving reasons:
(i) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency.
(ii) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the wave ?
(iii) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of the amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity in the photon picture of light ?
Answer: Wave Front: A wave front is the locus of all the points in space that reach a particular distance by a propagating wave in same phase at any instant. Huygen’s Principle: It is based on two assumptions:
(a) Each point of the wave front behaves like a source of secondary wavelets. These secondary wavelets spread out in all directions with the same speed as that of the original wave.
(b) When we draw an envelope in the forward direction of the secondary wavelets at any instant, then this envelope tells the new position of the wave front at that instant.

OR

1. Both the reflection and refraction takes place due to the interaction of light with the atoms at the surface of the separation. Light incident on these atoms, force them to vibrate with the frequency of light. But, the light emitted by these charged atoms is equal to their own frequency of oscillation. So, both the reflected and refracted lights have same frequency.
2. The energy carried by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave. It does not depend on the speed of the wave propagation. Hence the energy of the wave remains same and does not decrease.
3. The intensity of light is determined by the number of photons incident per unit area around the point at which intensity is to be determined.

Question.22. Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for the magnetic field on the axis of a current carrying circular loop of radius R.
Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying current I.
Answer: Imagine a circular coil of radius R with centre O. let the current flowing through the circular loop be I. Let the circular coil be made of a large number of small elements of current, each having a length of dl.

According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field at the centre of the circular loop due I dl will be

SECTION -D

Question.23. Ram is a student of class X in a village school. His uncle gifted him a bicycle with a dynamo fitted in it. He was very excited to get it. While cycling during night, he could light the bulb and see the objects on the road. He, however, did not know how this device works. He asked this question to his teacher. The teacher considered it an opportunity to explain the working to the whole class.
Answer the following questions:
(a) State the principle and working of a dynamo.
(b) Write two values each displayed by Ram and his schoolteacher.
Answer: (a) A dynamo works on the principle of electro magnetic induction

A dynamo includes a coil attached to a small turbine fitted with a plastic cap.
The coil is placed in a magnetic field. When the plastic cap comes in contact with moving tyres of the bicycle, the coil placed between the poles of a ‘ magnet rotates, thus, the flux through the coil changes continuously. This induces a current in the coil which is connected to a bulb which lights up.
As long as the bicycle is moving, the coil keeps on rotating, and hence, the flux keeps on changing. At a steady rate, we get a steady current and hence a light of steady intensity.
(b) The values shown by Ram:
(i) He doesn’t hesitate in asking the questions.
(ii) Curious to know the scientific reasons behind the working of dynamo.
The values shown by the school teacher:
(i) Good command in his subject and
(ii) Helping other students also in understanding the concept.

SECTION – E

Question.24. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down transformer. State the principle of its working.
(ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages.
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents in terms of turn ratio in an ideal transformer.
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a transformer connected to 220 V supply when it delivers power to a 110 V — 550 W refrigerator ?
OR
(a) Explain the meaning of the term mutual inductance. Consider two concentric circular coils, one of radius r₁ and the other of radius r₂ (r₁ <r₂)Placed co axially with centres coinciding with each other. Obtain the expression for the mutual inductance of the arrangement.
(b) A rectangular coil of area A, having number of turns N is rotated at f revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic field B, the field being perpendicular to the coil. Prove that the maximum emf induced in the coil is 2 πf NBA

Principle: A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. Whenever the amount of magnetic flux, linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil.
Working : When alternating current source is connected to the ends of primary coil, the current changes continuously in the primary coil, due to which magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil changes continuously. Therefore, the alternating emf of same frequency is developed across the secondary terminals. According to Faraday’s laws the e.m.f. induced in the primary coil.


OR
(a) Mutual Inductance: It is a phenomenon, when the current in an inductor changes, flux varies and it cuts any other inductor nearby, producing induced voltage in both inductors.
Consider two coils A and B and a time varying current I is flowing through the coil A then,

(b) Let N be the number of turns of the rectangular coil and A be its cross-sectional area placed in a magnetic field B, then, the magnetic flux linked with the coil,

Question.25. (i) Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n₁ and n₂ of two media and radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface. Consider the object to be a point since lying on the principle axis in rarer medium of refractive index n₂ and a real image formed in the denser medium of refractive index n₂. Hence, derive lens maker’s formula.
(ii) Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source from the glass surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed ?
OR
(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying power.
(b) You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope.
(i) Which lenses should he used as objective and eyepiece ? Justify your answer.
(ii) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large ?
Answer:


In deriving Len’s maker formula, we adopt the coordinate geometry sign convention and make the assumptions:
(i) The lens is thin so that the distances measured from the poles of its two surfaces can be taken as equal to the distances from its optical centre.
(ii) The aperture of the lens is small.
(iii) The object is a point-object placed on the principal axis of the lens.
(iv) The incident and the refracted rays make small angles with the principal axis.


This is the lens maker’s formula. It has been derived for a convex lens forming a real image, but it is equally applicable to a convex lens forming a virtual image and to a concave lens which forms only virtual images, comparing eq. (iii) and (iv), we have


Magnifying power : The magnifying power of a refracting type astronomical telescope is defined as the ratio of angle subtended by the final image at eye to the angle subtended by the object at eye.
(b) (i) For higher magnification of the telescope, the value of f₀ > f_e
For this, the power should be the least. So, the objective lens should be 0.5D.
(ii) The aperture of the objective lens is made larger so, that it receives as much as light coming from the distant object and the . resolving power of the telescope increase.

Question.26. (i) Use Gauss’s law to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. What is the direction of field for positive and negative charge densities ?
(ii) Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel and series combination of two capacitors C₁ and C₂ with their capacitances in the ratio 1: 2 so that the energy stored in the two cases becomes the same.
OR
(i) If two similar large plates, each of area A having surface charge densities + σ and — σ are separated by a distance in air, find the expressions for
(a) field at points between the two plates and on outer side of the plates. Specify the direction of the field in each case.
(b) the potential difference between the plates.
(c) the capacitance of the capacitor so formed.
(ii) Two metallic spheres of radii R and 2R are charged so that both of these have same surface charge density σ. If they are connected to each other with a conducting wire, in which direction will the charge flow and why ?

Consider a thin infinite uniformly charged plane sheet having the surface charge density of σ. The electric field is normally outward to the plane sheet and is same in magnitude but opposite in direction. Now, draw a Gaussian surface in the form of cylinder around an axis. Let its cross-sectional area be A. The cylinder is made from three surfaces A, S₂, and A’ and the electric flux linked with S₂ is 0. So, the total electric flux linked through the Gaussian surface is


OR
(i) (a) Consider a parallel plate capacitor with two identical plates X and Y, each having an area of A, and separated by a distanced.Let the space between the plates be filled by a dielectric medium with its dielectric constant as K and a be the surface charge density on each of the plates.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Physics Outside Delhi 2013

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. 1.  All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
   2.  This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
   3. Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D contains one value based question of four marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks each.
   4.  There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks and all the three questions of five marks weight age. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
   5. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:

SET I

Question.1. Two charges of magnitudes -2Q and +Q are located at point (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘3a’ with its centre at the origin?

Question.2. How does the mutual inductance of a pairs coils change when
(i) distance between the coils is increased and
(ii) number of turns in the coils is increased?

Question.3. The graph shown in the figure represents a plot of current versus voltage for given semiconductor. Identify the region, if any, over which the semiconductor has a negative resistance.

Answer : Resistance of a material can be found out by the slope of the V-I curve. Part BC of the curve shows the negative resistance as with the increase in voltage, current decreases.

Question.4. Two identical cells, each of emf E, having negligible internal resistance, are connected in parallel with each other across an external resistance R, What is the current through this resistance?

Answer: The cells are arranged as shown in the circuit diagram. As the internal resistance is negligible, so total resistance of the circuit = R.
So, current through the resistance, I = E/R .

Question.5. The motion of copper plate is damped when it is allowed
to oscillate between the two poles of a magnet. What is the cause of this damping?
Answer : As the copper plates oscillate in the magnetic field between the two poles of the magnet, there is a continuous change of magnetic flux linked with the copper plate. Due to this, eddy currents are set up in the copper plate which try to oppose the motion of the pendulum according to the Lenz’s law and finally bring it to rest.

Question.6. Define the activity of a given radioactive substance. Write its S.I. unit.
Answer: Activity of a radioactive substance is defined as number of radioactive disintegrations taking place in one second in the sample.
S.I. unit of activity is Becquerel (Bq).
1 Becquerel = 1 Bq = 1 decay per second.

Question.7. Welders wear special goggles or face masks with glass windows to protect their eyes from electromagnetic radiations. Name the radiations and write the range of their frequency.
Answer: Welders wear special goggles with glass windows to protect the eyes from ultraviolet rays (UV rays). The range of frequency of UV rays is 4 x 10^-7 m (400 nm) to 6 x 10^-10 m (0.6 nm).

Question.8. Write the expression for the de-Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle having charge ‘q and mass ‘m’, when it is accelerated by a potential V.
Answer : Let v be the velocity gained by the given charge particle when it is accelerated through a potential difference of ‘V’ volts kinetic energy of the particle = 1/2 mv²
Kinetic energy of the particle = Work done on the particle by electric field.

Question.9. Draw a typical output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. Show how these characteristics can be used to determine output resistance.
Answer : Output characteristics is the plot between collector- emitter voltage (V_CE ) and the collector current (I_C ) at different constant values of base current (I_B).

Output resistance is defined as the ratio of the change in collector-emitter voltage (∆V_CE) to the change in collector current (∆I_C) at a constant base current (I_B).
Initially, with the increase in V_CE the collector current increases almost linearly, this is because the junction is not reverse biased. When the supply is more than required to reverse bias the base-collector junction, I_C increases very little with V_CE.

The reciprocal of slope of the linear part of the curve gives the value of output resistance i.e.,

Question.10. A parallel beam of light of 500 nm bills on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of the slit.

Question.11. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plates of a parallel plate capacitor but has the thickness dl 2, where d is the separation between the plates. Find out the expression for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between the plates of the capacitor.
Answer : Initially when there is vacuum between the two plates, the capacitance of the two parallel plate is

Question.12. A capacitor, made of two parallel plates each of plate area A and separation d, being charged by an external ac source. How the displacement current inside the capacitor is same as the current charging the capacitor.


Thus, the displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current charging the capacitor.

Question.13. Explain the term ‘drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Hence obtain the expression for the current through a conductor in terms of ‘drift velocity’.
OR
Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a cell.
Answer : Drift velocity of electrons in a conductor : Metals contain a large number of free electrons. These electrons are in continuous random motion. Due to the random motion, the free electrons collide with positive metal ions with high frequency and undergo change in direction at each collision. So the average velocity for the electrons in a conductor is zero.
Now, when this conductor is connected to a source of emf an electric field is established in the conductor,
such that E=V/L
Where, V = potential difference across the conductor and L = length of the conductor.
The electric field exerts an electrostatic force ‘-Ee on each free electron in the conductor.
The acceleration of each electron is given by

Where, e = electric charge on the electron and m = mass of electron
The negative sign indicates that the force and hence the acceleration is in a direction opposite to the direction of the electric field. Due to this acceleration, the electrons attain ‘ a velocity in addition to thermal velocity in the direction opposite to that of electric field. The average velocity of all the free electrons in the conductor is called the drift velocity of free electrons of the conductor.


OR
Measurement of internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer is shown in figure. The cell of emf, E is connected across a resistance box (R) through key K₂.

Question.14. A convex lens of focal length f₁ is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f₂. Find the focal length of the combination.
Answer : For convex lens, focal length, f=f₁ and for concave lens, the focal, f= -f₂
The equivalent focal length of a combination of convex lens and concave lens given as :

Question.15. In the block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal, shown in the figure, identify the boxes A and B. Write their functions.

Answer: In the block diagram of modulator. A is Square Law Device and B is Band pass filter.
Band pass filter rejects low and high frequencies and allows a band of frequencies to pass through.
Square Law Device is a non linear device. It produces a non linear output of message and carrier signals. The output of square law device is

Question.16. In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit and make its truth table.

Question.17.

Question.18. A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5T. The field is directed perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved towards left with a velocity of 10 ms-1, calculate the emf induced in the arm. Given the resistance of the arm to be 5 Ω (assuming that other arms are of negligible resistance) find the value of the current in the arm.

OR
A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 50 cm long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal to the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field. The Earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.4G and the angle of dip is 60°. Calculate the era/-induced between the axle and the rim of the wheel. How will the value of emf be affected if the number of spokes were increased?
Answer : Let ON be x at some instant.

The value of emf induced is independent of the number of spokes as the emf s across the spokes are in parallel. So, the emf will be unaffected with the increase in spokes.

Question.19. Define the current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write S.I. unit. Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and a battery of 3 V
When the galvanometers in each arrangement do not show any deflection, obtain the ratio R₁/R₂ .

Answer : Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection in galvanometer per unit current. Its SI unit is radians/ampere.
For balanced Wheatstone bridge, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.
4/R₁ =6/9
R₁=(4 × 9)/6 =6Ω

For the equivalent circuit, when the Wheatstone bridge is balanced, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.

Question.20. A wire AB is carrying a steady current 12 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD carrying 5 A is held directly above AB at a height of 1 mm. Find the mass per unit length of the wire CD so that it remains suspended at its position when left free. Give the direction of the current flowing in CD with respect to that in AB. [Take the value of g = 10 ms^-2]
Answer : Force per unit length between the current carrying wires is given as :

Question.21. Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving reasons :
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the potential up to a critical voltage?
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Name any semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region.
Answer : V-I-characteristics of p-n junction diode :

(i) Under the reverse bias condition, the holes of p-side are attracted towards the negative terminal of the battery and the electrons of the n-side are attracted towards the positive terminal of the battery. This increases the depletion layer and the potential barrier. However the minority charge carriers are drifted across the junction producing a small current. At any temperature the number of minority carriers is constant and very small so there is the small current at any applied potential. This is the reason for the current under reverse bias to be almost independent of applied potential. At the critical voltage, avalanche break down takes place which results in a sudden flow of large current.
(ii) At the critical voltage, the holes in the p-side and conduction electrons in the n-side are accelerated due to the reverse-bias voltage. These minority carriers acquire sufficient kinetic energy from the electric field and collide with a valence electron. Thus the bond is finally broken and the valence electrons move into the conduction band resulting in enormous flow of electrons and thus formation of hole-electron pairs. Thus there is a sudden increase in the current in the critical voltage.
Zener diode is a semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the break down region.

Question.22. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power and write the expression for it.
Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting type telescope.
Answer: Refracting telescope :

Magnifying power: The magnifying power is the ratio of the angle a subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle P which the object subtends at the lens or the eye.

Limitations of refracting telescope over reflecting type telescope:
(i) Refracting telescope suffers from chromatic aberration as it uses large sized lenses.
(ii) The requirement of big lenses tend to be very heavy and therefore difficult to make and support by their edges.

Question.23. Write Einsteins photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic properties of photons on which this equation is based.
Briefly explain the three observed features which can be explained by this equation.
Answer : Einsteins photoelectric effect equation :

Question.24. Name the type of waves which are used for line of sight (LOS) communication. What is the range of their frequencies?
A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height, of 20 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 45 m. Calculate the maximum distance between them for satisfactory communication in LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth = 6.4 x 10⁶m)

Question.25. (a) What is linearly polarized light. Describe briefly using a diagram how sunlight is polarised.
(b) Unpolarised light is incident on a Polaroid. How would the intensity of transmitted light change when the Polaroid is rotated?
Answer : (a) Natural light is unpolarised i. e., the electric vector takes all possible directions in the transverse plane, rapidly and randomly, during a measurement. A polarizer transmits only one component. This resulting light is called linear or plane polarized.
The incident sunlight is unpolarised. The dot and double arrows show the polarization in the perpendicular and in the plane of the figure. Under the influence of the electric field of the incident wave, the electrons in the molecules of the atmosphere acquire components of motion in both these directions. An observer looking at 90° to the direction of the sun, the charges accelerating parallel to the double arrows do not radiate energy towards this observer since their acceration has no transverse component. The radiation scattered by the molecule is therefore, represented by dots. It is linearly polarized perpendicular to the plane of the figure.

Thus, the intensity of the transmitted light remains uncharged when the polaroid is rotated.

Question.26. One day Chetaris mother developed a severe stomach ache all of a sudden. She was rushed to the doctor who suggested for an immediate endoscopy test and gave an estimate of expenditure for the same. Chetan immediately contacted his class teacher and shared the information with her. The class , teacher arranged for the money and rushed to the hospital. On realizing that Chetan belonged to a below average income group family, even the doctor offered concession for the test fee. The test was conducted successfully.
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
(a) Which principle in optics is made use of in endoscopy?
(b) Briefly explain the values reflected in the action taken by the teacher.
(c) In what way do you appreciate the response of the doctor on the given situation?
Answer : (a) Endoscopy is based on total internal reflection principle. It has tubes which are made up of optical fibres and are used for transmitting and receiving electrical signals, which are converted into light by suitable transducer.
(b) Humanity and charity.
(c) Doctor gave monetary help to Chetan by understanding his poor financial condition.

Question.27. (a) Using Biot-Savart’s law, derive the expression for the magnetic field in the vector form at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
(b) What does a toroid consist  of Find out the expression for the magnetic field inside a toroid for N turns of the coil having the average radius r and carrying a current I. Show that the magnetic field in the open space inside and exterior to the toroid is zero.
OR
(a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain clearly the role of crossed electric and magnetic field in accelerating the charge. Hence derive the expression for the kinetic energy acquired by the particles.
(b) An α —particle and a photon, are released from the centre of the cyclotron and made to accelerate.
(i) Can both be accelerated at the same cyclotron frequency? Give reason to justify your answer.
(ii) When they are accelerated in turn, which of the two will have higher velocity at the exit slit of the dees?
Answer : (a) Magnetic field on the axis of a circular loop
I —> current
R —> Radii
X —> Axis
x —> Distance of OP .
dl —> Conducting element of the loop



(b) Toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turns of a wire are closely wound. Figure shows a sectional view of the toroid. The direction of the magnetic field inside is clockwise as per the right-hand thumb rule for circular loops. Three circular Amperian loops 1, 2 and 3 are shown by dashed lines.

By symmetry, the magnetic field should be tangential to each of them and constant in magnitude for a given loop.
Let the magnetic field inside the toroid be B. We shall now consider the magnetic field at S. Once again we employ :

Open space exterior to the toroid :
Each turn of current carrying, wire is cut twice by the loop
3. Thus, the current coming out of the plane of the paper is cancelled exactly by the current going into it. Thus,
I= 0, and B = 0
OR
(a) Schematic sketch of cyclotron : The combination of crossed electric and magnetic field is used to increase the energy of the charged particle. Cyclotron uses the fact that the frequency of revolution – of the charged particle in a magnetic field is independent of its energy. Inside the dees particle is shielded from the electric field and magnetic field acts on the particle and makes it to go round in a circular path inside a dee. Every time the particle moves from one dee to the other it comes under the influence of electric field which ensures to increase the energy of the particles as the sign of the electric field changed alternately. The increased in energy, increases the radius of the circular path so the accelerated particle moves in a spiral path.

Question.28. (a) Define electric dipole moment. It is a scalar or a vector? Derive the expression for the electric field of a dipole at a point on the equatorial plane of the dipole.
(b) Draw the equipotential surfaces due to an electric dipole. Locate the points where the potential due to the dipole is zero.
OR
Using Gauss’ law deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell. Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > R and r < R. (r being the distance from the centre of the shell)
Answer : (a) Electric dipole moment : The strength of the electric dipole is measured by the quantity of electric dipole moment. Its magnitude is equal to the product of the magnitude of either charge and the distance between the two charges.



(b) Equipotential surface due to electric dipole : The potential due to the dipole is zero at the line bisecting the dipole length.

Answer : Electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell:
(i) When point P lies outside the spherical shell: Suppose that we have to calculate electric field at the point P at a distance r (r > R) from its centre. Draw the Gaussian surface through point P so as to enclose the charged spherical shell. The Gaussian surface is a spherical shell of radius r and centre O.

Question.29. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the’ expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when electron in hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher energy state (quantum number n_i) to the lower state, (n_f)
When electron in hydrogen atom jumps from energy state n_i = 4 to n_f= 3, 2, 1, identify the spectral series to which the emission lines belong.
OR
(a) Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) as a function of mass number. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear source.
(b) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fusion and fission.
(c) Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing β-decay. Why is the detection of neutrinos found very difficult?
Answer : In the hydrogen atom, Radius of electron orbit,



OR
(a) Plot of binding energy per nucleon as the function of mass number A is given as below :
Following are the two conclusion that can be drawn regarding the nature of the nuclear force :
(i) The force is attractive and strong enough to produce a binding energy of few MeV per nucleon.
(ii) The constancy of the binding energy in the range 30 <A<170 is a consequence of the fact that the nuclear force is short range force.

(b) Nuclear fission: A very heavy nucleus (say A = 240) has lower binding energy per nucleon as compared to the nucleus with A = 120. Thus, if the heavier nucleus breaks to the lighter nucleus with high binding energy per nucleon, nucleons are tightly bound. This implies that energy will be released in the process which justifies the energy release in fission reaction.
Nuclear fusion : When two light nuclei (A< 10) are combined to form a heavier nuclei, the binding energy of the fused heavier nuclei is more than the binding energy per nucleon of the lighter nuclei. Thus the final system is more tightly bound than the initial system. Again the energy will be released in fusion reaction.
(c) The basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing β-decay is given as :

Neutrinos are massless and charge less particles. Nutrinos interact very weakly with matter that it because very difficult to defect then that’s why the detection of neutrinos is found very difficult.

SET II

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in Previous Set.

Question.4. Two charges of magnitudes -3Q and +2Q are located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘5d with its centre at the origin?
Answer : According to Gauss’ theorem, the electric flux through a closed surface enclosing a charge is equal to 1/ε₀ times the magnitude of the charge enclosed.

Question.7. A light metal disc on the top of an electromagnet is thrown up as the current is switched on. Why? Give reason.
Answer : A light metal disc on the top of an electromagnet is thrown up as the current is switched on because when the current flows through the electromagnet, the magnetic flux through the disc increases which leads in setting up an eddy current in the disc in the same direction of the electromagnetic current: So the upper surface of electromagnet and the lower surface of the disc acquire same polarity. Since body with same polarity repels, so the disc is thrown up.

Question.9. In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit and make its.truth table.

Question.13. A parallel beam of light of 600 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1.2 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of 3 mm from the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of the slit.

Question.19. A wire AB is carrying a steady current of 10 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD carrying 6 A is held directly above AB at a height of 2 mm. Find the mass per unit length of the wire CD so that it remains suspended at its position when left free. Give the direction of the current flowing in CD with respect to that in AB. [Take the value of g = 10 ms^-2]
Answer : Force per unit length between the current carrying wires is given as :

Question.23. Name the type of waves which are used for line of sight (LOS) communication. What is the range of their frequencies?
A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 45 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 80 m. Calculate the maximum distance between them for satisfactory communication is LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth = 6.4 x 10⁶ m)
Answer : Space wave are used for the line of sight (LOS) communication.
The range of their frequencies 4 40 MHz and above.
We have,
Height of transmitting antenna, b_T= 45 m
Height of receiving antenna, b_R = 80 m

Question.24.

SET III

Note : Except for the following questions all the remaining question have been asked in Previous Set.

Question.1. Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle having charge ‘q and mass m, when it is accelerated by a potential V.
Answer: The charged particle has a mass m and charge q. The kinetic energy of the particle is equal to the work done on it by the electric field.

Question.3. Two charges of magnitudes + 4Q and -Q are located at points (a, 0) and (-3a, 0) respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘”la with its centre at the origin’.
Answer : Gauss’s theorem states that the electric flux through a closed surface enclosing a charge is equal to 1/ε₀ times the magnitude of the charge enclosed.

Question.9. In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit and make its truth table.

Question.11. A parallel beam of light of 450 nm Ms on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1.5 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of 3 mm from the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of the slit.

Question.17. A wire AB is carrying a steady current of 6 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD carrying 4 A is held directly above AB at a height of 1 mm. Find the mass per unit length of the wire CD so that it remains suspended at its position when left free. Give the direction of the current flowing in CD with respect to that in AB. [Take the value of g = 10 ms^-2]
Answer : Force per unit length between the current carrying wife is given as :

Question.18. A light bulb is rated at 125 W for a 250 V a.c. supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.

Question.25. Name the type of waves which are used for line of sight (LOS) communication. What is the range of their frequencies?
A transmitting antenna at the top of a power has a height of 45 m and the receiving antenna is on the ground. Calculate the maximum distance between them for satisfactory communication in LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth = 6.4 x 10⁶m)
Answer : Space wave are used for the line of sight (LOS) communication.
The range of their frequencies is 40 MHz and above. We have height of transmitting antenna,