Category: CBSE

Transformation of sentences means to change the form of a sentence without changing its meaning. A simple sentence can be changed into a complex or a compound sentence and vice versa. Similarly, an interchange of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences can be done; without changing their meaning. Given below are some of the ways to transform a sentence.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Sentence Transformation Exercises for Class 7 CBSE With Answers Pdf

Fundamentals:

• In sentence transformation, we change the given dialogue into indirect speech.
• We change the reporting verb.
• Always remove commas and use a conjunction.
• Don’t forget to change the pronouns and verb in the reported speech.
• Always use a (.) at the end of every sentence.

Transformation Of Sentences Exercise With Answers for Class 7 Pdf

1. Librarian’. Why did you not return library books yesterday?
Sudheer: I forgot to bring to them.
Librarian: Don’t bring forget to them tomorrow.

On Monday morning in sixth period when Sudheer went to library, librarian asked him (a) __________ books the previous day. At this Sudheer replied that (b) __________ to bring them. She commanded him (c) __________ them the next day.
Answer:
(a) why he had not returned
(b) he had forgotten
(c) not to forget to bring

Transformation Of Sentences Exercises Worksheet for Class 7 CBSE

A. Doctor: How do you feel now?
Patient: Slightly better.
Doctor: Did you take the medicines regularly?
Patient: Yes.

The doctor asked the patient how (a) __________. The patient replied (b) __________ better. When the doctor asked him (c) __________ the medicines regularly, he replied in affirmation.

B. Ankit: Where are you going?
Atul: To the airport.
Ankit: May I drop you there in my car?
Atul: Thanks a lot. It will be a great help to me.

Ankit asked Atul where (a) __________. Atul replied (b) __________ airport. Ankit further asked him (c) __________ there in his car. Atul thanked him adding that it would be a great help to him.

C. Tanmay: How did you spend your vacations?
Astha: I visited Kashmir with my parents.
Tanmay: Have you been there earlier too?
Astha: No, it was my first trip.

Tanmay asked Astha how (a) __________ vacations. Astha replied that (b) __________ with her parents. Tanmay further asked her if she had been there earlier too. Astha replied in negative saying that (c) __________.

D. Husband: I don’t know. Is there any problem?
Wife: I’ll go to my mother’s place along with the kids.
Husband: Well, I’ll carry my set of house – keys.

The wife asked her husband (a) __________. The husband replied that he did not know and asked (b) __________. The wife told him (c) __________. The husband suggested that he would carry his set of house keys.

E. Sonu: Will you come with me?
Monu: Oh, sure.
Sonu: I have to show you my new car.
Monu: Is it a toy or real one?

Sonu asked Monu (a) __________ Monu replied in affirmative. Sonu told him (b) __________ Monu asked (c) __________.

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 7 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Second Conditional Sentences Exercises for Class 7 With Answers CBSE Pdf

Fundamentals:
The second conditional uses the simple past after if, then ‘would’ and the infinitive:
Formation:
if + simple past, …would + infinitive
It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true.
Examples:

• If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. (I probably won’t win the lottery)
• If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
• She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
• She would pass the exam if she ever studied. (She never studies, so this won’t • happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it’s not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the Examples:
Examples:

• If I had his number, I would call him. (I don’t have his number now, so it’s impossible for me to call him).
• If I were you, I wouldn’t go to Mumbai.

Presentation:
Read the picture story.

Answer the following questions.
1. When would Riya buy a lonely island?
2. What would Riya do if she had a house by the beach?
3. When would Riya feel alone?

Second Conditional Sentences Exercises With Answers for Class 7 CBSE

A. Complete the Second Conditional by putting the verbs into the correct form. The first one has been done for you.

1. If we (have) had a yacht, we (sail) would said the seven seas.
2. If he (have) ___________ more time, he (learn) ___________ karate.
3. If they (tell) ___________ their father, he (be) ___________ very angry.
4. She (spend) ___________ a year in the USA if it (be) ___________ easier to get a green card.
5. If I (live) ___________ on a lonely island, I (play) ___________ with sand all day.
6. We (help) ___________ you ¡f we (know) ___________ how.
7. My brother (buy) ___________ a sports car if he (have) ___________ the money.
8. If I (feel) ___________ better, I (go) ___________ to the cinema with you.
9. If you (go) ___________ by bike more often, you (not) ___________ reach in time.
10. She (not/talk) ___________ to you ¡f she (be) ___________ mad at you.

B. Complete the following sentences so that they are in second conditional form.

1. If Amit and Sumit ___________  (to be) older, they ___________  (to play) ¡n our hockey team.
2. If I ___________ (to come) home earlier, I ___________ (to prepare) dinner.
3. If you ___________ (to do) a paper round, you ___________ (to earn) a little extra money.
4. If they ___________ (to have) enough money, they ___________ (to buy) a new car.
5. If Suman ___________ (to study) harder, she ___________ (to be) better at school.
6. If we ___________ (to live) in Rome, Fra ncesco ___________ (to visit) us.
7. If we ___________ (to win) the lottery, we ___________ (to fly) to San Francisco.
8. If he ___________ (to be) my friend, I ___________ (to invite) him to my birthday party.
9. If Mayank ___________ (to get) more pocket money, he ___________ (to ask) Dipika out for dinner.
10. If I ___________ (to meet) Sachin Tendulkar, I ___________ (to ask) for his autograph.

Irrational numbers | Examples of Irrational number

CBSE Solved Papers For Class 12 Computer Science (C++) Paper 6

Question 1:
(a) Write the type of C + + tokens (keywords and user defined identifiers) from the following :
(i) For
(ii) delete
(iii) default
(iv) Value
(b) Anil typed the following C + + code and during compilation he found four errors as follows :
(i) Function strlen should have a prototype
(ii) Undefined symbol cout
(iii) Undefined symbol endl
(iv) Function getchar should have a prototype
On asking his teacher told him to include necessary header files in the code. Write the names of the header files, which Anil needs to include, for successful compilation and execution of the following code :

void main ()
 char S [ ] = “Hello”,
 for (int i = 0; i < strlen (s); i++)
 S[i] = S[i] + 1,
 cout« B«endl;
 getchar 0;
 }

(c) Rewrite the following C+ + code after removing any/all syntactical errors with each correction underlined.
Note :
Assume all required header files are already being included in the program.

void main ()
 cout<<“Enter an integer”; cin>>N;
 switch (N%2)
 case 0 cout«“Even”; Break;

case 1 cout<<“Odd”; Break;
 }

(d) Find and write the output of the following C+ + program code :
Note : Assume all required header files are already included in the program.

#define Big (A, B) (A > B) ? A + 1: B + 2
 void main ()
 {
 char w [ ] = “Exam”;
 int L = strlen (w);
 for (int i = 0, i < L - 1, i ++)
 w [i] = Big (w[i], w [i + 1]);
 cout < < w < < endl;
 }

(e) Find and write the output of the following C++ program code :
Note : Assume all required header files are already being included in the program.

void main ()
 {
 int A [ ] = (10,12,15,17,20,30},
 for (int i = 0, i < 6, i+ +)
 {
 if (A [i] % 2 = = 0)
 A [i] / = 2;
 else if (A [i] % 3 = = 0)
 A [i] / = 3;
 if (A [i] % 5 = = 0)
 A [i] / = 5;
 }
 for (i = 0; i < 6; i ++)
 cout<<A [i]<<“#”,
 }

(f) Look at the following C+ + code and find the possible output(s) from the options (i) to (iv) following it. Also, write the maximum values that can be assigned to each of the variables R and C.
Note:
• Assume all the required header files are already being included in the code.
• The function random (n) generates an integer between 0 and n -1.

 void main ()
 {
 randomize ();
 int R = random (3), C = random (4);
 int MAT [3] [3] = {{ 10, 20, 30}, {20, 30, 40}, {30, 40, 50}},
 for (int I = 0,1 < R, I + +)
 for (int J = 0; J < C; J ++)
 {
 cout < < MAT [I] [J] <<" ";
cout<< endl;
 }
 }

(i)	(ii)
10         20        30 20         30        40 30         40        50	10       20        30 20       30        40
(iii)	(iv)
10       20 20       30	10       20 20       30 30       40

Solution:
(a) (i) For – user defined identifier
(ii) delete – keyword
(iii) default – keyword
(iv) Value – user defined identifier
(b) iostream.h or iomanip.h or fstream.h
string.h
stdio.h
NOTE: Ignore additional header file(s)

(c) void mainO :
 {
 int N:
 cout«"Enter an integer";
 cin»N; switch(N%2);
 case 0:
 cout«’'Even“; break;
 case 1:
 cout«"Odd”; break:
 }

(d) zyom
(e) 1#6#1#17#2#3#
(f) (ii) and (iii)
Max Value of R:2
Max Value of C:3

Question 2:
(a) Differentiate between private and public members of a class in context of Object Oriented Programming. Also give a suitable example illustrating accessibility/non-accessibility of each using a class and an object in C++.
(b) Observe the following C+ + code and answer the questions (i) and (ii).
Note :
Assume all necessary files are included.

class EXAM
 {
 long code; char EName [20]; float Marks; public :
 EXAM 0 //Member Function 1
 {
 code = 100, strcpy (EName, “Noname”);
 Marks = 0;
 }
 EXAM (EXAM &E) //Member Function 2
 {
 code = E.code + 1;
 strcpy (EName, E.EName);
 Marks = E. Marks;
 };
 void main ()
 ------------------ //Statement 1
 ------------------ //Statement 2
 }

(i) Which Object Oriented Programming feature is illustrated by the Member Function 1 and Member Function 2 together in the class EXAM ?
(ii) Write Statement 1 and Statement 2 to execute Member Function 1 and Member Function 2 respectively.
(c) Write the definition of a class RING in C + + with following description :
– Private Members
– RingNumber  // data member of integer type
– Radius  // data member of float type
– Area  // data member of float type
– CalcArea ()  // Member function to calculate and assign
// Area as 3.14 ‘Radius* Radius
Public Members
– GetArea () //A function to allow user to enter values of
// RingNumber and Radius. Also, this // function should call CalcArea () to calculate // Area .
– Show Area () //A function to display RingNumber, Radius
// and Area
(d) Answer the questions (i) to (iv) based on the following :

class One
 {
 int A1,
 protected : float A2;
 public : One ();
 void Get1 ();
 void showl ();
 };
 class Two : private One
 {
 int B1; protected : float B2;
 public : Two (), void Get2 ();
 void Show ();
 };
 Class Three : public Two
 {
 int C1;
 public : Three ();
 void Get 3 ();
 void Show ();
 };
 void main ()
 {
 Three T; //Statement 1
 ------------- // Statement 2
 }

(i) Which type of inheritance out of the following is illustrated in the above example?
Single Level Inheritance, Multilevel Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance.
(ii) Write the names of all the member functions, which are directly accessible by the object T of class Three as declared in main () function.
(iii) Write Statement 2 to call function Show () of class Two from the object T of class Three.
(iv) What will be the order of execution of the constructors, when the object T of class Three is declared inside main () ?
Solution:
(a)

Private	Public
Implicit Visibility Mode Not accessible by the objects of class	Explicit Visibility Mode Accessible by the objects of class

Example:

class A
 {
 intx; //private Member
 public: void In0; //public member
 };
 Or
 Any other correct example demonstrating difference between private and public members of a class

(b) (i) Polymorphism OR Constructor overloading OR Function Overloading
(ii) EXAM El; //Statement 1
EXAM’E2(El); //Statement 2
OR
EXAM E2=E1; //Statement 2

(c) class RING
 int RingNumber; float Radius ; float Area;
 void CalcArea()
 {
 Area=3.14*Radius*Radius;
 }
 public:
 void GetArea();
 void ShowAreaO;
 };
 void RING: :GetArea()
 {
 cin»RingNumber»Radius;
 CalcAreaO;
 }
 void RING::ShowAreaO
 {
 cout<<RingNumber«” ”<<Radius<<” ”<<Area«endl;
 }

(d) (i) Multilevel Inheritance.
(ii) Get3(),ShowO of class Three
Get2(),Show() of class Two
OR
Get3(),Show() OR Three: :Show()
Get2(),Two::Show()
NOTE:
• Marks not to be awarded for partially correct answer
• Ignore the mention of Constructors
(iii) T TWo::Show()
(iv) One,Two, Three
NOTE:
• No Marks to be awarded for any other combination/order.
• Names of the constructor/class without parenthesis is acceptable

Question 3:
(a) Write the definition of a function Reverse (int Arr [ ], int N) in C + + , which should reverse the entire content of the array Arr having N elements, without using any other array.
Example : if the array Arr contains

13

10

15

20

5

Then the array should become

5

20

15

10

13

Note:
• The function should only rearrange the content of the array.
• The function should n,ot copy the reversed content in another array.
• The function should not display the content of the array.
(b) Write definition for a function ADDMIDROW (int MAT[ ] [10], int R, int C) in C++, which finds sum of the middle row elements of the matrix MAT (Assuming C represents number of Columns and R represents . number of rows, which is an odd integer).
For example, if the content of array MAT having R as 3 and C as 5 is as follows :

1	2	3	4	5
2	1	3	4	5
3	4	1	2	5

The function should calculate the sum and display the following :
Sum of Middle Row : 15
(c) T[25][30] is a two dimensional array, which is stored in the memory along the row with each of its element
occupying 2 bytes, find the address of the element T[10] [15], if the elements T[5] [10] is stored at the memory location 25000.
(d) Write the definition of a member function ADDMEM () for a class QUEUE in C ++, to add a MEMBER in a dynamically allocated Queue of Members considering the following code is already written as a part of the program.

 struct Member
 {
 int MNO;
 char MNAME (20);
 Member ‘Next;
 Class QUEUE
 Member “Rear, “Front; public :
 QUEUE () {Rear = NULL, Front = NULL}
 void ADDMEM ();
 void REMOVEMEM ();
 ~ QUEUE ();}

(e) Convert the following Infix expression to its equivalent Postfix expression, showing the stack contents for each step of conversion.
P + (Q-R)*S/T

Solution:

(a) void Reverse(int Arr[],int N)
 {
 for (int I=0;I<N/2;I++)
 {
 int T=Arr[I];
 Arr[I]=Arr[N-I-l];
 Arr[N-I-l]=T;
 }
 }

OR
Any other correct alternative code in C + +

(b) void ADDMIDROW(int MAT[][10],int R,int C)
 {
 int MIDR=0; for (int J=0;J<C;J++)
 MIDR+=MAT[R/2][J];
 cout<<”Sum of Middle Row:”<<MIDR<<endl;
 }

OR
Any other correct alternative code in C+ +
(c) LOC(T[I][J]) = Base(T)+W*(NC*I+J)
LOC(T[5][10]) = Base(T)+2*(30*5+10).
25000= Base(T)+2*(30*5+10)
Base(T) = 25000 – 2*(160) ;
Base(T) = 25000- 320 = 24680
LOC(T[10][15])= 24680 + 2*(30*10+15)
= 24680 + 2*(315)
= 24680 + 630
= 25310
Or
LOC(T(10][15]) = LOC(T[5][10]) + 2(30*(10-5) + (15-10))
= 25000 + 2(150 + 5)
= 25000 + 2(155)
= 25000 + 310
= 25310

(d) void QUEUE: :ADDMEM0
 {
 Member *T;
 T=new Member; cin»T->MNO; gets(T->MNAME); T->Next=NULL; if (Rear==NULL)
 {
 Rear=T;Front=T;
 }
 else
 {
 Rear->Next=T;
 Rear=T;
}
}

OR
Any other equivalent code in C + +
(e) (P+ (((Q-R) *S) / T))

INFIX	STACK	POSTFIX
P		P
+	+	P
Q		PQ
–	+ –	PQ
R	+ –	PQR
)	+	PQR-
*	+*	PQR-
S	+*	PQR-S
)	+	PQR – S*
/	+/	PQR – S*
T	+/	PQR – S*T
)	+	PQR – S*T/
)		PQR – S*T/+

OR

INFIX	STACK	POSTFIX
(	(
P	(	P
+	(+	P
(	(+(	P
Q	(+(	PQ
–	(+(-	PQ
R	(+(-	PQR
)	(+	PQR-
*	(+*	PQR-
S	(+*	PQR-S
/	(+/	PQR-S*
T	C+/	PQR – S*T
)		PQR -S*T/+

Question 4:
(a) Aditi has used a text editing software to type some text. After saving the article as WORDS.TXT, she realised that she has wrongly typed alphabet J in place of alphabet I everywhere in the article. [3]
Write a function definition for JTOI () in C++ that would display the corrected version of entire content of the file WORDS.TXT with all the alphabets “J” to be displayed as an alphabet “I” on screen.
Note : Assuming that WORD.TXT does not contain any J alphabet otherwise.
Example:
If Aditi has stored the following content in the file WORDS.TXT :
WELL, THJS JS A WORD BY JTSELF. YOU COULD STRETCH THIS TO BE A SENTENCE
The function JTOI () should display the following content:
WELL, THIS IS A WORD BY ITSELF. YOU COULD STRETCH THIS TO BE A SENTENCE
(b) Write a definition for function COUNTDEPT () in C++ to read each object of a binary file TEACHERS.DAT,
find and display the total number of teachers in the department MATHS. Assume that the file TEACHERS. DAT is created with the help of objects of class TEACHERS, which is defined below :

 class TEACHERS
 {
 intTID;
 char DEPT [20];
 public : void GET ()
 {
 cin » TID, gets, (DEPT);
 }
 void SHOW ()
 {
 cout« TID « "i" «DEPT«endl;
 }
 char *RDEPT () {return DEPT;}
 };

(c) Find the output of the following C+ + code considering that the binary file BOOK.DAT exists on the hard disk with a data of 200 books.

class BOOK
 {
 int BID;
 char BName [20];
 public : void Enter ();
 void Display ();
 };
 void main ()
 fstream InFile;
 InFile.open ("BOOK.DAT", ios :: binary | ios :: in);
 BOOK B;
 InFile.seekg (5* sizeof (B));
 InFile, read ((char *) &B, sizeof (B));
 cout« "Book Number «InFile.tellg () / size of (B) + 1;
 InFile.seekg (0, ios : : end);
 cout « "of’ « InFile.tellg () / size of (B) « endl;
 InFile.close ();
}

Solution:

 (a) void JTOI().
 {
 char ch;
 ifstream FfWORDS.TXT" );
 while(F.get(ch))
 {
 if(ch==’J’) ch=I;
 cout<<ch;
 }
 F.close(); //IGNORE
 }

OR
Any other correct function definition

(b) void COUNTDEPT()
 {
 ifstream F;
 F.open("TEACHERS,DAT", ios::binary);
 int count=0;
 Teachers obj; while(F.read((char*) &obj, sizeof(obj)))
 {
 if(strcmp(obj.RDEPTO/'MATHS”)==0)
 count++;
 }
 cout«”Number of MATHS teachers :”«count«endl;
 F.close(); //IGNORE

OR
Any other correct function definition
(c) Book Number: 7 of 200

SECTION – C

Question 5:
(a) Observe the following table CANDIDATE carefully and write the name of the RDBMS operation out of
(i) SELECTION (ii) PROJECTION (iii) UNION (iv) CARTESIAN PRODUCT, which has been used to produce the output as shown in RESULT. Also, find the Degree and Cardinality of the RESULT.
TABLE: CANDIDATE

NO	NAME	STREAM
C1	AJAY	LAW
C2	ADITI	MEDICAL
C3	ROHAN	EDUCATION
C4	RISHAV	ENGINEERING

RESULT

NO	NAME
C3	ROHAN

(b) Write SQL queries for (i) to (iv) and find outputs for SQL queries (v) to (viii), which are based on the tables :
TABLE: BOOK

Code	BNAME	TYPE
F101	The Priest	Fiction
L102	German easy	Literature
C101	Tarzan in the lost world	Comic
F102	Untold story	Fiction
C102	War heroes	Comic

TABLE: MEMBER

MNO	MNAME	CODE	ISSUEDATE
M101	RaghavSinha	L102	2016-10-13
M103	Sarthakjohn	F102	2017-02-23
M102	Anisha Khan	C101	2016-06-12

(i) To display all details from table MEMBER in descending order of ISSUEDATE.
(ii) To display the BNO and BNAME of all Fiction Type books from the table BOOK.
(iii) To display the TYPE and number of books in each TYPE from the table BOOK.
(iv) To display all MNAME and ISSUEDATE of those members from table MEMBER who have books issued {i.e„ ISSUEDATE) in the year 2017.
(v) SELECT MAX (ISSUEDATE) FROM MEMBER;
(vi) SELECT DISTINCT TYPE FROM BOOK;
(vii) SELECT A.CODE, BNAME, MNO, MNAME
FROM BOOK A, MEMBER B WHERE A.CODE=B.CODE;
(viii) SELECT BNAME FROM BOOK
WHERE TYPE NOT IN (“FICTION”, “COMIC”);

Solution:
(a) (i) SELECTION and (ii) PROJECTION
OR
(i) SELECTION
OR
(ii) PROJECTION DEGREE = 2
CARDINALITY = 1
(b) (i) SELECT * FROM MEMBER ORDER BY ISSUEDATE DESC;
(ii) SELECT Code,BNAME FROM BOOK WHERE TYPE=’Fiction’;
OR
SELECT BNO.BNAME FROM BOOK WHERE TYPE=’Fiction’;
NOTE:
Full 1 Mark for mentioning BNO does not exist in table BOOK
(iii) SELECT COUNT(*),TYPE FROM BOOK GROUP BY TYPE;
(iv) SELECT MNAME, ISSUEDATE FROM MEMBER WHERE ISSUEDATE>=’2017-01-0T AND ISSUEDATE<=’2017-12-31’;
OR
SELECT MNAME, ISSUEDATE FROM MEMBER WHERE ISSUEDATE BETWEEN ‘2017-01-01′ AND ‘2017-12-31’;
OR
SELECT MNAME,’ISSUEDATE FROM MEMBER WHERE ISSUEDATE LIKE ‘2017%’;
(v) MAX (ISSUEDATE)
2017-02-23
(vi) DISTINCT TYPE
Fiction
Literature
Comic
NOTE: Values may be written in any order
(vii) Mark for correct output

CODE	BNAME	MNO	MNAME
L102	The priest	M101	RAGHAVSINHA
F102	Untold story	M103	SARTHAKJOHN
C101	Tarzan in the lost world	M102	ANISHAKHAN

(viii) BNAME
German Easy
OR
BNAME
The priest
German easy
Tarzan in the lost world
Untold Story
War heroes

Question 6:
(a) State Distributive Laws of Boolean Algebra and verify them using truth table.
Draw the Logic Circuit of the following Boolean Expression using only NAND Gates :
X .Y+Y . Z
(c) Derive a Canonical SOP expression for a Boolean function F, represented by the following truth table

U	V	W	F (U,V,W)
0	0	0	1
0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	1
1	0	0	0
1	0	1	0
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	0

(d) Reduce the following Boolean Expression to its simplest form using K-Map :
F (X, Y, Z, W) = ∑(0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5,10, 11,14)

Solution:
(a) (i) X. (Y+Z)= X.Y + X.Z
(ii) X + YZ= (X + Y). (X+Z)
Truth Table Verification:
(i)
X Y z Y + Z X. (Y+Z) X.Y X.Z X.Y + X.Z

X	Y	z	Y + Z	X. (Y+Z)	X.Y	X.Z	X.Y + X.Z
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0
1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1
1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1

(ii)
X Y.Z + Y.Z X+Y.Z (X.Y) (X+Z) (X+Y).(X+Z)

X	Y	z	Y.Z	X+Y.Z	(X.Y)	(X+Z)	(X+Y).(X+Z)
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0
0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1
1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1

(b)

(c) F(U,V,W)= U’V’W’ + U’VW’ + U’VW + UVW*
OR
F(U,V,W)=∑(0, 2, 3, 60
(d)

F(X,Y,Z)= X’Z’+Y’Z+XZW’

Question 7:
(a) Differentiate between Radio Link and Microwave in context of wireless communication technologies.
(b) Amit used a pen drive to copy files from his friend’s laptop to his office computer. Soon his office computer
started abnormal functioning. Sometimes it would restart by itself and sometimes it would stop functioning totally. Which of the following options out of (i) to (iv), would have caused the malfunctioning of the computer ? Justify the reason for your chosen option : 2
(i) Computer Worm
(ii) Computer Virus
(iii) Computer Bacteria
(iv) Trojan Horse
(c) Jai is an IT expert and a freelancer. He recently used his skills to access the Administrator password for the
network server of Megatech Corpn Ltd. and provided confidential data of the organization to its Director, informing him about the vulnerability of their network security. Out of the following options (i) to (iv), which one most appropriately defines Jai. 2
Justify the reason for your chosen option :
(i) Hacker
(ii) Cracker
(iii) Operator
(iv) Network Admin
(d) Hi Speed Technologies Ltd. is a Delhi based organization which is expanding its office setup to Chandigarh. At Chandigarh office campus, they are planning to have 3 different blocks for HR, Accounts and Logistics related work. Each block has number of computers, which are required to be connected in a network for communication, data and resource sharing.
As a network consultant, you have to suggest the best network related solutions for them for issues/problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances between various blocks / locations and other given parameters.

Shortest distances between various blocks/locations;

HR Block to Accounts Block	400 metres
Accounts Block to Logistics Block	200 metres
Logistics Block to HR Block	150 metres
DELHI Head Office to CHANDIGARH Office	270 km

Number of Computers installed at various blocks are as follows :

HR Block	70
Accounts Block	50
Logistics Block	40

(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the CHANDIGARH Office (out of the 3 Blocks) to get the best and effective connectivity. Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block to Block) to efficiently connect various Blocks within the CHANDIGARH office compound.
(iii) Suggest a device / software and its placement that would provide data security for the entire network of
CHANDIGARH Office.
(iv) Which of the following kind of network, would it be?
(a) PAN (b) WAN
(c) MAN (d) LAN

Solution:
(a) Radio Link: Data is transmitted outward from the antenna through free space in all directions. It is a Slow means of communication;
Microwave: Data is transmitted based on line of sight principle, faster than radio communication.
(b) (ii) Computer Virus
OR
(iv) Trojan Horse
• Pen drive containing Computer Virus / Trajan Horse was used before the abnormal functioning started, which might have corrupted the system files.
• Computer Virus/Trojan Horse affects the system files and start abnormal functioning in the computer (1 Mark for writing any of the options (ii) OR (iv))
(1 Mark for writing any one correct justification) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
(c) (i) Hacker
A Hacker is a person who breaks into the network of an organization without any malicious intent.
(d) (i) HR Block – Because it has maximum number of computers.
(ii) Best wired medium: Optical Fibre OR CAT5 OR CAT6 OR CAT7 OR CAT8 OR Ethernet Cable

(iii) Firewall – Placed with the server at the HR Block
OR
Any other valid device/software name
(iv) (b) WAN and (d) LAN
OR
(b) WAN
OR
(d) LAN

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Delhi – 2012

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question Numbers 1 to 10 are of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3.  Question Numbers 11 to 20 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question Numbers 21 to 30 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question Numbers 31 to 35 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
6. Question Number 35 is based on the map. Write the answer in your Answer-Book.

SET -I

Question.1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
First Gulf War was fought against in which troops from countries fought.
Answer. First Gulf War was fought against Iraq in which troops from 34 Countries fought.

Question.2. What does the word ‘hegemony’ imply ?
Answer. Hegemony is the state of affairs which specifies an international system with only one centre of power. For example US is the supreme world power in the form of military domination, ecopomic power, political clout and cultural superiority.

Question.3. Correct the following statement and rewrite:
Eight temporary members of the UN Security Council are elected by the General Assembly for a period of three years.
Answer. Ten temporary members of the UN Security Council are elected by the General Assembly for a period of two years.

Question.4. What is the highest functionary of the UN called ?
Answer. The highest authority of UN is called the Secretary General.

Question.5. What was the basis of the report of the States Reorganisation Commission ?
Answer. The basis of the report of States Reorganisation Commission reflected the redrawing of the boundaries of the states on the basis of language.

Question.6. In which year did the Congress Party win 415 seats in the Lok Sabha ? Who became the Prime Minister then ?
Answer. In the 1984 Lok Sabha election, the Congress Party won 415 seats in the Lok Sabha. Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India. In the same year, the then prime minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated.

Question.7.Name the leaders who gave the following slogans :
(i) Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan (ii) Garibi Hatao
Answer.Leaders (i) Jai Jawan Jai Kisan – Lai Bahadur Shastri in 1965
(ii) Garibi Hatao-Indira Gandhi in 1970.

Question.8.Which theoretical argument did Rammanohar Lohia give in defence of non-Congressism ?
Answer.Rammanohar Lohia gave a theoretical argument in defence of non-Congressism – “Congress rule was undemocratic and opposed to the interests of ordinary poor people.”; therefore, the coming together of the non-Congress parties was necessary for reclaiming democracy for the people.

Question.9.What was the Anti-Arrack Movement ?
Answer.Anti-Arrack movement was a movement of rural women in remote villages of the state of Andhra Pradesh to fight a battle against alcoholism, against the mafia and against the government of that period.

Question.10.Mention any two incidents of violence against the minority community which are a threat to democracy.
Answer.Ayodhya Dispute of 1992 and Gujarat Riots in 2002 saw large scale violence against the minority community which is a threat to democracy.

Question.11.Mention any two characteristics of the Soviet Political System.
Answer.Features of the Soviet society:
“Soviet society” gave primacy to the state and the institution of the party.
The Soviet political system centered around the communist party and no other political party or opposition was allowed.
In Soviet society, the economy was planned and controlled by the state.
Hence, Soviet society became a powerful society after the Second World War.

Question.12.For how many years did the Civil War continue in Tajikistan ? When did it come to an end ?
Answer.(i) Tajikstan witnessed a £ivil war that went on for 10 years till 2001.
(ii) The region as a whole has many divisions and sectarian conflicts.
(iii) The country and provinces were fighting over river waters. All these led to instability, making life difficult for the ordinary citizen.

Question.13.In the European Union Flag, what does the symbol of ‘twelve gold stars in a circle’ signify?
Answer.The European Union established in 1992 has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. The flag signifies the objectives of the European Union.
(a) The circle of gold stars stands for solidarity and harmony between people of Europe.
(b) Its twelve stars symbolise perfection, completeness and unity.
(c) In the same way, the foundation of European Union was laid for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation injustice and home affairs.
(d) The European Union has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.
All these examples justify the statement that the peace and prosperity of countries lie in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations.

Question.14. What was the “Operation Infinite Reach’ ordered by president Clinton ?
Answer. Although, the US President Jefferson Bill Clinton believed and focussed on soft issues like democracy, climate change, etc, the US on occasions did show its readiness to use military power during the Clinton years.
(i) The most important military action took place in 1999, in response to Yugoslavian action against the predominantly Albanian population in the province of Kosovo. The air forces of the NATO countries, led by the US, bombarded targets around Yugoslavia for well over two months.
(ii) Another significant military action during the Clinton years was in response to the bombing of the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania in 1998. These bombings were attributed to Al-Qaeda, a terrorist organisation strongly influenced by extremist Islamist ideas. With in a few days of this bombing, President Clinton ordered “Operation Infinite Reach”- a series of cruise missile strikes on Al-Qaeda terrorist targets in Sudan and Afghanistan.
As a matter of fact, the US did not bother about the UN sanction or provisions of International Law in this regard.

Question.15. Mention any two political consequences of globalization.
Answer. As far as cultural consequences are concerned, it would be a mistake to assume that cultural consequences of globalisation are only negative. Actually culture is not a static thing. All cultures accept outside influences all the time, some external influences are negative because they reduce our choices.
But some times external influences simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional norms. For example the burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and therefore does not pose any real challenge.
In the same way, blue jeans can go well with a homespun khadi kurta. Here the outcome of outside influences is a new combination, that is unique. This clashing combination has been exported back to the country.
So we can safely say that globalisation broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenisation.
The cultural globalisation leads to a fear that this process poses a threat to cultures in the world. The rise of a uniform culture is not the emergence of globalisation or a global culture. What we have in the name of a global culture is the imposition of western culture on the rest of the world.

1.  The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves its imprint on a less powerful society, and the world begins to look more like a dominant power wishes it to be.
2. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity for it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

Question.16. Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence.
Answer. Immediately after independence there were many challenges or problems in Independent India that needed a solution. These challenges can be categorised as :
(i) A challenge to shape a nation.
(ii) A challenge to establish democracy and,
(iii) A challenge to ensure the development and well-being of the entire society.
(i) To Shape a Nation : The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and integration of the territory. India is a land of continental size and diversity. There were around 600 states of varying size and population. The partition of the country appeared to prove every one’s worst fears. Hence there was a serious question about the future of India, i.e., would India survive as a unified country? Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself the task of integrating these princely states, which was sometimes completed in stages.
(ii) To Establish Democracy : Another challenge was to develop democratic practices in accordance with the Constitution, i.e., India opted for representative democracy, based on the parliamentary form of government.
(iii) To Ensure the Development and Well being of the Society: The third challenge was to evolve effectivepolicies for economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment. The Indian constitution set out in the Directive Principles of state policy the welfare goals that democratic polities must achieve.
All these challenges required a deliberate effort which India put in by accommodating social differences, establishing a welfare state and democratising political institutions.

Question.17. What were the fears of tribal population of Orissa and environmentalists about setting up industries in the tribal districts ?
Answer. The key points of conflict in Odisha are as follows :
As the iron ore resources lie in some of the most underdeveloped and predominantly tribal districts, so, the tribal population fears that the setting up of industries would mean displacement from their home and livelihood.
The environmentalists fear that mining and industry would pollute the environment.

Question.18. Why did India not join either of the two camps during the Cold War ?
Answer. India did not join either of the two camps during the cold war because of the following reasons;
(a) Being the founder member of NAM, India always kept away from military alliances and helped to maintain international peace and harmony.
(b) India believes in the policy of coexistence at the national and international levels which prompted India to keep away from the two power blocs.

Question.19. List any four activities conducted by Bharatiya Kisan Union to pressurize the state for accepting its demands.
Answer. The BKU movement became one of the most successful social movements of the eighties. It sustained for a long time because it was based on clan networks among its members. Funds, resources and activities of BKU were mobilised through these networks.
Thus, the success of the movement was an outcome of political bargaining powers that its members possessed.
Like BKU, farmers organisations across states recruited their members from communities that dominated regional electoral politics.

Question.20. What was the change in the electoral performance of the Congress Party and BJP from 1984-2004 ?
Answer. There was a classic change irvthe electoral performance of the Congress Party and the BJP from 1984 to 2004;

1.  Congress Party got a massive victory in the Lok Sabha elections held in 1984 by winning 415 seats.
2. But the 1989 elections was the period of defeat in which the Congress won only 197 seats. This marked the end of the “Congress system”. Although the Congress improved its performance in 1991 Lok Sabha it lost the kind of centrality it earlier enjoyed in the party system.
3.  Thus the elections of 1989 marked the beginning of coalition era. In 1989 both the left and the BJP supported the National Front Government because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power.
4.  This did not succeed for long as the BJP continued to consolidate its position in the elections of 1991 and 1996. It emerged as the largest party in the 1996 election.
5.  In 1998, the BJP came to power by leading a coalition government from 1998 to June 1999 and later completed the full term under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee.
6.  The trend of coalition continues with the UPA led by Congress party forming a coalition
   government. (Any four)

Question.21. Name any two founders of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The first NAM summit was the culmination of which three factors ? 
Answer. The roots of NAM go back to the friendship between three leaders;
(i) Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (ii) Jawaharlal Nehru of India
(iii) Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt This summit was the culmination of
(i) cooperation among five founder countries
(ii) growing Cold War tensions and its widening arenas, and
(iii) the dramatic entry of many newly decolonised African countries in the international arena.
Thus, the Belgrade summit demonstrated the growing strength of non alignment and desire of the member countries to strengthen co-operation among themselves.

Question.22. ‘Despite the mixed record of democratic experience, the people of all the countries of South Asia share the aspirations of democracy.’ Explain. 
Answer. A recent survey of the attitude of the people in the five countries, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Maldives, of the South Asian region showed that there is widespread support for democracy in all these countries.

1.  Even ordinary citizens, rich as well as poor and belonging to different religions, view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy.
2.  People prefer democracy over any other form of government and think that democracy is suitable for their country.
   Thus, despite the mixed record of the democratic experience, the people in all these countries share the aspiration for democracy and proved that democracy could flourish not only in prosperous countries of the world but also in developing and underdeveloped countries. So, we can safely say that South Asian experience of democracy has expanded the global concept of democracy.

Question.23. List any four steps suggested by the member-states of the UN in 2005 in order to make the United Nations more relevant. 
Answer. With the completion of 60 years of its existence the members of the UN met in September 2005 to review the situation and suggested some significant steps to make it more relevant in the changing context.

1. Creation of a Peacebuilding Commission.
2.  Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
3. Establishment of a Human Rights Council [operational since 19 June 2006]
4.  Agreement to achieve the Millennium Development goals.
5.  Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
6.  Creation of a Democracy Fund.
7. An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.
   It is hard to see that these are equally contentious issues for the UN and raise the following questions. What should a peacebuilding Commission do ? There are number of conflicts all over the world. Which one should it intervene in ? Can there be agreement on a definition of terrorism ? How shall the UN use funds to promote democracy and so on ?

Question.24. Explain in brief any four components of India’s security strategy. 
Answer. I. Strengthening military capabilities : India tried to strengthen its military capabilities because it has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours and has fulfledged wars with Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and with China in 1962.
Since it is surrounded by nuclear armed countries in the south Asian region India’s decision to conduct Nuclear tests in 1998 was justified in terms of safeguarding national security.
II. Strengthening international Norms and institutions : The second area of India’s security strategy is to strengthen international norms and institutions to protect its Security interests.
(a) India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru supported the cause of Asian solidarity, declonisation, disarmament and the UN as a fora in which international conflicts could be settled.
(b) It argued for an equitable New International Economic Order (NIEO). Most
importantly, it used “non-alignment” to help carve out an area of peace outside the bloc politics of the two superpowers.
(c) India also joined Kyoto Protocol to check Global warming. Besides, followup to cooperative security India sends its troops abroad on UN peace keeping missions.
III. Strengthening internal security: Apart from outside-security strategy, Indian security strategy is also geared towards meeting security challenges within the country.
In order to accommodate several militants groups from Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab and Kashmir, among others, India has tried to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system which allows different communities and groups of people to freely articulate their grievances and share political power.
IV. Developing India’s economy : In order to uplift its citizens out of poverty, misery, and huge economic inequality, India strategically planned to develop its economy. The attempt has not quite succeeded, we are still very poor and an unequal country. Yet democratic politics allows space for articulating the voice of the poor and the deprived citizens.
Thus, in our country (India) democracy is not just a political ideal, but it is also a way to provide greater security. However, the above discussion justifies that India has been giving priority to both “Traditional and Non-traditional security.”

Question.25. What is meant by ‘Global Commons’. Suggest any two steps for the protection of ‘Global Commons’.
Answer. The areas or regions of the world which are located outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state and require common governance by the International Community are known as Global Commons.
All these conferences and Summits therefore, raised the issue to the political arena and developed some political questions like if the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation, these issues will have political consequences in that sense and therefore, they have to become a part of world politics.

Question.26. Define Globalisation. Explain any three causes of Globalisation.
Answer. “Globalisation” means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries in the process of free flow of trade and capital. It also includes the movement of persons i.e., Brain Drain across borders.

1.  In another words, Globalisation means integrating a country’s economy with the “World Economy”.
2.  The idea of Globalisation is not something new. The process began around 200 BC and 1000 AD.
   Factors responsible for the emergence of the process of Globalisation.

Globalisation in terms of the flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people has taken place through much of human history. The main causes or factors are as follows :

1.  Historical basis factor: Globalisation has a strong historical basis and it is important to view contemporary flows against this backdrop.
2.  Technological factor : There..is no doubt that the invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip in more recent times has revolutionised communication in different parts of the world.The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances.
3.  Human factor : Globalisation, however, does not emerge merely because of the availability of improved communication. What is important is for people in different parts of the world’s to recognise these interconnections with the rest of the world.
   In this way Globalisation is the result of .
   (a) Rapid improvements in technology.
   (b) Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policies.
   (c) Pressure from international organisations such as WTO.

Question.27. Match the following :

Answer. (a) Ch- Charan Singh – Farmers (b) P.C. Mahalanobis – Industrialisation
(c) Bihar Famine-Zoning (d) Varghese Kurien-Milk cooperatives

Question.28. What was the Tibet issue ? How did it cause tension between India and China ? Explain.
Answer. ‘Tibet’ the plateau region of Central Asia is one of the major issues that for a long
historical period caused tension between India and China.

1.  Since 1950,China has claimed administrative control over Tibet.
2.  In 1950, China took over control of Tibet but larger sections of the Tibetan population opposed this takeover.
3.  India conceded China’s claim over Tibet. But in 1958 there was an armed uprising in Tibet against China’s occupation which was fully suppressed by the Chinese.
4.  Dalai Lama sought asylum in India which was granted.
5.  The Chinese government strongly protested against this and created the Tibet autonomous region which is an integral part of China.
6.  Tibetans oppose China’s claim that Tibet is a part of Chinese territory. The think that China wants to undermine the traditional religion and culture of Tibet. All these developments led to tension between India and China.

Question.29.

Study the cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions:
(i) Identify and name the person holding in his hand, the placard ‘Save Democracy’.
(ii) In your opinion, the group of five persons belongs to which political party ?
(iii) According to the group of five, what are the intentions of the person sitting on Dhar ia’ ?
(iv) Which issues responsible for the downfall of democracy are highlighted in the cartoon ?
Answer. (i) The person holding in his hand the placard “Save Democracy” is Jayapraksh Narayan.
(ii) The group of fire persons belongs to Non-Congress group.
(iii) The intentions of the persons sitting on the Dharna are to launch a nationwide Satyagraha. They asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey illegal and immoral orders.
(iv) The declaration of Emergency of 1975 was the issue followed by mass protests. The downfall of democracy is highlighted in the cartoon.
Note: For Blind Candidates only, in lieu of Question No. 29.
(a) Who accepted the students’ request to lead the Bihar Movement ? Which condition did he lay before giving his consent to lead ?
(b) Mention any two main objectives of his movement.

Question.30. When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India ?
Answer. As the decade of the eighties came to a close, the country witnessed five main issues that were to make a long-lasting impact on our politics.
(i) End of the Congress System (ii) Mandal Issue
(iii) New economic reforms (iv) Babri Masjid Issue
(v) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Elections in 1989 led to the defeat of the Congress party but did not result in a majority for any other party. Thus, began an era of “Multi-party system”. What happened after 1989 was the emergence of several parties in such a way that one or two parties did not get most of the votes or seats. This also meant that no single party secured majority of seats in any Lok Sabha election held since 1989. This development led to an era of coalition governments at the centre in which regional parties played a crucial role in forming a ruling alliance.
The nineties also saw the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the Dalit and backward castes. Many of these parties represented powerful regional assertions as well. .
Thus, with the election of 1989, a long phase of coalition parties began in India. Since then there have been nine governments at the centre, all of which have either been coalition governments or minority governments supported by other parties, which did not join the government. In this new phase any government could be formed only with the participation or support of many regional parties.

Question.31. How did the ‘New International Economic Order’ come into being ? Which reforms were proposed by UNCTAD in its report in 1972 ?
Or
Explain any six factors which helped the Soviet Union in becoming a Super-Power after the Second World War
Answer. The idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) originated for the sustainable economic development of the least developed countries of NAM. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 entitled “Towards a new Trade Policy for Development”.
The report proposed a reform of the global trading system to

1.  give the Least Developed Countries [LDCs] control over their natural resources exploited by the developed western countries.
2.  obtain access to western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products and therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries.
3. reduce the cost of technology froriri the western countries.
4.  provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.

Or
Six factors which helped the Soviet Union in becoming a super power after the second world war:

1.  The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came to being after the socialist revolution in Russia in 1917.
2.  The Soviet Union made the biggest attempt in human history to abolish the institution of private property and design a society based on “Principles of equality.” All these gave rise to the Soviet Society.
3.  In Soviet Society, the economy was planned and controlled by the state. It gave primacy to the state and the institution of the party.
4.  Soviet Union had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars, through their equality concept.
5.  It had a complex communications network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and
   steel; machinery production and a transport sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.
6.  The Soviet state ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens and the government subsidised basic necessities including health, education for children and other welfare schemes.
7.  The Soviet Economy was more developed than that of the rest of the world. There was no unemployment. All these show that Soviet Union had prosperous and developed economy and to some extent it was at par with west economy.
8. Hence, Soviet Union became powerful after the second world war.

Question.32. Explain any three constraints on the American power.
Or
The conflict of 1962, in which India suffered military reverses, had long-term implications for India-China relations. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were downgraded until 1976. Thereafter, relations between the two countries began to improve slowly. After the change in Chinese political leadership from the mid to late 1970s, China’s policy became more pragmatic and less ideological. So it was prepared to put off the settlement of contentious issues while improving relations with India. A series of talks to resolve the border issue were also initiated in 1981.
Study the paragraph given above carefully and answer the following questions:
(i) Why did India suffer military reverses as a result of the conflict of 1962 ?
(ii) When did the relation between India and China slowly improve ?
(iii) What was the change in the policy of China in the seventies ?
(iv) Which efforts were made to resolve the border issue between India and China ?
Answer. As history reveals every empire declines because of its weaknesses inherent in itself, so the biggest constraints to American hegemony lie within the heart of hegemony itself. Moreover,we can identify “three constraints on American power”, which were actually not in operation in the years following 9/11. Recently all these constraints are slowly beginning to operate. Institutional Architecture: The very.first constraint lies in the institutional architecture of the American state. A system of division of powers between the three branches of government places significant brakes upon the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of America’s military power by the executive branch.
Open nature of American society possesses constraint: The second constraint on American hegemony is also domestic in nature and stems from the open nature of American society. In spite of mass media’s promotion or imposition of a particular perspective on domestic opinion in the US, there is nevertheless a deep scepticism regarding the purposes and methods of government in American political culture.
And this factor, in the long run is a huge constraint on US military action overseas, i.e. towards the “Invasion Policy of America.”
NATO as a constraint on American hegemony: The most important constraint on American hegemony is possessed by NATO. It is the only organisation in the international system that could possibly moderate the exercise of American Hegemony today.
Actually the US has_an enormous interest in keeping the alliance of democracies that follow the market economics alive and therefore it is possible that its allies in the NATO will be able to moderate the exercise of US hegemony through their liberal economic policy.
Or

1.  India suffered military reverses as a result of 1962 conflict which had long term implications forlndia-China relations.
2.  Diplomatic relations between the two countries were downgraded until 1976.
3.  From 1976 relations between India and China slowly improved.
4. In the seventies China’s policy became more pragmatic and less ideological.
5. A series of talks were held to resolve the border issue between India and China.

Question.33. Evaluate any three factors that helped the Congress to continue to dominate the Indian political scenario for almost three decades after independence.
Or
What was Green Revolution ? Mention its any two positive and any two negative consequences.
Answer.

1. The key role of the Congress in the freedom struggle gave it a head start over others.
2.  The ability of the Congress to accommodate all interests and all aspirants for political power strengthened the democracy.
3.  The dominance of Congress party in India appeared in a very democratic manner as many other parties contested elections in conditions of free and fair election and yet the Congress managed to win election after election.
4. Besides, the Congress party tolerated and encouraged various factions as well. These factions were mostly based on ideological considerations. However since there was room within the party for various factions to fight with each other these remained within the Congress rather than go out and form a new party.
   In this way, the dominance of one party i.e. Congress strengthened the ideals of democracy and realised the goals of Indian nation.

Or
The Green Revolution is a package of a new strategy of agricultural practices which resulted in increased yields of crops, especially foodgrains. The increase in the production is a result of high-yielding varieties of seeds, fertilisers and scientific irrigation.
Features

1.  As a follow up the government offered high-yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and better irrigation at highly subsidised prices.
2.  The government also gave a guarantee to buy the produce of the farmers at a given price. Two positive consequences

The Green Revolution had two positive effects such as :

1.  Opened the path for left wing organisations: One was that in many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favourable for left wing organisations to organise the poor peasants.
2.  Gave rise to the middle peasant sections: Secondly, the Green Revolution also resulted in the rise of what is called the “Middle peasant sections”. These were farmers with medium size holdings, who benefitted from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of the’ country.

Two Negative Consequences

1.  The Green Revolution created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords.
2.  Secondly, the Green Revolution delivered only a moderate agricultural growth i.e. rise in wheat production and raised availability of food in the country, but increased polarisation between classes and regions. For example some regions like Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh became agriculturally prosperous while others remained backward.

Question.34. Explain any six factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s.
Or
‘The 1977 elections for the first time saw the opposition coming to power at the centre.’ Examine any six reasons fpr this change.
Answer. In the early of 1970s the government of Indira Gandhi gained popularity due to various factors such as:

1.  During this period the government made conscious attempts to project its socialist credentials.
2.  Indira Gandhi vigorously campaigned for implementing the existing land reform laws and undertook further land ceiling legislation.
3.  Not only this in order to end her dependence on the other political parties, strengthen her party’s position in the Parliament and seek a popular mandate for her programmes, Indira Gandhi’s government recommended the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970.
4.  The crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak war leading to the establishment of Bangladesh added one more feather to the popularity of Indira Gandhi.
5.  In this way, Indira Gandhi and her government was seen not only as the protector of the poor and the underprivileged but also as a strong government.
6.  The Congress was now in power in almost all the states and restored its dominance. It was also popular across different social sections.

Or
The result of the 1977 election took every one by surprise. For the first time since independence the Congress party was defeated and the opposition came into power at the centre.

1.  Basically, the most valid reason for the defeat of the Congress Party was the people’s verdict which was decisively against the emergency. The opposition fought the election on the slogan of “save democracy”.
2. The Janata Party made this election a referendum on the emergency. Its campaign was focussed on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period.
3.  In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the public opinion was against the Congress.
4.  Besides, the formation of the Janata Party also ensured that Non-Congress votes would not be divided. It was evident that the going was though for the Congress.
5.  Most importantly, north India had experienced some long term changes in the nature of political competition. The middle classes from north India were beginning to move away from the Congress and the Janata Party became a platform for many of these sections to come together. Thus, the elections of 1977 were not merely about the emergency but other factors also.

Question.35. How have popular movements contributed to the expansion of democracy rather than causing disruption ?

In the given political outline map of India, six states have been labelled as (A), (B), (C),(D),(E) and (F). Keeping in mind, the Lok Sabha Election results of 2004 and with the help of the information provided below, identify these states. Write their correct names in your answer book in the following tabular form:

(i) Two states where the left parties won the majority of Lok Sabha seats.
(ii) Two states where the NDA won the majority of Lok Sabha seats.
(iii) Two states where the UPA won the majority of seats in Lok Sabha.
Answer. To some extent movements and protests in a country strengthen democracy. We have mixed reactions both for and against.
Arguments in favour: The history of movements and protests help us to understand “better the nature of democratic politics”.

1. We have observed’that these non-party movements like Anti-Arrack Movement, Chipko Movement, NBA are neither sporadic in nature nor are these a problem.
2.  These movements came to rectify some problems in the functioning of party politics and should be seen as integral part of our democratic politics.
3.  Popular movements ensured effective representation of diverse groups and their demands. This reduced the possibility of deep social conflict and disaffection of these groups from democracy.
4.  Besides, popular movements suggested new forms of active participation and broadened the idea of participation in Indian democracy, e.g., Anti-Arrack movement and “Dalit Panthers Movement”.
5. Political parties are required to bring together different sectional interests, but they also seem to be unable to do so. Parties do not seem to be taking up issues of marginal social groups.
6.  Thus, the relationship between popular movements and political parties has grown weaker over the years, creating a vacuum in politics. And in recent years, this has become a major problem in Indian politics.

Conclusion:
Keeping in view both negative and positive arguments, while concluding we can sum up that movements are not only about collective assertions or only about rallies or protests. They involve a gradual process of coming together of people with similar problems, similar demands, and similar expectations. ‘
Movements are also about making people aware of their rights and the expectations that they can have from democratic institutions. Social movements in India have been involved in these educative tasks for a long time and have thus contributed to expansion of democracy rather than causing disruptions. The struggle for the right to information is a case in point.
Or

1.  UPA – A&C – Kerala
2.  NDA – D & E – Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh
3.  Left Parties – B & F – Chhattisgarh and West Bengal

Note: the following questions are for Blind Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 35:
(a) Write the full forms of the coalitions (i) UPA and (ii) NDA
(b) Which coalition came to power in 2004? Name its any two major supporting parties.
(c) What was the consensus amongst most parties on the issue of reservation of seats for the backward classes ?

SET – II

Question.1. How many member-states did the United Nations have till 2006 ?
Answer. Till 2006 the United Nations had 192 member-states.

Question.5. What was the main demand of the railwaymen during the railway strike led by George Fernandes in 1974 ?
Answer. (i) Railway Strike of 1974 was called by the National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen’s struggle led by George Fernandes for pressing their demands related to bonus and service conditions.
(ii) The government was opposed to these demands. The strike by the Railway employees added to the atmosphere of labour unrest. It also raised issues like rights of the workers.
(iii) The government declared the strike illegal and arrested many of their leaders and deployed the territorial army to protect railway tracks. Thus, strike was called off after twenty days without any settlement.

Question.12. Highlight any two cultural consequences of globalisation.
Answer. Globalisation leads to both cultural homogenisation and cultural heterogenisation.

1.  Globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture, i.e., culture homogenisation. For example, the influence of western culture.
2.  While cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the same process also generates precisely the opposite effect. It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation.

Question.15. When and why was the Communist Party of India (CPI) divided into two factions ?
Answer. The Communist Party of India was divided into two factions in 1964 over the ideological differences between Soviet Union and China.
The pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI and the opponents formed the CPI (M).

Question.17. Which groups are mobilized by popular movements ? What are the methods used by these movements ?
Answer. Popular movements are very rrtuch organised by diverse social groups, women, students, dalits, farmers and many other backward communities.
These movements use the methods like hartal, protest, strike, satyagraha and peaceful demonstrations.

Question.24. Match the following :

Answer. S.A. Dange – Communist Party of India
Shyama Prasad Mukerjee – Bhartiya Jan Sangh
Minoo Masani – Swatantra Party
Ashok Mehta – Praja Socialist Party

Question.25. Mention the objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy. What was the strategy through which he wanted to achieve them ?
Answer. (i) The first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the “chief architect” of India’s
foreign policy.
(ii) The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy were to :
(a) preserve the hard earned sovereignty
(b) protect territorial integrity, and
(c) promote rapid economic development.
As a nation, India was born in the backdrop of the World War so it decided to conduct its foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and to achieve security through the maintenance of peace.
“This aim finds an echo in the Directive’Principles of State Policy”.

Question.26. Explain any four consequences of emergency declared on 25 June, 1975.
Answer.

1. Effects on civil liberties for citizens
   (a) During Emergency, the government made extensive use of preventive detention. Using this provision, the government made large scale arrests.
   (b) Arrested political workers could not challenge their arrest through habeas corpus
   petition.
   (c) Many cases were filed in the High Courts and the Supreme Court by and on behalf of arrested persons, but the government claimed that it was not even necessary to inform the arrested persons of the reasons and grounds of their arrest.
   (d) And finally in April 1976, the constitution bench of the Supreme Court overruled the High Courts and accepted the government’s plea. It meant that during emergency the government could take away a citizen’s right to life and liberty.
2.  Effect on relationship between the executive and judiciary.
   (a) As the impact of emergency, the Parliament also brought in many new changes
   in the constitution. In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case, an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and vice-president could not be challenged in the court. ’
   (b) The forty-second amendment was also passed during the emergency which brought a series of changes in many parts of the constitution like duration of the legislatures. Election to legislatures can be postponed by one year during an emergency.
3.  Effect on the functioning of Mass Media
   (a) Deciding to use its special powers under the emergency provisions, the government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all material to be published, i.e. “Press consorship”. For example, apprehending social and communal disharmony, the government banned Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamait-e-Islami. Protests and strikes and public agititations were also disallowed.
   (b) Most importantly under the provisions of emergency, the various Fundamental Rights of citizens stood suspended. This included the right to move the court for restoring their Fundamental Rights.
   (c) Newspapers lifce the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored.
   (d) Kannada writer Shivarama Karnath awarded with Padma Bhusan and Hindi writer Fanishwarnath Renu, awarded with Padma Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy.
4.  Impact on the working of Police and Bureaucracy—These institutions could not function independently. They were turned into political instruments of the ruling party and according to the Shah Commission Report, the administration and the police became vulnerable to political pressures. And this problem did not vanish even after the emergency.

Question.28. Explain any four objectives of Non-alignment Movement.
Answer. The objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement were pronounced clearly at the first summit
itself. Some of these objectives were later elaborated and made more specific.
The major objectives are as follows :

1.  Opposition to and abolition of imperialism and colonialism, as NAM believes in the self-determination, natural equality and freedom of all nations.
2.  Promotion and maintenance of international peace and security.
3. Opposition and an end to racism and all forms of racialism.
4.  Total disarmament through the elimination of nuclear weapons.
5. Removal of disparity among developed and developing countries.
6.  Creation of a New International Economic Order [NIEO] and encouragement of co-operation among nations.
7.  Promotion and enforcement of human rights.
8. Above all, global cooperation and concern to protect the environment.

SET – III

Question.2. Why did the magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ choose to close down after the declaration of emergency in 1975 ? 
Answer. The magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ chose to close down in view of a ban on the means of publication and censorship imposed on them in the wake of proclamation of emergency.

Question. 8. How many founder-states signed the United Nations Charter in 1945 ?
Answer. In 1945, on 26th October, 51 states signed the United Nations Charter.

Question.12. Who signed the Tashkent Agreement and when ?
Answer. The Tashkent Agreement was signed by the Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Sastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan in January 1996.

Question.14. What was the role of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) in the enactment of Right to Information Act ?
Answer. (i) The Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangthan [MKSS] started a movement in 1990. It demanded records of famine relief work ahd accounts of labourers.
(ii) In 1994 and 1996, the MKSS organized Jan sunwais or public hearings where the administration was asked to explain its stand in public.
(iii) In 1996, MKSS, formed national council for people’s right to information in Delhi to raise RTI to the status of a national campaign.

Question.19. How has technological advancement affected globalisation ?
Answer. Rapid improvement in information and communication technology has been one of the major factors that has stimulated the globalisation process.
There is no doubt that the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the microchip in . the recent times has revolutionised communication between actors in different parts of the world.
The ability of ideas, capital commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances.
In the present Global Era, technology has affected the way we think of our personal as well as our collective lives.

Question.21. Match the following :

Answer. (i) Operation flood – 1970
(ii) Bombay plan – 1944
(iii) First five year plan – 1951
(iv) Third five year Plan – 1961

Question.22. How far is it correct to say that after 1990 India’s foreign policy has shifted to Pro-U.S. strategy ? Explain.
Answer. In post-Cold War era India and US are sharing very ‘harmonious relations’ — based on mutual cooperation and understanding. During the Cold War years, India’s closest friendship was with the Soviet Union. But after the collapse of the Soviet Union, India suddenly found itself friendless in an increasingly hostile international environment.
During these years India introduced New Economic Policy to liberalise its economy and integrate it with the global economy. The liberal economic policy and India’s impressive economic growth rate in recent years have made the country an attractive economic partner for a number of countries including the US.
Technological dimension Role of Indo-American Diaspora
These two factors are so interrelated that it gives the interdependency to Indo-US relations like:

1.  The US absorbs about 65 per cent of India’s total exports in the software sector.
2. On the other side 35 per cent of the technical staff of Boeing is estimated to be of Indian origin.
3.  More than 300,000 Indians work in Silicon Valley.

Question.26. Highlight any four issues of tension between India and Bangladesh.
Answer. The governments of India and Bangladesh have had “differences over several issues” like

1. The sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
2.  Problem of illegal immigration to India.
3.  Bangladesh’s support for anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups.
4.  Bangladesh’s refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to northeastern India.
5.  Above all Bangladesh’s decision not to export natural gas to India also became a bone of contention.

Areas of Cooperation
Despite their difference, India and Bangladesh do cooperate on many issues like :

1. In economic areas both countries have improved their economic relations in the last ten years.
2.  Bangladesh is the main blank of “India’s Look East policy” that wants to link up with South East Asia via Myanmar.

Question.32. Explain any six factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the Soviet Union.
Or
‘Although India has maintained good relations with all the post-Communist countries, yet the strongest relations are still between India and Russia.’ Explain the statement with any three suitable arguments.
Answer. Mikhail Gorbachev, who had become General Secretary of the state Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985, sought to reform this system. Hence, the following factors forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR.

1.  The very first factor was to keep the USSR abreast of the information and technological revolutions taking place in the west.
2. Secondly to reform the Soviet economy, catch up with the west and to loosen the administrative system also forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms.
3.  Lastly to improve and normalise relations with the west along with democratise the Soviet Union were also the focussed factors to introduce the reform policies.
4.  Reform polices were based on the restructuring of administrative system and openness of economic affairs.
5. Reform policy also aimed at keeping information and technological development in the USSR abreast of the information and technological revolutions taking place in the west.
6. Gorbachev introduced the policy of democratisation of the Soviet Union with the aim to normalise relations with the west in order to leave free economic affairs in world area.

Or
Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions.

1.  Common view on the multipolar world order: Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world order. For both these countries multipolar world order is the co-existence of several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated settlements of international conflicts, an independent foreign policy for all countries and decision making through bodies like the UN that should be strengthened, democratised and empowered.
2.  India’s stand towards Russia : India gets meaningful benefits for having healthy relations with Russia on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to central Asia, and balancing its relation with China.
3.  Russia’s stand towards India : Like India Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
4. Besides, Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. Since India is an oil importing nation, so Russia is important to India and has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis.
5. In order to meet the demands of energy India is trying to increase it energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakihstan and Turkimenistan. This also broadened the scope for partnership and investment in oilfields.
6.  India has also strengthened its relation with Russia for her nuclear energy plans and space industry. India gets the cryogenic rocket from Russia whenever it needed it.
7.  Thus, we may safely conclude that India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries. But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science All India – 2014

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question Numbers 1 to 10 are of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3.  Question Numbers 11 to 20 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question Numbers 21 to 30 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question Numbers 31 to 35 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
6. Question Number 35 is based on the map. Write the answer in your Answer-Book.

SET -I

Question.1. Why was the ‘Operation Desert Storm’ fought against Iraq? 1
Question.2. What is the full form of ‘SAARC’? 1
Question.3. State any one important objective of the United Nations. 1
Question.4. What is meant by ‘disarmament’? 1
Question.5. Mention the main recommendation of the State Reorganization Commission of 1953. 1
Question.6. Who was the founder of Bharatiya Janna Sangh? 1
Question.7. Which two political parties were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General Elections to the Lok Sabha? 1
Question.8. Name the political party which came to power at the Centre in 1977. 1
Question.9. Mention the two main demands of the Bharatiya Kisan Union in 1980s. 1
Question.10. Name the two alliances/fronts that formed the Government at the Centre in 1989 and 1996 respectively. 1
Question.11. Name any two foreign leaders, along with the countries they belonged to, who are recognised as the founders of the Non-aligned Movement. 2
Question.12. What is meant of Shock therapy? 2
Question.13. Trace the evolution process of the European Union. 2
Question.14. Mention any two functions of the World Bank. 2×1=2
Question.15. Highlight any two threats to a country’s security as per the traditional notion of security. 2×1=2
Question.16. Identify any two consequences of the partition of India in 1947. 2×1=2
Question.17.Differentiate between the capitalist and the socialist models of development. 2
Question.18.Highlight the contribution made by Jawaharlal Nehru to the foreign policy of India. 2
Question.19.What does the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 mean? 2
Question.20.How does party-based movement differ from non-party movement? 2
Question.21.Why did the superpowers need smaller states as their allies? Explain any four reasons. 4×1=4
Question.22.Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions : 1+1+2=4

(i) The given cartoon is related to which country?
(ii) Which two symbols in this cartoon helped in identifying the country?
(iii) What message does this cartoon convey to the world?
Question.23.Explain the hegemony of the United States of America as a structural power. 4
Question.24.Explain any four causes of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. 4×1=4
Question.25.Explain any four components of India’s security strategy. 4×1=4
Question.26.What is globalization? Highlight any three causes of globalization. 1+3=4
Question.27.Describe the organization of the Congress Party as a social and ideological coalition. 4
Question.28.Explain India’s nuclear policy. 4
Question.29.Evaluate the consequences of declaration of emergency in 1975. 4
Question.30.In the given political map of India, four places are marked as A, B, C and D. Identify them which the help of information given below and write their correct names in the answer-book along with their serial numbers and the alphabet concerned : 4×1=4

(i)The state related to chipko movement?
(ii) The State where a special opinion poll was held asking people to decide if they wanted to merge with Maharashtra or remain separate. ‘
(iii) The State out of which the States of Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were created.
(iv) The State related to Narmada Sagar Project.
Question.31. Examine any six consequences of the disintegration of USSR. 6×1=6
Or
‘Non-aligned Movement (NAM) has become irrelevant today.’ Do you agree with the statement? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments. 3×2=6
Question.32. Analyse India’s stand on any three environmental issues. 3×2=6
Or
Assess any three basis on which gfobalizatlon is being resisted in India. 3×2=6
Question.33. Explain any three reasons for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general
elections in India. 3×2=6
Or
How did the reorganization of States take place in India after its independence? Explain. 6
Question.34. Examine any six reasons for the imposition of emergency in India in 1975. 6×1=6
Or
Examine the major issues which led to the split of Congress Party in 1969. 6
Question.35. Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow : l+2+1+2=6
Sardar Sarovar Project is a multipurpose mega-scale dam. It required relocation of around two and a half lakh people from the villages. Issues of relocation and proper rehabilitation of the project-affected people were first raised by the local activist groups. It was around 1988-89 that the issues crystallised under the banner of the NBA-a loose collective of local voluntary organizations.
(i) Why is the Sardar Sarovar Project mentioned as multipurpose mega-scale dam?
(ii) Why was it opposed by the villagers?
(iii) Name the organizations which led the movement against this project.
(iv) What was the main demand of the local activist groups?
Or
Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :
India adopted a democratic approach to the question of diversity. Democracy allows the political expressions of regional aspirations and does not look upon them as anti-national. Besides, democratic politics allows parties and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional identity, aspirations and specific regional problems. l+2+1+2=6
(i) Which type of diversity exists in India?
(ii) Name any two political parties that represent regional identity.
(iii) Mention any one movement that expresses regional aspirations.
(iv) How does democracy treat the regional issues and problems?

SET – II

Question.2. Who controls the north-eastern part of Sri Lanka ? 1
Question.4. Mention any two Human Rights in the political field. 1
Question.6. During the first three general elections, Congress won more seats than any other party. Which party stood at number two during these elections ? 1
Question.8. Why was the Congress Party defeated during the elections of 1977 ? 1
Question.11. Which organisation came into existence in April 1949 ? 2
Question.13. What was ‘Operation Enduring-freedom’ launched by the United States of America ? 2
Question.17. In spite of token representation in the Indian legislatures during the fifties, what role did the opposition parties play ? 2
Question.19. Highlight any two characteristics of the Dravidian Movement. 2×1=2
Question.23. Explain the hegemony of the United States as a hard power. 4
Question.26. Explain the meaning of ‘Global Commons’ and give any four examples of ‘Global Commons’. 2+2=4
Question.34. Highlight any six consequences of the emergency of 1975. 3×2=6
Or
Analyse any three factors which enhanced the popularity of Indira Gandhi in the early 1970s.

SET – III

Question.4. Define cooperative security. 1
Question.6. What inspired the formation of communist groups in 1920s in different part of India ? 1
Question.8. Why did mid-term elections take place in 1980 ? 1
Question.11. What is meant by ‘Arenas of Cold War’ ? 2
Question.13. What was ‘Bandwagon strategy’ ? 2
Question.14. Highlight any two threats to a country’s security as the traditional notion of security. 2×1=2
Question.17. What is meant by decentralized planning ? 2
Question.23. Explain the hegemony of the United States as a soft power. 4
Question.29. Examine the legacy of emergency of 1975 in India. 4
Question.34. Assess any three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971. 3×2=6
Or
Assess any three happenings which were responsible for the downfall of the Congress Party in the 1977 elections. 3×2=6

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Delhi – 2015

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question Numbers 1 to 10 are of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3.  Question Numbers 11 to 20 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question Numbers 21 to 30 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question Numbers 31 to 35 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
6. Question Number 35 is based on the map. Write the answer in your Answer-Book.

SET -I

Question.1.Why was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation also called Western Alliance? 1
Question.2. What is meant by Hegemony? 1
Question.3. Which major factor was responsible for dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in 1971 elections? 1
Question.4. Name the three social and political regions of the northern most state of India. 1
Question.5. Why were the seven small states created in North-East India? 1
Question.6. What is meant by the Cuba Missile Crisis? 2
Question.7. Suggest any two steps to be taken by the government to check pollution and save environment. 2×1=2
Question.8. MWelfare State is getting replaced by market.” Analyse the reason for this change. 2
Question.9. How did the Sino-Indian conflict affect the opposition also? 2
Question.10. How did the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general election help in establishing a democratic set-up in India? Explain. 4
Question.11. Why did India distance itself from the two camps led by the U.S. and the Soviet Union?4
Question.12. Describe any four major developments in the Indian politics since 1989. 4×1=4
Question.13. How has the European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one? 4
Question.14. Explain any two merits and two demerits each of the Green Revolution. 2+2=4
Question.15. Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the U.N. 4
Question.16. Assess any two positive aspects of the Chipko Movement. 2×2=4
Question.17. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: 1+2+2=5
The interim government took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller principalities of different sizes. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress and took the view that the States should be free to adopt any course they liked. Sardar Patel, India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period, immediately after Independence, played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States in bringing most of them into the Indian Union.
(i) Which government has been referred to as the interim government?
(ii) Why did the Muslim League oppose the Indian National Congress?
(iii) What makes the role of Sardar Patel a historic one? Explain.
Question.18. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: 1+2+2=5
The New Congress had something that its big opponents lacked-it had an issue, an agenda and a positive slogan. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political programme. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one common programme. Indira Hatao’. In contrast to this, she put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan ‘Garibhi Hatao’.
(i) Which Congress is being referred to as ‘the New Congress’?
(ii) Highlight any two steps taken by Indira Gandhi to remove poverty.
(iii) How far is it justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ as the ‘Grand Alliance’?
Question.19. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: 1+2+2=5
The Cold War was not simply a matter of power rivalries, military alliances and of balance of power. These were accompanied by a real ideological conflict as well, a difference over the best and most appropriate way of organizing political, economic, and social life all over the world.
(i) Why is a war-like situation called Cold War?
(ii) Identify one military pact each signed by each of the two super powers to balance the power rivalries.
(iii) Differentiate between the ideologies represented by the rival blocs.,
Question.20. Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions: 2+1+2=5

(i) Which country is represented by this mighty soldier?
(ii) Why have the names of so many countries been written on the uniform of the soldier?
(iii) What message does this cartoon convey to the international community?
Question.21. In the outline political map of India given above, five States have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. With the help of the information given below, identify them and write their correct names in your answer book along with the serial number of the information used and the related alphabet in the map. l+2+2=5
(i) The State to which C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged,
(ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad.
(iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged.
(iv) The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967.
(v) The State which led the country to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.
Question.22. Describe any six criteria for the new membership of Security Council as suggested after 1997. 6×1=6
Or
What is meant by Security? Mention any four components of Indian security strategy. 2+4=6
Question.23. Describe any six factors responsible for the disintegration of U.S.S.R.
Or
What is meant by New International Economic Order? Mention any four reforms of the global trading system proposed by UNCTAD in 1972. 2+4=6
Question.24. Explain globalisation. How has technology contributed in promoting globalisation? 2+4=6
Or
Explain the meaning of ‘global commons’. How are environmental concerns becoming important in global politics? 2+4=6
Question.25. Examine any three factors responsible for the US hegemony in the world politics. 3×2=6
Or
Assess the positive and negative aspects of India’s relations with Bangladesh. 3+3=6
Question.26. Suppose you are an important leader of the Farmers’ agitation. The government authorities ask you to present any three demands on behalf of the farmers. On priority basis, which three demands will you make? Support your demands with appropriate arguments. 3×2=6
Or
In 2014 elections, people have voted for a stable government at the Centre. Do you think that the era of coalition has ended? Support your answer with suitable arguments. 6
Question.27. Analyse any three lessons learnt from the emergency of 1975. 3×2=6
Or
Analyse any three major factors which led the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s. 3×2=6

SET – II

Question.1. Why was the Warsaw Pact also called the’Eastern Alliance? 1
Question.2. What was’Operation Enduring Freedom’? 1
Question.11. Describe any two major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy. 2×2=4
Question.12. Describe the era of multi-party system in India after 1989 4
Question.13. Explain the economic and military influence of the European Union. 2+2=4
Question.14. Which two models of modern development were there before india on the eve of
independence? Which model did India decide to choose and why? 2+2=4
Question.23. Describe any three reasons for the superpowers to have military alliances with smaller
countries during the Cold War period. 3×2=6
Or
Describe the role of Gorbachev to reform the Soviet System and the effects of these reforms on the U.S.S.R.  3+3=6
Question.24. Define the ‘Indigenous People’ and highlight any two threats to their survival. 2+4=6
Or
Explain the positive impacts of globalization on the present day world. 6

SET – III

Question.1. Define ‘Bipolarity’. 1
Question.2. What was the main objective of ‘Operation Desert Storm’? 1
Question.11. Differentiate between the traditional and the non-traditional notions of security. 2+2=4
Question.12. When was the Mandal Commission set-up? Describe any two recommendations of this Commission. 4
Question.13. Why does ASEAN still remain principally an economic association? 2+2=4
Question.14. Why did the movement for secession in the Mizo Hills area gain popular support? How was the problem resolved? 2+2=4
Question.23. Describe the factors that make most of the former Soviet Republics prone to conflicts and threats. 6
Or
Describe the role played by India in keeping the Non-Aligned Movement alive and relevant. 6
Question.24. Explain any three environmental concerns in global politics. 3×2=6
Or
Explain any three reasons for resistance to globalisation. 3×2=6

Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 4

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                   [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. How is 9/11 important in the context of USA ?
Answer. 9/11 is very important in the context of USA because it is the date 11th and month September which tells about the series of attacks on US in 2001.
On 11 September 2001, nineteen hijackers hailing from a number of Arab countries took control of four American commercial aircraft and flew them into important buildings in the US like World Trade Center and Pentagon building, the US defence department.

Question.2. “The United Nations was not created to take humanity to the heaven, but to save it from the hell.” Dag Hammarskjold. What is meant by this statement ?
Answer. The above statement of Dag Hammaskjold meants that the UN is not the answer to everything but it is very important which helps in the matters of war and peace. In the growing need of interdependence and globalisation the UN provides the means for instant consultations among governments and to make better living conditions for us.

Question.3. Which World Summit Conference was held at Rio in 1992 ?
Answer. ‘The Earth Summit’, ‘World Summit Conference’ was held in Brazil (Rio-de-Janeiro) in June 1992. This was the conference on environmental issues within the area of global politics.

Question.4. In which State did the Indian National Congress face defeat in March 1957 Assembly Elections ?
Answer. In Kerala, The Indian National Congress faced defeat in March 1957 Assembly Elections. CPI formed the coalition government.

Question.5. What is the meaning ofcPanchsheel ?
Answer. The word Panchsheel signifies the five principles of peaceful coexistence.
Panchsheel agreement was signed between India and China in 1954. It is the guideline for our relations with other countries.

Question.6. What is the relevance of the Non-Aligned Movement after the end of the bipolar world ?
Answer. Non-alignment as a strategy evolved in the Cold War context, but the end of the “Cold War” and emergence of a Unipolar world did not see the end of the non-alignment. Non-alignment still contains some core values and end-using ideas.

1. Its emphasis has shifted from “political issues to economic issues”.
2.  Liberalisation of third world economies for rapid development of the countries of south
   now remains the main concern of NAM.
3. Now its emphasis has also shifted towards poverty alleviation, New International Economic Order based on equality, equity and justice and promotion of industrialisation.
   Therefore, the concept of non-alignment is applicable even in normal situation. Its essence is that every international issue is discussed on merit. This is an attitude which must be reflected in international affairs.

Question.7. Who were the target of ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ launched by the US as part of the war on terrorism ?
Answer. Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime were the target of ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ launched by the US as a part of the war on terrorism. They were suspected to be behind the 9/11 series of attacks.
The US forces made arrests all over the world, transported them across countries and detained them in secret prisons. Some of them were brought to Guantanamo Bay, US Naval base in Cuba.

Question.8. Write the meaning and importance of economic planning in the Indian context.
Answer. The Economic Planning of India signifies a systematic regulation of an economic activity which is undertaken by the government to set priorities and to reduce the wastage of time and resources.

1.  Economic Planning is an invaluable policy and helps to achieve nationai goals and is a continuous process.
2.  It is also a rational process and concerns itself with the proposals for the future with the evolution of alternate proposals and the methods with which these proposals may be achieved.

Question.9. How the era of multi-party system led to era of coalition at the Centre ?
Answer. With the beginning of the era of multi-party system, a large number of political parties contested the election in our country.

1. Therefore, after 1989 there was the emergence of several parties in such a way that one or two parties did not get most of the votes or seats.
2.  And this development ultimately led to the beginning of an era Of coalition governments at the centre.
3.  In the coalition government regional parties played a crucial role in forming ruling alliances.

Question.10. What is meant by ‘one-party dominance’ in the Indian context ?
Answer. ‘One-party dominance’ in the Indian context means the dominance of the Congress Party in the Indian politics.

1. This domination of Congress party was based on popular consensus.
2. The reasons for a dominant one party system was identification with the freedom struggle for building national unity and solidarity.
3.  Another reason for one party dominance was the popular appeal of charismatic leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Nehru, Sardar Patel, Indira Gandhi, etc.

Question.11. What steps should be taken to strengthen the UNO ?
Answer. With the completion of 60 years of its existence the members of the UN met in September 2005 to review the situation and suggested some significant steps to make the UN more relevant in the changing context.

1.  Creation of a Peacebuilding Commission.
2.  Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
3. Establishment of a Human Rights Council {operational since 1$ June 2006]
4.  Agreement to achieve the Millennium Development goals.
5. Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
6.  Creation of a Democratic; Fund.
7.  An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council. (Any four)

Question.12. Describe Hie outcomes of States Reorganisation Commission appointed in 1953.
Answer. The State Reorganisation Commission was formed in 1953 by the central government to look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of states with the integration of princely states into the Indian Union.

1.  The Commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of different languages.
2.  On the basis of its report the states Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories.
3.  It recommended the formation of linguistic states, i.e„ linguistic reorganisation. This recommendation in turn gave uniform basis to the drawing of state boundaries.

Question.13. What was Bandung Conference ? Describe its outcomes.
Answer. The conference of Afro-Asian leaders held at Bandung in 1955 was known as the Bandung Conference. This conference gave an opportunity for common understanding of international problems.
Outcomes of Conference: The conference was symbolic of solidarity of Asia and Africa. This conference gave an opportunity for common understanding among Asia-African countries.

1.  Nehru, one of the leaders of this conference, touched upon the moral fibre of Non-alignment.
2.  The conference was symbolic of the nascent solidarity of Asia and Africa and demonstrated the growing maturity of the Afro-Asian nations.
3. The Bandung Conference therefore, represented the desire of Afro-Asian countries to play an independent and constructive role in world affairs.

Question.14. What is meant by ‘Privy Purses’ ? Why did Indira Gandhi insist on abolishing them in 1970 ?
Answer. ‘Privy Purse’ was the form of grant or government allowance given to the rulers and their families.

1. The grant or ‘Privy Purse’ was decided on the extent of revenue and potential of the
   merging state. This assurance was given at the time of the integration of the princely states.
2.  But there was some criticism of the privileges given to the princely states in the way of Privy Purses at the time of accession, integration and consolidation.
3.  Hence, other leaders, particularly Indira Gandhi, insisted on abolishing the Privy Purses because hereditary privileges were not in consonance with the principle of equality and social and economic justice laid down in the constitution of India.
4.  Thus in 1967 elections, Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the government should abolish Privy Purses.
5.  As a follow up the government tried to bring a constitutional amendment in 1970 but it was not passed in the Rajya Sabha. It then issued an ordinance which was struck down by the Supreme Court.
6.  Indira Gandhi made this a major election issue in 1971 and got a lot of public support.
   Following its massive victory in the 1971 election, the constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles in the way of abolition of Privy Purses. (Any four)

Question.15. Explain the functioning of the Communist Party of India from 1920 to 1950.
Answer. The Communist Party played a multi-dimensional role from 1920 to 1950.

1. In the early 1920s ‘Communist groups’ emerged in different parts of India taking inspiration from the Bolshevik revolution.
2.  From 1935, the Communists worked mainly from within the field of the Indian National Congress.
3.  The Communist Party had a well oiled party machinery and dedicated cadre at the time of independence.
4.  After independence the Communist Party played a negative role and encouraged violent uprisings in Telangana because the party thought that the transfer of power in 1947 was not true independence.
5.  It failed to generate popular support. Hence in 1951, the Communist Party abandoned
   the path of violent revolution and decided to participate in the approaching general elections. (Any four)
   In the first election in 1951 the communist party won 16 seats and emerged as the largest opposition party.

Question.16. Define Globalisation. Is it a multi-dimensional concept ? Justify.
Answer. Globalisation : It signifies integration of the economy of a country with the economies of other countries i.e. the World Economy. It is a process by which earth is considered as a global village where social and economic interactions are based on interdependence.
Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries in the process of free flow of trade and capital. It also includes the movement of persons i.e., brain drain across borders.

1.  Globalisation means integrating our economy with the world economy.
2.  The idea of Globalisation is not something new. The process began around 200 BC and 1000 AD.
   No, it is wrong to assume that Globalisation has purely economic dimensions because it is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations. Moreover, the impact of Globalisation is vastly uneven-it affects some societies more than others and some parts of some societies more than others.
3. Hence, it is correctly said that Globalisation is all about the flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people.

Question.17. Answer the following questions based upon the following Press Report:
‘Bharatiya Kisan Union wants agriculture out of WTO purview’
(By our Staff Correspondent)
Mysore, Feb. 15 The Bharatiya Kisan Union has warned of socio-economic upheavals in the country if India does not bargain to keep agriculture out of the purview of the World Trade Organisation.
Addressing a press conference here today, the Chief of the Union, Mahender Singh Tikait and its National Coordinating Committee Convener, M. Yudhveer Singh warned of impending dangers if India went ahead and agreed to the stipulations of the WTO in the next round of meetings scheduled to be held in Hong Kong in November. (Courtesy: The Hindu. February 16,2005)
(a) WhatisBKU?
(b) Why is it against the WTO ?
(c) What dangers are anticipated for Indian agriculture from the WTO ?
Answer. (a) BKU signifies the ‘Bhartiya Kisan Union’. It was the organisation of farmers which protested against the policies of the state especially the process of liberalisation of Indian Economy. It was the agrarian struggle of farmers.
(b) BKU is against WTO because it wants agriculture out of the WTO per view.
It is also against the restrictions on the Inter-state movement of farm produce.
(c) Dangers are anticipated for Indian Agriculture from the WTO.
There is the danger of market crisis for the cash crops.

Question.18. Read this passage and answer the following questions:
“If globalisation is about the flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people, it is perhaps logical to ask if there is anything novel about this phenomenon. Globalisation in terms of these four flows has taken place through much of human history. However, those who argue that there is something distinct about contemporary globalisation point out that it IS the scale and speed of these flows that account for the uniqueness of globalisation.”
(a) Give an example of each of these four flows that distinguishes globalisation from similar flows in earlier times.
(b) Can we conclude from this way of looking at globalisation that it is essentially economic and always positive? Give examples to support your position.
Answer. (a) Four flows i.e., flow of ideas, capital, commodities and the people distinguish from ‘ Globalisation.

1.  Flow of ideas: It is taking place at a rapid speed due to technological advancement in printing and other electronic media. The role of computer became world-wide phenomena and brought distant parts of the world closer.
2. Flow of capital : The flow of capital could be seen in the form of investments by the developed countries in developing countries. For example : the US investment has increased many folds in Indian Economy.
3.  Flow of commodities: With the development of technology and communications, transactions among the countries also increased. It not only increased contact among the countries but also increased quantum of goods and services. For example, Chinese goods could be seen in any market of the world.
4.  Flow of people : The demand for human resource led to large scale migration of people from one country to another. For example technocrats of India are in great demand in USA and other European countries.

(b) Yes, Globalisation has occurred mainly due to economic reasons. The purpose of all the flows (ideas, capital, goods and people) is to gain economically. For example, establishing big industrial units as joint ventures, transfer of technology, open market for goods, demand for skilled persons, etc. are prominent economic activities.

Question.19. Read this passage and answer the following questions:
“Even as political parties act within the sphere of a given consensus, political movements and organisations are simultaneously identifying new forms, visions and pathways of development. Issues like poverty, displacement, minimum wages, livelihood and social security are being put on the political agenda by peoples’ movements, reminding the state of its responsibility.”
(a) What is the ‘consensus’ mentioned in this passage ?
(b) What is the relationship between political parties and movements in contemporary India ?
(c) Substantiate the point made in this passage with the example of any popular movement.
Answer. (a) Consensus on 4 elements among political parties:

1.  Agreement on economic policies: The new economic policy introduced in 1991 received both kinds of reactions (positive and negative).
2. Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward classes.
3.  Acceptance of the role of state level parties (regional parties) in the governance of the country.
4.  Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement.

(b) A weak relationship exists between the political parties and popular movements in contemporary India. Popular movements are usually non-party movements. They are generally led by voluntary organisations. They do not contest the elections. They believe that direct participation by people would be more effective solving local issues rather than depending on the political parties. They put pressure on the government and do not want to be used by political parties as their vote banks.
(c) Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

1. This movement was against the Sardar Sarovar Project in the Narmada valley. The project consisted of 30 big dams, 135 medium-sized and around 3000 small dams to be constructed on Narmada and its tributaries.
2.  The NBA opposed the project keeping in view larger issues concerning the nature of ongoing development projects. It demanded that there should be a cross-benefit analysis of the major developmental projects completed in the country so far.
3.  Initially the movement demanded proper and just rehabilitation of all those directly or indirectly affected by the project. Later they insisted that local communities should be associated with the decision-making processes.
   Gujarat, the state which get benefited opposed NBA. In 2003, a comprehensive National Rehabilitation Policy formed by the government can be seen as an achievement of NBA.
   The Supreme Court verdict was to go ahead with the construction of the dam and to ensure proper rehabilitation.

Question.20. Look at the given cartoon and answer the following questions:
(a) The cartoon refers to which treaty ?
(b) How can we say that we were non-aligned even after signing this treaty with the Soviet Union ?
(c) This treaty was signed to counteract which rival forces of India ?

Answer. (a) The cartoon refers to the 20-year Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Soviet Union in August 1971.
(b) We were very much non-aligned even after signing this treaty with the Soviet Union because this treaty assured India of the Soviet support if the country faced any attack, especially, from Pakistan.
(c) This treaty was signed to counteract US-China rivalry in India.

Question.21. Study the map given below and answer the following questions:
(i) Identify and match the four states marked (A),(B),(C), and (D) with Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland and Meghalaya.
(ii) Write the capitals of these four states against the names of the respective states.

Answer.

Question.22. Evaluate the New International Economic Order of 1970s.
Or
Assess India’s role in Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer. The idea behind the “New International Economic Order (NIEO) was to ensure the sustainable economic development of the “least developed countries of NAM”. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 entitled “Towards a new Trade Policy for Development”.
The report proposed a reform of the global trading system to
(a) give the Least Developed Countries [LDCs] control over their natural resources exploited by the developed western countries.
(b) obtain access to western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products and, therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries.
(c) reduce the cost of import of technology from the western countries.
(d) provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.
Or
India is the one of the architects and founders of NAM and it was Jawaharlal Nehru who first coined and used the word ‘non-aligned’. No country has been so completely identified with the policy and practice on non-alignment as India. It has played an important role in giving shape, form and direction to the NAM.

1.  India as the initiator of NAM: In his first speech to the nation referring to India’s role in the world, Jawaharlal Nehru declared on Sept.. 71946 “we propose as far as possible to keep away from the power politics of groups aligned against one another”. He observed that “we are in no camp and no military alliance. The only camp we should like to be is the camp of peace which shall include as many countries as possible”.
2.  Opposition to Colonialism and Imperialism: India under Nehru’s leadership, played a significant role to oppose and eliminate colonialism and Imperialism and India has been successful in some measure, in the relaxation or lessening of tension in the world e.g., Korean crisis, Congo crisis etc.
3.  Propounded Peaceful Coexistence: In 1954,India propounded the concept of coexistence under Panchsheel. Later on these principles became the bedrock of the NAM.
4. Advocated Economic Cooperation and a New International Economic Order : In order to help the Least Developed Countries in their sustainable economic development India advocated the establishment of a New International Economic Order [NIEOJ. India was elected as the chairperson of the movement and hosted the NAM summit in Delhi in 1983 under the leadership of Smt. Indira Gandhi.
5. Condemned Racial Discrimination : India fought racism in a determined way. The eighth summit in 1986 under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi established the ‘Africa Fund’ with the objective of assisting Frontline states in southern Africa and India was entrusted with the chairmanship of the Fund Committee.
6.  Fighting Pollution to Protect the Environment : In 1989, India proposed the establishment of a Planet Protection Fund in its 9th summit. In his speech Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi blamed industrialised countries for the pollution. So the main responsibility and burden for combating pollution and environment degradation must necessarily be theirs, he said.
7.  Combating Terrorism : The 12th NAM summit of 1998 endorsed India’s stand on
   terrorism. It condemned all acts of terrorism, especially Pakistan’s interference in Kashmir and Punjab. The 13th non-aligned summit also condemned state-sponsored terrorism in clear-cut terms and an “International Meeting” for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons was convened. .
   Through non-alignment, India has helped the world to shift its focus from the politics of confrontation to co-operation and co-existence. It has also drawn the world’s attention to terrorism, disarmament, human rights, NIEO, etc. Hence, there is no exaggeration in saying that India and NAM are the two sides of the same coin and work for each other’s promotion.

Question.23. Examine the factors responsible for the US hegemony in the world politics.
Or
Analyse the main constraints to the US hegemony in the present day world.
Answer. US Hegemony began in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet
Union left the world with only a single super power, i.e., the United States of America.
The US Hegemony was established to show the overwhelming superiority of its military power.
In absolute terms, the US today has military capabilities that can reach any point on the planet accurately.
The US Hegemony also emerged in order to shape the “world economy because, an open world economy requires a hegemon or dominant power to support its creation and existence. In this way, the US hegemony emerged in the form of:

The US Hegemony led to the emergence or beginning of the new world order. The process for the establishment of US hegemony started in August 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. It was rapidly occupied and subsequently made a part of it.
The United Nations tried all its diplomatic avenues to convince Iraq to quit its aggression but failed. Henceforth, UN mandated the liberation of Kuwait by force. This step of UN was very much guided by the dramatic decision of the US. Therefore, a massive coalition force of 660,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it. This war is popularly known as the “First Gulf War.” and UN operation was called “Operation Desert Storm.” But this was overwhelmingly an American attempt because nearly 75 per cent of the coalition forces were from the US.
Or
As history reveals every empire declines because of its weaknesses inherent in itself, so the biggest constraints to American hegemony lie within the heart of hegemony itself. Moreover, we can identify “three constraints on American power”, which were actually not in operation in the years following 9/11. Recently all these constraints are slowly beginning to operate.

1. Institutional Architecture: The very first constraint lies in the institutional architecture of the American state. A system of division of powers between the three branches of government places significant brakes upon the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of America’s military power by the executive branch.
2.  Open nature of American society possesses constraint : The second constraint on American hegemony is also domestic in nature and stems from the open nature of American society. In spite of mass media’s promotion or imposition of a particular perspective on domestic opinion in the US, there is nevertheless a deep scepticism regarding the purposes and methods of government in American political culture.
   And, this factor, in the long run is a huge constraint on US military action overseas, i.e. towards the “Invasion Policy of America.”
3.  NATO as a constraint on American hegemony: The most important constraint on American hegemony is NATO. It is the only organisation in the international system that could possibly moderate the exercise of American Hegemony today.
   Actually the US has an enormous interest in keeping the alliance of democracies that follow the market economies alive and therefore it is possible that its allies in the NATO wilt be able to moderate the exercise of US hegemony through their liberal economic policy.

Question.24. Explain the role of the European Union as a supra-national organisation.
Or
What steps have been taken to strengthen the ASEAN in the international community ?
Answer. As a supra-national organisation, the European Union intervenes in economic, political and social areas. It has thus, economic, political diplomatic and military influence.

Economic Areas: As far as the economic nature/aspect Of European Union is concerned, it is considered as the World’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005, slightly larger than that of the United States.

1. European Union’s economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.
2.  Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the United States.
3. Its uniform currency, the Euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
4.  Moreover, European Union also functions as an important bloc in international organisations such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO)”.
   In this way as a supra-national organisation, the European Union is able to intervene in Economic Areas. Political & Diplomatic Area : Besides being the world’s biggest economy European Union also has political and diplomatic influence in the world arena.
   Political and Diplomatic Aspects.
   The European Union has a great influence on some of the UN policies because its two members, Britain and France, hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council. It also includes several non-permanent members of the UNSC.
   Not only this, European Union has its very effective influence in the arenas of diplomacy, economic investments and negotiations except coercion and military force. For example European Union’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation appears to be very effective.
   Military Influence: “European Union” was established in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The European Union was started as an Economic Union but over time it has evolved from Economic Union in to an increasingly political one.

Hence, the EU now has started to act more as a nation-state.

1.  It has tried to expand •areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.
2.  Besides, European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
3.  It has also some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.

Like the European Union in 2003, ASEAN countries also followed the path of establishing an ASEAN Community to broaden its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres. The ASEAN Community comprises:

The ASEAN is the only regional association in Asia that provides a political forum where Asian countries and themajor powers can discuss political and security concerns.

1.  The primary objectives of ASEAN were to accelerate economic growth followed by ‘social progress and cultural development’.
2.  Another important objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations’ charter.
3.  In the present global world with the fastest growing economies ASEAN broadened its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres by establishing an “ASEAN Community.”

As ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation so its Vision-2020 has defined an outward looking role for ASEAN in the international community.

1. The Vision-2020 builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.
2.  For instance, ASEAhMias mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor crisis and meets annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.

Thus the components of the ASEAN vision-2020 are :

1. Outward looking role
2.  Encouragement to Negotiations.
3. Mediatory role of ASEAN.

Question.25. How did the fourth General Elections (1967) in India change the dynamics of Indian politics ?
Or
Evaluate the role of the ‘Naxalite Movement’ in India.
Answer. The fourth general election was held in 1967 in the context of heightened popular discontent and the polarisation of political forces. The Congress was facing the electorate for the first time without Nehru.

1. The election verdict was not in fovour of the Congress. The results jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels.
2. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated. The political leaders who lost included Kamraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and K.B. Sahay in Bihar.
3. Not only this the Congress party lost majority in as many as seven states and in two other states defections prevented it from forming a government.
4.  However, this was the first time any non-Congress party had secured a majority of its own in any state. In the other eight states coalition governments consisting of different non-Congress parties were formed.
   Thus many contemporary political observers described the election results as a “Political Earthquake”.

Or
The Naxalites were the Marxist and Leninist agricultural workers of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and adjoining areas. They organised massive agitations against the economic injustice and inequality and demanded redistribution of land to cultivators.
Naxalite Role in Indian Politics :

1. These movements did not participate in elections formally and yet they retained connections with political parties as many participants in these movements, as individual and as organisations, were actively associated with parties.
2.  These links ensured a better representation of the demands of diverse social sections in party politics.

Question.26. Mention any three social movements of India. Explain their main objectives.
Or
“Indian policy makers made a mistake by emphasising the role of state in the economy. India could have developed much better if private sector was allowed a free play right from the beginning”. Give arguments for or against this proposition.
Answer. Social movements raised various issues about the model of economic developments that India had adopted at the time of independence such as:
(a) Chipko Movement: Brought out the issue of Ecological Depletion. This was a very unusual
form of collective action in which men and women from a village were engaged in early 1973. These villagers were protesting against the practices of commercial logging that the government had permitted. (b) The Bharatiya Kisan Union : The Bharatiya Kisan Union was one of the leading organisations in the farmers movement of the eighties, which protested against the policies of the state especially the process of liberalisation of Indian economy. It was the agrarian struggle of farmers.
Issues addressed by BKU

1. Activities conducted by the BKU to pressurise the state for accepting its demands included rallies, demonstrations, sit-ins and jail bharo agitations.
2.  These protests involved tens of thousands of farmers-sometimes over a lakh-from various villages in western UP and adjoining regions.
3.  The demands of BKU
   (a) higher government floor prices for sugar cane and wheat
   (b) abolition of restrictions on the inter-state movement of farm produce
   (c) guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates
   (d) waiving of repayments due on loans to farmers
   (e) the provision of a government pension for farmers
   (c) The Anti-Arrack Movement: The Anti-Arrack movement was the movement of rural women from the state of Andhra Pradesh. They fought a battle against alcoholism, against mafias and against the government during this period.
   It was a spontaneous mobilisation of women demanding a ban on the sale of alcohol in their neighbourhoods.

Background

1. The Anti-Arrack movement had its roots in the “adult literacy drive” where women complained of increased consumption of a locally brewed alcohol-arrack-by men in their families. It affected the rural economy as well.
2.  Thus, women in Nellore came together in spontaneous local initiatives to protest against arrack and forced the closure of the wine shop. This movement in Nellore District slowly spread all over the state.

Issues

1.  The slogan of the Anti-Arrack Movement was simple i.e. prohibition on the sale of arrack.
   But this simple demand touched upon larger social, economic and political issues of the region that affected women’s life. A close nexus between crime and politics was established around the business of arrack.
2. Thus, the Anti-Arrack movement provided a platform to discuss private issues of domestic violence.

Or
No, the above mentioned statement is not fully true and proved the mistake of our policy makers, because the role of state in the Indian economy was very much required to regulate our economy immediately after independence. Later on, when our economy got stabilised and regulated the Indian policy makers introduced New Economics Policy as well in 1991 to liberalise our economy.
In the beginning India did not follow any of the two known paths it did not accept the capitalist model of development in which development was left entirely to the private sector, nor did it follow the socialist model in which private property was abolished and all the production was controlled by the state.
But the elements from both these models were taken together in India i.e. known as “Mixed Economy”. ”
This concept of Mixed Economy was open to criticism both from the left and the right.

1.  Critics argued that planners refused to provide the private sector with enough space
   and stimulus to grow.
2. According to them the enlarged public sector created enough hurdles for private capital, in the way of installing systems of licenses and permits for investment.
3.  The state controlled more things than were necessary and this led to Arguments in favour of state control

OR

1. On the other hand, there were critics who thought that the state did not do enough. It intervened only in those areas where the private sector was not prepared to go. Thus the state helped the private sector to make profit.
2. Also, instead of helping the poor, the state intervention ended up creating a new middle class that enjoyed the privileges of high salaries without much accountability.
   Thus, we can safely say the role of state in Indian Economy-was beneficial in the early years both for the public as well as the private sector. And this led India towards development.

Question.27. How did the Emergency of 1975 benefit the Indian democratic set-up ?
Or
What lessons can we draw from the feeling of alienation in some parts of India ?
Answer. The legacy of the emergency of 1975 was felt in every sphere of people’s life and the politics of the nation as well.
(a) Between the elections of 1977 and 1980, the party system had changed dramatically. Now the Congress Party identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.
(b) With the change in the nature of the Congress Party, other opposition parties relied more and more on what is known in Indian politics as non-Congressism.
(c) In an indirect manner the issue of welfare of the backward castes also began to dominate the politics since 1977. For instance the Northern states elected non-Congress governments in which the leaders of the backward castes played an important role.
(d) Besides, the emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crises because it had its origins in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the Parliament and the judiciary.
(e) On the other hand; it was also a period of political crisis. The party in power had absolute majority, yet, its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
(f) Another critical issue was the role and extent of mass protests in a Parliamentary democracy. The emergency period saw a clear tension between institution-based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation for which the party system was to be blamed.
Or
While discussing the issue of regional aspirations and movements, we have seen that regional aspirations ranging from demands of statehood and economic development to autonomy and separation keep coming up. The period, since 1980, accentuated these tensions and tested the capacity of democratic politics to accommodate the demands of diverse sections of the society. The lessons we draw are as follows :
(a) Expression of regional issues is not an abnormal phenomenon : Besides, our democratic politics allows parties and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional identify, aspirations and specific regional problems.
(b) Respond to regional aspirations through democratic negotiations. All regional. movements need not lead to separatist demands because regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an aberration or an abnormal phenomenon. Even in small countries like the United Kingdom there are regional aspirations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
For all regional movements the best way to respond is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression,
(c) Power sharing among groups and parties: The lesson is about the significance of power sharing. It is not sufficient to have a formal democratic structure. Besides that, groups and parties from the region need to be given share in power at the state level. Similarly, it is not sufficient to say that states or the regions have autonomy in their regions: have autonomy in their matters. The regions together form the nation. So, the regions must have a share in deciding the destiny of the nation.
(d) Economic development of the region: The fourth lesson is that regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination. Regional imbalance is a fact of India’s development experience. If some states remain poor and others develop rapidly it leads to regional imbalances and inter-regional migrations.
(e) Flexible federal system : All the cases of regional aspirations make us appreciate the farsightedness of the makers of our constitution in dealing with question of diversity. The federal system adopted by India is a flexible arrangement.

1.  While most of the states have equal powers, there are special provisions for some states like Jammu and Kashmir and the states in the North-East.
2.  In the same way the “Sixth Schedule” of the constitution allows different tribes complete autonomy in preserving their practices and customary laws.
   To sum up, what distinguishes India from many other countries that face similar challenges is that the constitutional framework in India is much more flexible and accommodative. Moreover politics in India has succeeded in accepting regionalism as part and parcel of democratic politics.

Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 16

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                              [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. What does the European Union flag stand for ?
Answer. The flag of European Union stands for peaceful harmony among the European people. The twelve stars symbolise perfection, completeness and unity.

Question.2. Correct and rewrite the following:
The UN Security Council has seven permanent members. A majority of the permanent members can ‘veto’ any decision of the Security Council.
Answer. The UN Security Council has five permanent members. Any one of the permanent members can ‘veto1 any decision of the Security Council.

Question.3. What is meant by’territorial security’ ?
Answer. The notion of ‘territorial security’ implies internal security from all the threats of violence inside and outside a country’s border. There is not much concern about territorial security after the Second World War because after the war, for the most powerful countries, territorial security was more or less assured.

Question.4. Why did Jinnah propose the Two-Nation Theory ?
Answer. The “Two-Nation Theory” was propounded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1940 as being ‘the part of the Muslim league. The main aim of this theory was the “creation of a separate state for Muslims”.

Question.5. What was the Anti-Arrac movement ?
Answer. The Anti-Arrac movement was started by rural women in remote villages of southern Andhra Pradesh in 1992.
They demanded a ban on the sale of alcohol in their neighbourhood.

Question.6. How can NATO be a constraint in the exercise of the US hegemony ?
Answer. The most important constraint on American hegemony was NATO. It is the only organisation in the international system that could possibly moderate the exercise of American Hegemony today through their liberal economic policy.
Actually the US has an enormous interest in keeping alive the alliance of democracies that follow the market economies.

Question.7. Mention two major policy decisions that changed Chinese economy.
Answer. (i) China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relationship with the US in 1972.
(ii) In 1973, Premier Zhou Enlai proposed modernisation in agriculture, industry, science & technology and military.
(iii) By 1978, Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘open door’ policy and economic reforms in China.

Question.8. Give any two reasons why the US and other western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule in Pakistan.
Answer. The United States and other western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule in Pakistan for their own benefits such as:

1.  Fear of the threat of Global Islamic Terrorism.
2.  The thought of losing the military regime in Pakistan which has served as the protector of western interests in West Asia and South Asia.

Question.9. Highlight any two cultural consequences of globalisation.
Answer. Globalisation leads to both cultural homogenisation and cultural heterogenisation.

1.  Globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture, i.e., culture homogenisation.
   For example, the influence of western culture on.
2.  While cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the same process also generates precisely the opposite effect.,It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation.

Question.10. Identify one similarity and one difference between the crisis in Punjab and Assam during the 1980s. 
Answer. Similarity : Both in Punjab and Assam the common factor was regional aspirations being given prior importance and solving the crisis through democratic negotiations.
In Punjab, the Akali Dal started the movement for the formation of a ‘Punjabi Suba’.
In Assam the crisis was against the people who were seen as ‘outsiders’ or migrants. The migrants were considered as competitors to employment opportunities.

Question.11. Write a note on the 9/11 series of attacks on US.
Answer. The 9/11 attacks were one of the major human disasters. On 11 September, 2001, nineteen hijackers, hailing from a number of Arab countries, took control of four American commercial aircraft shortly after takeoff and flew them into important buildings in the US.
Two airliners crashed into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in New York.
The third Aircraft crashed into the Pentagon building in Arlington where the US Defence Department is headquartered. The fourth aircraft, presumably bound for the Capitol building of the US Congress, came down in a field in Pennsylvania.
The 9/11 attacks killed nearly three thousand people. The shocking part for the Americans was that they have been compared to the British burning of Washington DC in 1814 and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. However, in terms of loss of life, 9/11 was the most severe attack on US soil since the founding of the country in 1776.

Question.12. “Democracy is an accepted norm in the entire region of South Asia.” Comment.
Answer. From the experience of Bangladesh and Nepal, we can say that democracy is becoming an accepted norm in the entire region of South Asia.
Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced both civilian and military rules with Bangladesh remaining a democracy in the cold war period. Pakistan began the post-cold war period with successive democratic governments under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif respectively. But it suffered a military coup in 1999 when General Musharraf took over.
Presently Asif Ali Zardari is the president of Pakistan. He headed a coalition government that forced General Musharraf to resign and he was elected as the president of Pakistan on 6th Sept. 2008.
• Till 2006, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy with the danger of the king taking over executive powers. In 2006, a successful popular uprising led to the restoration of democracy and reduced the king to‘a nominal position.
• In the same way, despite many problems, Sri Lanka and India have successfully operated a democratic system. India’s democracy has many limitations but it has remained a democracy throughout its existence as an independent country. The same is true of Sri Lanka.
Hence, it is proved that the democratic system is an integral part of south Asian political model.

Question.13. Did the prevalence of a ‘one party dominant system’ affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian Politics ?
Answer. No, the prevalence of a one party dominant system did not affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian Politics because:

1.  The key role of the Congress in the freedom struggle gave it a headstart over others.
2.  The ability of the Congress to accommodate all interests and all aspirants for political power strengthened the democracy.
3. The dominance of Congress party in India appeared in a very democratic manner as many other parties contested elections in conditions of free and fair election and yet the Congress managed to win election after election.
4.  Besides, the Congress party tolerated and encouraged various factions as well. These factions were mostly based on ideological considerations. However, since there was room within the party for various factions to fight with each other, these remained within the Congress rather than go out and form a new party.
   In this way, the dominance of one party i.e. Congress, strengthened the ideals of democracy and realised the goals of Indian nation.

Question.14. Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save planet Earth. Substantiate the statement in the light of the ongoing negotiations between the north and the south on environmental issues.
Answer. It is very significant that compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save planet Earth. But there is a difference in the approach to environment between the countries of the north and the south. We can throw light on the ongoing negotiations between the north arid south on environmental issues in the following:
• The developed countries of the north want to discuss the environment issue as it stands now and wants everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation.
• At the same time, the developing countries of the south feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries.
• And to the most if developed countries have caused more degradation they must also take more responsibility for ongoing damage now.
On the other side, the developing countries are in theprocess of industrialization and they must not be subjected to the same restrictions which apply to the developed countries. However, the special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application and interpretation of rules of International Environmental Law. And this argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the “Earth Summit” in 1992 under the principle of common but differentiated responsibility.

Question.15. In which areas Globalisation is not beneficial ?
Answer. Globalisation does not have only positive impact, but, it has some negative impacts/fears or areas which are not beneficial like:
• Though Globalisation provided new job opportunities for few hundred highly skilled workers, it failed to generate sufficient employment opportunities on a large scale.
• Regarding Agriculture, farmers are to be educated enough to take up modern methods of cultivation practiced in developed countries.
• Globalisation process has encouraged the profit motive of the multinational companies.
• It promotes the concentration of wealth in fewer hands and market policy is governed purely by market forces i.e. income inequality.
• Globalisation has led to the exploitation of natural resources and labour force.

Question.16. How was the Congress (O) different from Congress (R) ?
Answer. Comparative Analysis between Congress (R) and Congress (O)

1.  The new Congress under Indira Gandhi had something that its big opponents lacked— it had an issue, an agenda and a positive slogan. But, the Grand Alliance (Congress) did not have a coherent political programme.
2. Congress (R) it had only one common programme i.e. “Indira Hatao” (Remove Indira). In contrast to this, Indira Gandhi put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao. i.e. Remove poverty.
3.  Through garibi hatao Indira Gandhi tried to generate a support base among disadvantaged especially landless labourers, dalits, and adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth. Besides, Congress (R) focussed on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property, removal of disparity, etc.
   Thus, the slogan of Garibi Hatao and the programmes that followed it were part of Indira Gandhi’s political strategy of building an independent nationwide political support ba^e during the electoral contest of 1971.

Question.17. Answer the following questions based upon the Presidential address of Mohammad Ali Jinnah at Karachi on August, 11,1947:
“We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim . immunity— because even regarding Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, S’-/!/.is and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vaishnavas, Khatris, also Bengalees, Madrasis and so on— will vanish…. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed— that has nothing to do with the business of the State.”
(a) Do you think that Jinnah’s statement contradicts the theory which was the basis of the creation of Pakistan ? Justify your answer.
(b) What is the essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage ?
(c) To what extent did Pakistan live up to Jinnah’s expectations in this passage ?
Answer. (a) Jinnah’s statement does not contradict the two nation theory. His does not mean the interference in between other communities like Pathans, Punjabis, Shias and Sunnis.,
His aim was the creation of separate state for Muslims but not to interfere in other communities.
(b) The essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage is his secular outlook regarding the protection and promotion of every community’s identity. For example, he said that, “You are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any place of worship in this State of Pakistan”.
(c) Pakistan did not live up to Jinnah’s expectations because after independence Pakistan became a ‘Theocratic State’ and did not respect the interest of other communities.

Question.18. Read the given passage and answer the questions mentioned below the paragraph. …Indira Gandhi changed the Congress into highly centralised and undemocratic party organisation, from the earlier federal, democratic and ideological formation that Nehru had led… But this… could not have happened had Indira Gandhi not changed the entire nature of politics. This new populist politics turned political ideology … into a mere electoral discourse, use of various slogans not meant to be translated into government policies… During its great electoral victories in early 1970s, amidst the celebration, the Congress party died as a political organisation…
—Sudipta Kaviraj
(a) What, according to the author, is the difference between the strategies of Nehru and Indira Gandhi ?
(b) Do you agree with the author that Congress as a political organisation died ? Justify your answer by giving one argument.
Answer. (a) According to the author, the main difference between the strategies of Nehru and Indira Gandhi is that Jawaharlal Nehru led the Congress into federal, democratic and ideological nature whereas Indira Gandhi changed the nature of Congress into highly centralised and undemocratic party.
(b) Yes, we do agree with the author that Congress as a political organisation died because with the changed nature of Congress, the new populist politics turned political ideology into a mere electoral discourse and use of various slogans never meant to be translated into government policies. For example, electoral victories of 1970s.

Question.19. Why did Nehru regard1 conduct of foreign relations as an essential indicator of independence ? State any two reasons with examples to support your reading.
Answer. Nehru regarded conduct of foreign relations as an indicator of independence because:

1.  External relations or affairs of any country have their own share of concerns towards globalera. For example, as a nation born in the backdrop of the World War, India decided to conduct its foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and achieve security through the maintenance of peace. This aim finds an echo in the Directive Principles of the State Policy.
2.  Secondly, in another way, the conduct of foreign relations reveals the international nature of the independent nation. It advocates its concerns in the international system. For example, Independent India vigorously pursued.the dream of a peaceful world by advocating the policy of non-alignment, by reducing the Cold War tensions and by contributing human resources to the UN peacekeeping operations.
   In this way, by and large India did take an independent stand on various international issues and could get aid and assistance from members of both the blocs.

Question.20. Look at the given cartoon and answer the following questions :
This sounds like joining the Soviet bloc. Can we say that we were non-aligned even after signing this treaty with the Soviet Union ?

(a) To which treaty does the cartoon refer?
(b) How can we say that we were non-aligned even after signing this treaty with the Soviet Union ?
(c) To counteract with which rival forces of India was this treaty signed ?
Answer. (a) The cartoon refers to ’20-years Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ with the Soviet Union in August 1971.
(b) We were very much non-aligned even after signing this treaty with the Soviet Union because this treaty assured India of the Soviet support if the country faced any attack especially by Pakistan.
(c) This treaty was signed to counteract the US and China.

Question.21.

(i) Locate the three social and political regions of Jammu and Kashmir.
(ii) How does Kashmir issue involve external and internal matter ?
Answer. (i) • The Jammu region dominated by Hindus
• The Kashmir valley dominated by muslims
• The Ladakh region dominated by two communities Buddhists and Muslims.
(ii) The ‘Kashmir issue’ involves external and internal matter as well like;
• It involves the issue of Kashmiri identity known as Kashmiriyat and the aspirations of the people of J&K for political autonomy.

Question.22. What do you mean by the Arenas of the Cold War ? Write a detailed note on it.
Or
What was Shock Therapy ? Was this the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism ?
Answer. The Arenas of the Cold War refer to the areas where crisis and war occurred or threatened to occur between the alliance systems but did not cross certain limits.
• We begin with the Cuban missile crises, which was only one of the several crises that occurred during the Cold War but fortunately both sides, the US and the USSR decided to avoid war.
• The Cold War also led to several shooting wars between the two superpowers which were poised for direct confrontation in
• Korea(1950-53)
• Berlin crisis (1958-62)
• The Congo Crisis (1960s)
Crises deepened as neither of the parties involved was willing to back down, but it is important to note that these crises and wars did not lead to another World War.
• A great many lives were lost in some of these arenas like Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan, but the world was spared a nuclear war and global hostilities.
• In some cases, huge military build-ups were reported. In many cases, diplomatic ” communication between the superpowers could not be sustained and contibuted to the
misunderstandings.
• Sometimes, countries outside the two blocs, for example the non-aligned countries, played a role in reducing Cold War conflicts and averting some grave crisis.
In this way, as the Cold War rolled from one arena to another, the logic of restraint was increasingly evident.
Or
(a) The Shock Therapy was the state of affairs which signifies the collapse of communism followed by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
Shock Therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar.
No, the Shock Therapy was not the best way to make a transitionsfrom communism to capitalism because it was followed up by several drawbacks lik#fasB»*
• Russia, the large state controlled industrial complex, almost collapsed, as “about 90 per cent of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals and companies.
• Since, the restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government directed industrial policies, it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries. This was called “the largest sale in history” as valuable. Industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices.
The largest garage sale in history signifies the ruin and collapse of industrial complex in Russia. Under the effect of shock therapy the restructuring was carried out through magnet forces and not by government directed industrial policies; it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries. This was called “the largest gargage sale” in history as valuable industries were under-valued and sold at throw away prices.
Under the influence of shock therapy the old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed.
• The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty.
• The middle classes were pushed to the periphery of society and the academic and intellectual manpower disintegrated or migrated.
• A Mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities. _
• Privatisation led to new disparities. Post-Soviet states, especially Russia, were divided in rich and poor regions.
Hence, in the post cold war era unlike the earlier system, there was now great economic inequality between people.
Under the transition period with the effect of “shock Therapy” the old trading structure of Russia broke down with no alternative in its place.
• The value of the ruble, the Russian currency declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings.
• The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security and Russia started to import food. The GDP of Russia also declined from 1989 to 1999.
AIKhese factors forced the Russian Economy to collapse and industrial complex to decline. Conclusion : All these show that the shock therapy administered in the 1990s did not lead the people into the promised utopia of mass consumption. Generally it brought ruin to the economies and disaster upon the people of the entire region.

Question.23. What were the major differences in the approach towards development at the time of Independence ? Has the debate been resolved ?
Or
Examine the three challenges which Independent India faced for nation building.
Answer. As the concept of “development has varied scope and complex nature” so any discussion oh development is bound to generate contradictions, conflicts and debates.
The first decade after independence witnessed a lot of debate around the question of development. It was common then, as it is even now, for people to refer to the West as the standard for measuring development. . .
Development was about becoming more modern like the industrialised countries of the West. It was, however, believed that every country would go through the process of “modernisation of the West” which involved the break down of traditional social structures and thtfrise of capitalism and liberalism. Modernisation was also associated with the ideas of growth, material progress and scientific rationality.
On the eve of independence, India had before it two models of modern development:

Hence, there was a debate on the selection of model for our economy. There were some communist leaders, members of the socialist party and leaders like Nehru who supported the “Socialist model”. This reflected a broad consensus that had developed during the national movement.
All these made it clear, that the task of poverty alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen primarily as the responsibility of the government. But at the same time there were debates among them like:

1.  For some Industrialisation seemed to be the preferred path.
2. For others, the development of agriculture and in particular alleviation of rural poverty was the priority.
   The debate still goes on. India has adopted a mixed model of development.

Or
Immediately afteT independence there were many challenges or problems in Independent India that needed a solution. These challenges can be categorised as :
The challenge to
(a) shape a nation
(b) establish democracy
(c) ensure the development and well-being of the entire society.
(a) Shape a Nation : The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and integration of the territory. India is a land of continental slzfe and diversity. There were around 565 states of varying sizes and population. The partition of the country appeared to prove every one’s worst fears. Hence, there was a serious question about the future of India, i.e., will India survive as a unified country ? Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself the task of integrating these princely states, which was sometimes completed in stages.
(b) Establish Democracy : Another challenge was to develop democratic practices in accordance with the Constitution. India opted for representative democracy, based on the parliamentary form of government.
(c) Ensure the Development arid Well-being of the Society : The third challenge came
in the form of evolving effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment. The Indian constitution set out in the Directive Principles of State Policy the welfare goals that democratic polities must achieve. .
All these challenges required a deliberate effort which India tried to put accommodating social differences, establishing a welfare state and by democratising political institutions.

Question.24. What is Non-Congressism ? Discuss it in the light of Indian Political scene of 1967. Mention Indira Gandhi’s strategy towards the challenges.
Or
Examine the legacy of the Emergency of 1975.
Answer. The Congress party’s decision of devaluation of Indian rupee gave rise to the concept of Non-Congressism. Parties opposed to the Congress, realised that the division of their votes kept the Congress in power.
Thus, the Non-Congress parties with their different programmes and ideologies got together to form anti-Congress fronts. They wanted to topple the Indira Gandhi’s Congress government. This strategy Was named as Non-Congressism by the socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia.
He gave a theoretical argument that the coming together of Non-Congress parties was necessary for reclaiming democracy for the people.
Indira Gandhi adopted a very bold strategy to meet these challenges:

1.  She converted a simple power struggle into an ideological struggle.
2.  She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a left orientation.
3.  She got the Congress Working Committee to adopt the Ten-Point Programme in 1967,
   which included social control of Banks, nationalisation of general insurance, etc.

Or
The proclamation of emergency in 1975 had far reaching consequences and affected every sphere of life such as :

1.  Effects on civil liberties for citizens
   (a) During Emergency the government made extensive use of preventive detention. Using this’provision, the government made large scale arrests.
   (b) Arrested political workers could not challenge their arrest through habeas corpus petition.
   (c) Many cases were filed in the High Courts and the Supreme Court by and on behalf of arrested persons, but the government claimed that it was not even necessary to inform the arrested persons of the reasons and grounds of their arrest.
   (d) And finally in April 1976, the constitution bench of the Supreme Court overruled the High Courts and accepted the government’s plea. It meant that during emergency, the government could take away the citizen’s right to life and liberty.
2.  Effect on relationship between the executive and judiciary
   (a) As the impact of emergency, the Parliament also brought in many new changes in the constitution. In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case, an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and Vice-President could not be challenged in the court.
   (b) The forty-second amendment was also passed during the emergency which brought a series of changes in many parts of the constitution like-duration of the legislatures, election can be postponed by one year during an emergency.
3.  Effect on the function of Mass Media
   (a) Deciding to use its special powers under the emergency provisions the government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all material to be published, i.e. “Press consorship”. For example, apprehending social and communal disharmony, the government banned Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamait-e-Islami. Protests, strikes and public agititations were also disallowed.
   (b) Most importantly under the provisions of emergency the various Fundamental Rights of citizens stood suspended, including the right to move the court for restoring their Fundamental Rights.
   (c) Newspapers like ’the Indian Express’ and ‘the Statesman’ protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored.
   (d) Kannada writer, Shivarama Karnath, awarded with Padma Bhusan and Hindi writer, Fanishwarnath Renu, awarded with Padma Shri, returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy.
4. Impact on the working of Police and Bureaucracy—These institutions could not function independently. They were turned into political instruments of the ruling party.

Question.25. Do movements and protests in a country strengthen democracy ? Justify your answer with examples.
Or
State the main issues in Indian politics in the period after 1989. What different configurations of political parties these differences led to ?
Answer. Yes, to some extent movements and protests in a country strengthen democracy. We have mixed reactions both for and against.
Arguments in favour: The history of movements and protests help us to understand better “the nature of democratic politics”.

1.  We have observed that these non-party movements like the Anti-Arrack Movement, the Chipko Movement and NBA are neither sporadic in nature nor are these a problem.
2.  These movements came to rectify some problems in the functioning of party politics and should be seen as integral part of our democratic politics.
3.  Popular movements ensured effective representation of diverse groups and their demands. This reduced the possibility of deep social conflict and disaffection of these groups from democracy.
4.  Besides, popular movements suggested new forms of active participation and broadened the idea of participation in Indian democracy, e.g., the Anti-Arrack movement and the Dalit Panthers Movement.

Arguments Against:

1. Critics of these movements often argue that collective actions like strikes, sit-ins and
   rallies disrupt the functioning of the government, delay decision making and destabilise democracy.
2.  The frequency and the methods used by the movements suggest that the routine functioning of democracy did pot have enough space for the voice of these social groups. That is perhaps why these groups turned to mass actions and mobilisation outside the election arena. This can be seen in the recent case of the new economic policies.
3.  Yet the real impact of these movements on the nature of public policies seems to be very limited. This is partly because most of the contemporary movements focus on a single issue and represent the interest of one section of society, thus it is possible to ignore their reasonable demands.
4. Democratic politics requires a broad alliance of various disadvantaged social groups. Such an alliance does^not seem to be shaping under the leadership of these movements.
5. Political parties are required to bring together different sectional interests; but they also seem to be unable to do so. Parties do not seem to be taking up issues of marginal social groups.
6.  Thus, the relationship between popular movements and political parties has grown weaker over the years, creating a vacuum in politics. And in recent years, this has become a major problem in Indian politics.

Conclusion:
Keeping in view both negative and positive arguments, while concluding, we can sum up that movements are not only about collective assertions or only about rallies or protests. They involve a gradual process of coming together of people with similar problems, similar demands and similar expectations.
Movements are also about making people aware of their rights and the expectations that they can have from democratic institutions. Social movements in India have been involved in these educative tasks for a long time and have, thus the contributed to expansion of democracy rather than causing disruptions. The struggle for the right to information is a case in point.
Or
As the decade of the eighties came to a close, the country witnessed five main issues that were to make a long-lasting impact on our politics :
(i) End of the Congress System (ii) Mandal Issue
(iii) New economic reforms (iv) Babri Masjid Issue
(v) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Elections in 1989 led to the defeat of the Congress party but did not result in a majority for any other party, thus, began an era of “Multi-party system”. What happened after 1989 was the emergence of several parties in such a way that no single party secured absolute majority in any Lok Sabha election held since 1989. This development initiated an era of coalition governments at the centre in which regional parties played a crucial role in forming a ruling alliance.
The nineties also saw the emergence of powerful regional parties and movements that represented the Dalits and backward castes. Many of these parties represented powerful regional assertions as well.
Thus, with the election of 1989, a long phase of coalition parties began in India. Since then there have been nine governments at the centre all of which have either been coalition governments or minority governments supported by other parties, which did not join the government. In this new phase any government could be formed only with the participation or support of many regional parties.
Thus, the Era of coalitions in 1989 symbolically indicated the decline of Congress, i.e., the end of Congress dominance over the iridian Party system. The decade of 1990s saw an era of multi-party system. It also saw the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the Dalits and Backward castes.
The role of left parties changed with time regarding alliances. For example, in 1996 it supported BJP and then the Congress government. Now the left is again opposed to the UPA government in which the Congress is the dominant partner.

Question.26. What were the objectives behind the formation of the ASEAN in 1967 ?
Or
Why did the two superpowers need smaller allies during the Cold War? Give any four reasons.
Answer. Like the European Union in 2003 ASEAN also followed the path of establishing ASEAN community to broaden its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres. The ASEAN community comprises:

1. The ASEAN Security Community
2. The ASEAN Economic Community
3.  The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community

Objectives of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
The ASEAN is the only regional association in Asia that provides a political forum where Asian countries and the major powers can discuss political and security concerns.
(a) The primary objectives of ASEAN were to accelerate economic growth followed by ‘social progress and cultural development’.
(b) Another important objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations’ charter.
(c) In the present global world with the fastest growing economies, ASEAN broadened its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres by establishing an “ASEAN Community.”
As ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation its vision-2020 has defined an outward looking role for ASEAN in the international community.
(a) The vision-2020 builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.
(b) For instance, ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict and the East Timor crisis and meets annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
The components of the ASEAN Vision-2020 are :-

1. Outward looking role
2.  Encouragement to Negotiations
3.  Mediatory role of ASEAN

Or
The two superpowers (USA and Soviet Union) needed smaller allies during the cold war era
because

1.  The smaller allies like countries of newly independent states in Asia and Africa possessed
   vital natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals. They are the basic source for their fast development. .
2.  The territories (Land and Sea) of smaller allies could be used for military bases.
   For Example; USA set up its military bloc in Iran and Afghanistan. Soviet Union set up its military bases in Poland and Cuba.
3.  These countries were also used for spying purposes which helped the super powers to
   check others’ development.
4.  The economic support from these smaller nations could provide the basic support (food and other necessities) to their military base (troops) in their locality.
5. It was believed that countries supporting the super powers directly/indirectly were considered as the supporters or followers of their ideologies. It was also the base medium to spread their respective ideologies.
6.  It was believed that these nations are ready market for their goods and also to implement
   the technology. (Any four)

Question.27. ‘In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most of the political parties”. In the light of the above statement highlight any three points of consensus.
Or
“Even after six decades of independence certain issues pertaining to national integration , are yet to be resolved”. In the light of this statement, explain any three unresolved issues.
Answer. The main elements of consensus are:

1. Agreement on new economic policies : While many groups (BJP and some regional parties), are opposed to the new economic policies most political parties (For example : The left parties) are in support of the new economic policies. Most parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world. The new economic policy is based on three concepts, namely liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation. It was also the time that our economic growth rate was very low.
2.  Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes:
   Political parties have realised that social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted to bring balance of power in social and economical aspects. As a result, all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get adequate share of power.
   For example : As per the Mandal Commission recommandations 27% reservation has been made in jobs by central government and various percentages by state governments.
3.  Acceptance of the role of state level parties in governance of the country : The recent politics clearly shows the role of regional parties at the central level in the form of coalition government and they control the national parties directly or indirectly.
4.  The coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties fr6m ideological differences to power sharing arrangements: For example: Most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP. Yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term (October 1999 to May 2004).

Or
Even after 60 years of independence, there are several major issues which need to be resolved. These include:
(a) The issue of reservations for women. Backward classes:

1.  We talk about equal status for women. In reality there is a vast difference. For example: For the past two decades discussion is going on for 33 per cent reservation for women in the Parliament. But the bill is not yet passed.
2.  Regarding reservation of Backward classes, the central government has agreed for 27 per cent for OBCs in government jobs, but the state governments have some differences in implementing the policy.

(b) Demand for the creation of more states:
It is to be remembered that three new states were established namely Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh from the states of UP, Bihar and MP respectively. It is not the
end. There are many regions demanding the creation of a separate state. For example: Telangana (Andhra Pradesh).
(c) The challenges of poverty, illiteracy, communalism, regionalism, casteism, etc. have not been tackled. Though somehow the poverty ratio has declined, the poverty alleviation programmes have failed to eradicate poverty.

1.  Communalism raises its head time and again in some parts of the country. The riots in Gujarat and Maharastra and incidents showing the role of political parties behind such activities threaten the true nature of Democracy.
2. Casteism prevails not only in the name of person, but also in political parties, social organisations and socio-cultural processes. Some other challenges to the national integration are terrorism, people’s involvement in destroying national property and mass poverty.
3.  Judicial activism has brought many changes but more than 60 lakhs cases are still pending and people are looking for speedy justice.
4.  The literacy rate seems to be progressive (male— 75%, female— 54% as per 2001 census) but road to achieve complete literacy is too far and all these problems pose a challenge to the younger generations.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science All India – 2015

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question Numbers 1 to 10 are of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3.  Question Numbers 11 to 20 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question Numbers 21 to 30 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question Numbers 31 to 35 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
6. Question Number 35 is based on the map. Write the answer in your Answer-Book.

SET -I

Question.1. How did the US respond to the 9/11 attacks? 1
Question.2. Highlight any one major distinction between the Soviet economy and the Capitalist economy. 1
Question.3. How far do you agree that* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 the proclamation of emergency weakened the federal distribution of power in India? 1
Question.4. Justify that regionalism is not as ctengerous as communalism. 1
Question.5. Why do some people feel that Article 370 should be revoked? 1
Question.6. Mention any two benefits of globalisation. 2×1=2
Question.7. Suggest any two measures to have good relations with Pakistan. 2×1=2
Question.8. Which characteristics made the Congress an ideological coalition during the freejdom movement of India? 2
Question.9. Identify the most important outcome of the Rio Summit. 2
Question.10. How was the US benefited by the Soviet Disintegration? 2
Question.11. Describe any four demands made by the Bharatiya Kisan Union after 1980. 4×1=4
Question.12. State any two differences between the First Five Year Plan and the Second Five Year Plan. 4
Question.13. Explain the circumstances that force the Tibetans to leave China. Highlight India’s role in helping the Tibetan refugees. 2×2=4
Question.14. Distinguish between the internal and external notion of traditional security. 2×2=4
Question.15. In what way do the coalition governments prove to be more democratic than the one-party governments? 2×2=4
Question.16. ‘Democracy is becoming the first choice of the people of South Asia.’ Justify the statement. 4
Question.17. Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions.
Above all, the linguistic states underlined the acceptance of the principle of diversity. When we say that India adopted democracy, it does not simply mean that India embraced a democratic constitution, nor does it merely mean that India adopted the format of elections. The choice was larger than that. It was a choice in favour of recognising and accepting the existence of differences which could at times be oppositional. Democracy, in order words, was associated with plurality of ideas and ways of life.
(i) What is meant by ‘linguistic states’?
(ii) Why were linguistic states formed in India? Explain any two reasons.
(iii) How is democracy in India associated with plurality of ideas and ways of life? 1+2+2=5
Question.18. Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions:
The Naxalite Movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and given it to the poor and the landless. Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political goals. In spite of the use of preventive detention and other strong measures adopted b^ the West Bengal government…, the Naxalite Movement did not come to an end. In later years, it spread to many other parts of the country.
(i) Why did the Naxalites prefer to use violence?
(ii) Assess the positive role of the Naxalite Movement is spite of using violence.
(iii) Suggest any two measures to contain this movement. l+2+2=5
Question.19. Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Non-alignment as a strategy evolved in the Cold War context. … with the disintegration of USSR and the end of Cold War in 1991, non-alignment, both, as an international movement and as the core of India’s foreign policy, lost some of its earlier relevance and effectiveness. ‘
(i) Why did India adopt non-alignment?
(ii) Explain any two reasons for the loss of its relevance by the Non-Aligned Movement.
(iii) How far do you agree that the Non-Aligned Movement has become^an international movement? l+2+2=5
Question.20. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions:
l+2+2=5

(i) Which country does the given cartoon refer to?
(ii) Identify the two symbols in this cartoon which have given you that clue about the related country.
(iii) Where does the cartoon place the related country in the international power politics?
Question.21. In the given political map of India, four places are marked as A, B, C and D. Identify them which the help of information given below and write their correct names in the answer book along with their serial numbers and the latter concerned. 5×1=5

(i) The state which was carved out of Madhya Pradesh
(ii) The state which opposed its merger with India after independence
(iii) The first state of free India having a communist government
(iv) The state adjoining Pakistan territory up to 1971
(v) The state which became agriculturally prosperous due to green revolution
Question.22. Describe any three steps taken by the Indian Government to check the environmental degradation. 3×2=6
Or
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the culture of a country. 3×2=6
Question.23. What three major developments took place in Indian politics during the last decade of the 20 century? Describe. 6
Or
Briefly describe the story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with India. 6
Question.24. Explain any three causes of the split in the Congress Party in 1969. 3×2=6
Or
Explain the circumstances that led to the mid-term elections in 1980. 6
Question.25. Suppose there had been no Cold War, how would that situation have affected India’s foreign policy? 6
Or
If the Soviet Union had not disintegrated and the world had remained bipolar, how would that situation have affected the world politics? 6
Question.26. Give any three suitable arguments to support India’s candidature for the permanent
membership of the UN Security Council. 3×2=6
Or
How are the threats faced by the people in the Third World different from those faced by the people living in the First World? Support your answer with examples. 6
Question.27. Analyse the political impact of hegemony of the US on the world. 3×2=6
Or
Analyse any three factors responsible for the European Union to be a highly influential regional organisation. 6

SET -II

Question.1. Highlight any one consequence of ‘Shock Therapy’. 1
Question.2. Explain hegemony as a soft power. 1
Question.11. Evaluate the causes for the strained relations between India and China. 4
Question.12. Describe the strategy adopted by the Government of India to promote the Green Revolution. 4
Question.13. State any two main demands of the Narmada Bachao Aandolan. 2×2=4
Question.14. Explain the importance of cooperation in the field of ‘Traditional Security’. 4
Question.22. Describe any three environmental Cbncernsthat have become issues of global politics. 3×2=6
Or
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country. 3×2=6
Question.23. Describe any three obstacles that delayed the merger of Jammu and Kashmir with India. 3×2=6
Or
Describe any three points of consensus that emerged among most political parties in India in spite of severe competition and conflicts. 3×2=6

SET – III

Question.1. What is the full form of ‘SEATO’? 1
Question.2. Highlight any one main feature of the U.S. economy. 1
Question.11. Explain the role played by India in maintaining Afro-Asian unity. 4
Question.12. Describe any four consequences of the Green Revolution. 4×1=4
Question.13. Describe any two issues which made the Anti-Arrack Movement as a women’s movement. 2×2=4
Question.14. Explain the concept of ‘Human Security’. 4
Question.22. Who are indigenous people? Describe any four problems of the indigenous people. 2+4=6
Or
Describe any three factors which are responsible for globalisation. 3×2=6
Question.23.Describe the role of E.V. Ramasami ‘Periyar’ in the Dravid Movement and the formation of Dravida Kazhagam (DK). Why did the DK get split and enter into politics and DMK? 3×2=6
Or
Describe the process of Goa’s Liberation and becoming a State of the Indian Union. 3×2=6

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Maths Outside Delhi 2011

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 100

General Instructions:

1.  All questions are compulsory.
2.  Please check that this question paper contains 26 questions.
3.  Questions 1-6 in Section A are very short-answer type questions carrying 1 mark each.
4.  Questions 7-19 in Section B are long-answer I type questions carrying 4 marks each.
5. Questions 20-26 in Section C are long-answer II type questions carrying 6 marks each.
6.  Please write down the serial number of the question before attempting it.

SET I

SECTION – A

SECTION – B

SECTION – C

SET II

Note: Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous Set.

SECTION – A

SECTION – B

SECTION – C

SET III

Note: Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous set.

SECTION – A

SECTION – B

SECTION – C