Bhagya

Looking for an easy way to Learning of new elementary english grammar and composition for class 6 answers, Solutions. You have to learn basic English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… In this article, we will review the best English Grammer Topics and compare them against each other.

Clauses Exercises With Answers for Class 6 CBSE PDF

A clause is defined as a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate (verb). Example:- He came. There are two major types of clauses main (or independent) clause and subordinate (or dependant) clause. A sentence may have one clause or two clauses.

A sentence with two clauses is linked by conjunction if, but, because, so, although, before, when, while, wherever.
Example:

• I met the boy
• who had helped me
• Main Clause
• Dependent Clause

Rohan is buying a mobile phone which looks very nice.

The above sentence has two clauses “Rohan is buying a mobile” and “which looks very nice”. The clause “Rohan is buying a mobile” expresses a complete thought and can stand as a sentence alone. Such a clause is called a main or independent clause. While the clause “which looks very nice” does not express a complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends on another clause (main clause) to express a complete idea. Such a clause is called a subordinate or dependent clause.

Clauses Practice Exercises for Class 6 CBSE

A. Identify each of the clauses as independent or dependent. The first one has been done for you.
1. When Mr. Mathur yelled
Independent []
Dependent []

2. I enjoy the opera.
Independent []
Dependent []

3. Unless it comes today
Independent []
Dependent []

4. Although I lost the library book
Independent []
Dependent []

5. They’re going on a picnic.
Independent []
Dependent []

6. Mom found it in the drawer.
Independent []
Dependent []

7. The fifth graders sang.
Independent []
Dependent []

8. When the movie is over
Independent []
Dependent []

9. I decided to go along
Independent []
Dependent []

10. The strength of the man might
Independent []
Dependent []

11. We’re planning to have a party.
Independent []
Dependent []

12. When I’m finished reading
Independent []
Dependent []

B. Identify the underlined clause in each of the following sentences. Write SUB for the subordinate clause and IND for the independent clause.

The first one has been done for you.
Example:
Because our school throws away so much paper, we should start a recycling program. SUB

1. Every day teachers throw away hundreds of sheets of paper that they should be recycling ____________
2. Since landfills are getting full, our school doesn’t need to be contributing to the problem ____________
3. If our teachers recycled in their classrooms, it would set a good example for students. ____________
4. Students who may never see an example of recycling at home could learn about it. ____________
5. Once these students learn to recycle, they can show their families how to do it. ____________
6. If every student taught their family to recycle, it would reduce the waste going to landfills. ____________
7. If you practice recycling in your neighborhood, more neighbours will join in and start recycling. ____________
8. Although you may only think of recycling paper, many other items can be recycled. ____________
9. Some communities recycle glass and plastic, which must be put in separate bins. ____________
10. Make sure you rinse out containers that you recycle so you won’t attract bugs. ____________
11. Ask your local waste management company if they have special bins for each kind of waste. ____________
12. Before you know it, you will place your waste in the recycling bin without even thinking. ____________

CBSE Class 9 Science Practical Skills – Life Cycle of Mosquito

EXPERIMENT

AIM
To study the life cycle of mosquito.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
A chart showing life cycle of a mosquito, permanent slides of mosquito eggs, larva, pupa, and compound microscope.

THEORY

Like all insects, life cycle of mosquitoes begins from eggs and go through several stages before becoming adults. All mosquitoes need water to breed, the females lay their eggs in water, the larva and pupa stages live entirely in water. When the pupae changes into adults, they leave the water and become free-flying land insects. The life cycle of a mosquito can vary from one to several weeks depending upon the environmental temperature, but in all species, life cycle more or less show common features.

PROCEDURE
A.

1. Observe the chart carefully.
2. Note different stages present in the life cycle.
3. Note the characteristics of each stage.
4. Draw well labelled diagram of each stage.

B.

1. Now, observe permanent slides of eggs, larva and pupa of mosquito under microscope.
2. Note the characteristics of each stage.
3. Draw well labelled diagram of each stage.

OBSERVATIONS
EGG

1. The female mosquito lays eggs on the surface of stagnant water such as ponds, ditches, drains, lakes, marshy swamps, tree holes, gutters and open containers.
2. About 40 to 200 tiny white eggs are laid at a time.
3. The female pushes the laid eggs by its hind legs, as a result they stick together to make a floating raft.
4. The bubbles of air trapped between the eggs keep the raft buoyant even if the water is disturbed.
5. After one or two days, the eggs hatch and larvae come out.

LARVA

1. The larvae float at the surface of the water.
2. They have a distinct head, thorax and abdomen.
3. Head contains a pair of compound eyes and two antenna.
4. The larvae do not have legs but can propel themselves through the water by a vigorous flicking-wriggling movement.
5. From the eighth segment of abdomen, a breathing tube or siphon projects which carry air from the atmosphere to all body parts.
6. Many long bristles are present on its body which are protective in natpre.
7. The tufts of bristles on the last abdominal segment help the larva to steer when swimming.
8. The larvae filter organic material through their mouth parts and grow to about 1cm long.
9. The growing larvae remove their skin several times. This is called moulting.

PUPA

1. After the fourth change of the skin, the larva changes to a pupa.
2. It is comma-shaped and able to swim vigorously by flicking its abdomen.
3. In pupa, head and thorax fuse to form cephalothorax.
4. The pupa breathes through a pair of breathing tubes.
5. During the pupal stage, the insect does not feed. .
6. At the end of the pupal stage, the pupa covers themselves with pupal case and transforms into adult mosquito.

ADULT

1. Adult emerges from pupa.
2. After emergence, it rests for a few days. During this period, the cuticle hardens and it becomes ready to fly.
3. Its body is differentiated into head, thorax and abdomen.
4. The adult mosquito has only one pair of wings.
5. In female, the antennae are thread-like while in males many branched filaments arise from antennae providing them a bushy look.
6. They have elongated tube like structure called proboscis which help them to suck fluids.
7. Females are able to pierce the skin but males cannot do so and they only suck up plant juices such as nectar.
8. Adult mosquitoes live for several weeks.

INTERACTIVE SESSION 

Examiner :
What is metamorphosis?
Examinee:
The physical transformation of an insect from one stage of its life cycle to another is called metamorphosis.

Examiner :
Which type of metamorphosis takes place in mosquito?
Examinee:
Complete metamorphosis.

Examiner :
Why it is called complete metamorphosis?
Examinee:
Each stage in the life cycle of mosquitoes is different from the adult.

Examiner :
Do you know any other organism in which phenomenon of metamorphosis takes place?
Examinee:
Butterfly, frog, lady bug, etc.

Examiner :
What are the various stages present in the life cycle of mosquito?
Examinee:
Four stages present in the life cycle are

1. egg
2. larva
3. pupa
4. adult.

Examiner :
What is moulting?
Examinee:
Shedding of the skin or exoskeleton during the growth is called moulting.

Examiner :
Give two examples which exhibit process of moulting.
Examinee:
Insects such as cockroaches, snakes, etc.

Examiner :
Where do the mosquitoes lay eggs?
Examinee:
In the stagnant water.

Examiner :
Name the stages present in the life cycle of mosquitoes which require water.
Examinee:
Egg, larva and pupa.

Examiner :
In the life cycle of mosquitoes which stage is comma shaped?
Examinee:
Pupa

Examiner :
What do we call to the mouth part of the mosquitoes which helps in sucking nectar?
Examinee:
Proboscis

Examiner :
What are the three types of mosquitoes?
Examinee:
Anopheles mosquitoes, Culex mosquitoes and Aedes mosquitoes.

Examiner :
Name three diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
Examinee:
Malaria, dengue and yellow fever.

Examiner :
Which type of mosquitoes transmit malaria?
Examinee:
Anopheles mosquitoes.

Examiner :
Which type of mosquitoes transmit dengue?
Examinee:
Aedes mosquitoes.

Examiner :
How do mosquitoes transmit filariasis?
Examinee:
The adult worms of filariasis live in the lymphatic vessels of humans and the female worms produce microfilariae which at night circulate in the blood. The mosquitoes on biting the infected individuals carry the microfilariae which develop into adult worms. If the same mosquito bites a healthy person, the worms are transmitted to him and the infection is spread.

Examiner :
Why do female mosquitoes feed on blood?
Examinee:
The blood provides proteins and iron that the females need to lay eggs.

Examiner :
What is the food of male mosquitoes?
Examinee:
Nectar of flowers.

Examiner :
Do female mosquitoes also feed on nectar of flowers?
Examinee:
Yes, in addition to feeding on blood it also feeds on nectar of flowers.

Examiner :
Which stage in the life cycle of mosquito do not feed?
Examinee:
Pupa.

Examiner :
Can we distinguish the larvae of Anopheles from Culex mosquitoes?
Examinee:
Yes.

Examiner :
How?
Examinee:
Anopheles larvae lie parallel to the surface of the water, while Culex larvae extend down into the water.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Why is it important to study the life cycle of mosquito?
Answer:
Mosquitoes transmit various diseases. By studying the life cycle of mosquitoes we can control their breeding or in other terms we can control spread of diseases.

Question 2:
At which stage in the life cycle of a mosquito, moulting takes place?
Answer:
In the larval stage.

Question 3:
Why does only the female mosquito require a blood meal?
Answer:
The blood provides proteins and iron that the females need to lay eggs.

Question 4:
What are the conditions that are helpful for breeding of mosquitoes?
Answer:
Wet and warm weather are helpful for breeding of mosquitoes.

Question 5:
Suggest three measures to check the breeding of mosquitoes?
Answer:
Three measures to check the breeding of mosquitoes are:

1. Water should not be allowed to collect around houses.
2. Kerosene oil should be sprinkled in areas having standing water. Kerosene forms a thin layer on
   the surface of water and thus, it prevents the larvae from breathing. –
3. Certain fishes such as cat fish, insectivorous plants and aquatic birds can be introduced to water bodies. These organisms will feed and eliminate the larvae and pupae of the mosquitoes.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions/VSA (1 Mark)

Question 1:
The shape of pupa of mosquito is like a
(a) cylinder
(b) comma
(c) cup
(d) spiral

Question 2:
The female mosquito feeds on blood to get
(a) carbohydrate
(b) sugar
(c) protein
(d) fat

Question 3:
Which of the following shows moulting in mosquito?
(a) Egg
(b) Larva
(c) Pupa
(d) Adult

Question 4:
The physical transformation of an insect from one stage of its life cycle to another is called
(a) metamorphosis
(b) moulting
(c) fertilisation
(d) none of these

Question 5:
Mosquito larva breathes through
(a) gills
(b) lungs
(c) breathing tube
(d) all of these

Question 6:
How many stages are present in the life cycle of mosquito?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five

Question 7:
In the water, larva lives at, or near the
(a) surface
(b) bottom
(c) centre
(d) anywhere

Question 8:
Malaria is spread by
(a) Culex mosquito
(b) Anopheles mosquito
(c) Aedes mosquito
(d) none of these

Question 9:
The number of eggs laid by mosquito in one time are
(a) 10-20
(b) 2-3
(c) 40-200
(d) 500-1000

Question 10:
The part of body of mosquito which sucks blood is
(a) proboscis
(b) front legs
(c) teeth
(d) needle

Question 11:
Physical transformation of an insect is called
(a) moulting
(b) metamorphosis
(c) shedding
(d) none of these

Question 12:
Which of the following represents the first stage in the life cycle of a mosquito?

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 13:
Which is correct about the feeding habit of pupa of mosquito?
(a) It feeds on leaves.
(b) It feeds on organic waste.
(c) It feeds on blood.
(d) It does not feed at all.

Question 14:
The organism which shows metamorphosis is
(a) butterfly
(b) mosquito
(c) frog
(d) all of these

Question 15:
Which of the following can check the breeding of mosquitoes?
(a) Sprinkling of kerosene oil over standing water
(b) Use of net
(c) Use of repellents
(d) All of the above

ANSWER KEY
Multiple Choice Questions/VSA

1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (c)
7. (a)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (a)
11. (b)
12. (c)
13. (d)
14. (d)
15. (a)

Science Practical SkillsScience LabsMath Lab ManualMath Labs with ActivityMath Labs

CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Financial Management

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Financial Management: Definition
Financial Management is concerned with optimal procurement as well as usage of finance.

Objective
The prime objective of financial management is to maximise shareholder’s wealth by maximising the market price of a company’s shares.

Financial Decisions Involved in Financial Management

• Investment Decision
• Financing Decision
• Dividend Decision

Role of Financial Management

• To determine the capital requirements of business, both long-term and short-term.
• To determine the capital structure of the company and determine the sources from where required capital will be raised keeping in view the risk and return matrix.
• To decide about the allocation of funds into profitable avenues, keeping in view their safety as well.
• To decide about the appropriation of profits.
• To ensure efficient management of cash in order to ensure both liquidity and profitability.
• To exercise overall financial controls in order to promote safety, profitability and conservation of funds.

INVESTMENT DECISION

• It seeks to determine as to how the firm’s funds are invested in different assets
• It helps to evaluate new investment proposals and select the best option on the basis of associated risk and return.
• Investment decision can be long-term or short-term.
• A long-term investment decision is also called a Capital Budgeting decision.

Types of Investment Decision

1. Working Capital/Short-term Investment Decision
   • It refers to the amount of capital required to meet day- to-day running of business.
   • It relates to decisions about cash, inventory and receivables.
   • It affects both liquidity and profitability of business.
2. Capital Budgeting Decision/Fixed Cappital/Long-term Investment Decision
   • It refers to the amount of capital required for investment in fixed assets or long term projects which will yield return and influence the earning capacity of business over a period of time.
   • It affects the amount of assets, competitiveness and profitability of business.
3. Factors Affecting Capital Budgeting Decision/Long- term Investment Decision
   • The expected cash flows from the proposed project should be carefully analysed.
   • The expected rate of return should be carefully studied in terms of risk associated from the proposed project.
   • Different types of ratio analysis should be done to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed project as compared to similar projects in the same industry.

FINANCING DECISION
Financing Decision: Definition
Financing decision relates to determining the amount of finance to be raised from different sources of finance.This decision determines the overall cost of capital and the financial risk of the enterprise.
Types of Sources of Raising Finance

1. Owned Sources
   • Equity shares
   • Preference shares
   • Retained earnings
2. Borrowed Sources
   • Debentures
   • Bonds
   • Loan from bank or financial institutions
   • Public deposit

Considerations Involved in the Issue of Debt

• Interest on borrowed funds has to be paid regardless of whether or not a business has made a profit. Likewise, borrowed funds have to be repaid ata fixed time.
• There is some amount of financial risk in debt financing.
• The cost of debt is less than equity as the degree of risk assumed by the investors is less and the amount of interest paid by the company is tax deductible.

Factors Affecting Financing Decision

• The source of finance which involves the least cost should be chosen.
• The risk involved in raising debt capital is higher than equity.
• The sources involving high flotation cost require special consideration.
• If the cash flow position of a business is good, it should opt for debt else equity.
• If the fixed operating cost ofa business is low, it should opt for debt else equity.
• The issue of equity capital dilutes the control of existing shareholders over business whereas financing through debt does not lead to any such effect
• If there is boom in capital market it is easy for the company to raise equity capital, else it may opt for debt.

Considerations Involved in the Issue of Equity

• Shareholders do not expect any commitment regarding the payment of returns or repayment of capital.
• The floatation cost on raising equity capital is high.
• The shareholders expect higher returns in return for assuming higher risks.

DIVIDEND DECISION
Dividend Decision relates to disposal of profit by deciding the proportion of profit which is to be distributed among shareholders and the proportion of profit which is to be retained in the business for meeting the investment requirements.

Factors Affecting Dividend Decision

• If the earnings of the company are high, dividends are paid at a higher rate.
• If the earnings of a company are stable, it is likely to pay higher dividends.
• A company is more likely to maintain a stable dividend rate over a period of time,unless there is a significant change in its earnings.
• A company planning to pursue a growth opportunity is likely to pay lower dividends.
  The dividends are paid in cash, therefore if the cash flow of the company is good, it is likely to pay higher dividends.
• If the shareholders prefer regular income in form of dividends, the company is likely to maintain a dividend payout rate.
• If the tax rate is high, the company is likely to pay less dividend.
• If a company wants positive reactions at stock market, It Is likely to pay higher dividends.
• A large company can access funds easily from capital market as per its requirements, therefore, it is likely to retain lesser profits and is likely to pay higher dividends.
• The legal constraint should be considered at the time of dividend payment by a company.
• The contractual constraints may also affect the dividend payment by a company.

FINANCIAL PLANNING
Financial Planning: Definition
The process of estimating the funds requirement of a business and specifying the sources of funds is called financial planning. It basically involves preparation of a financial blueprint of an organisation’s future operations.

Twin Objectives of Financial Planning

• To ensure availability of funds as per the requirements of business.
• To see that the enterprise does not raise resources needlessly.

Importance of Financial Planning

• It ensures smooth running of a business enterprise by ensuring availability of funds at the right time.
• It helps in anticipating future requirements of funds and evading business shocks and surprises.
• It facilitates co-ordination among various departments of an enterprise, like marketing and production functions, through well-defined policies and procedures.
• It increases the efficiency of operations by curbing wastage of funds, duplication of efforts, and gaps in planning. .
• It helps to establish a link between the present and the future.
• It provides a continuous link between investment and financing decisions.
• It facilitates easy performance as evaluation standards are set in clear, specific and measurable terms.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Capital Structure: Definition
It refers to the mix between owners and borrowed funds.

Financial Risk: Definition
It refers to a situation when a company is unable to meet its fixed financial charges like payment of interest on debt capital.

Trading on Equity: Definition
It refers to the increase in the earnings per share by employing the sources of finance carrying fixed financial charges like debentures (interest is paid at a fixed rate) or preference shares (dividend is paid at fixed rate).

Financial Leverage: Definition
The proportion of debt in the overall capital is called financial leverage. It is computed as D/E or D/D+E, where D is the Debt and E is the Equity.

FIXED CAPITAL
Fixed Capital: Definition
It refers to investment in long-term assets.

Importance of Management of Fixed Capital

• It affects the growth and profitability of busmess m future.
• It involves huge investment outlay in terms of investment in land, building, machinery etc.
• Its influences the overall level of business risk of the organisation.
• If these decisions are reversed they may lead to major losses.

WORKING CAPITAL
Working Capital: Definition
The funds needed to meet the day-today operations of the business is called working capital.

MIND MAP

Factors Affecting the Choice of Capital Structure

S. NO	Factor	Use sources of debt capital	Use sources of owned capital
1.	Cash flow position	If the cash flow position is good the business may use debt.	If the cash flow position is poor the business may use equity.
2.	Interest coverage ratio	If the interest coverage ratio is high the business may use debt.	If the interest coverage ratio low the business may use equity.
3.	Debt service coverage ratio	If the debt service coverage ratio is high the business may use debt.	If the debt service coverage ratio is low the business may use equity.
4.	Return on investment	If the return on investment is high the business may use debt.	If the return on investment is low the business may use equity.
5.	Cost of debt	If the cost of debt is low the business may use debt.	If the cost of debt is high the business may use equity.
6.	Cost of equity	The company may use debt up to a certain limit so that shareholders do not expect higher returns on equity.	Shareholders expect higher returns when the company uses debt beyond a point due to increase in the financial risk, so the cost of equity increases.
7.	Tax rate	If the tax rate is high the business may use debt.	If the tax rate is low the business may use equity.
8.	Floatation costs	The floatation cost is lesser on using debt	The floatation cost is higher on using equity.
9.	Financial risk consideration	If the financial risk is low the business may use debt.	If the financial risk is high the business may use equity.
10.	Flexibility	Too much use of debt reduces flexibility to raise more debt.	If the business doesn’t want to restrict its flexibility, it may issue equity.
11.	Control	Issue of debt doesn’t affect control of existing shareholders.	Issue of equity dilutes the control of the existing shareholders.
12.	Stock market conditions	If there is recession in the stock market, the business may issue debt capital.	If there is boom in the stock market, the business may issue equity.

13. Regulatory framework: The business will choose the option where it can easily fulfill the norms of the concerned regulator like a bank or SEBI.
14. Capital structure of other companies: The business must know what the industry norms are, whether they are following them or deviating from them and adequate justification must be there.

Factors Affecting the Fixed Capital Requirements of a Business Enterprise
S. No	Factor	Fixed Capital Requirements is More	Fixed Capital Requirements is Less
1.	Nature of Business	Manufacturing	Trading
2.	Scale of Operations	Large	Small
3.	Choice of Technique	Capital Intensive	Labour Intensive
4.	Frequency of Technology Upgradation	High	Low
5.	Diversification Plans	Yes	No
6.	Availability of Financial Alternatives	No	Yes
7.	Growth Prospects	High	Low
8.	Level of Collaboration	Low	High

Factors Affecting the Working Capital Requirements of a Business Enterprise

S. No	Factor	Working Capital Requirements Is More	Working Capital Requirements Is Less
1.	Nature of Business	Manufacturing	Trading
2.	Scale of Operations	Large	Small
3.	Business Cycle	Boom	Recession
4.	Seasonal Factors	On Season	Off Season
5.	Production Cycle	Longer	Shorter
6.	Credit Allowed	Liberal/Yes	Strict/Nil
7.	Credit Availed	No	Yes
8.	Operating Efficiency	Low	High
9.	Availability of Raw Material	Difficult	Easy
10.	Growth Prospects	High	Low
11.	Level of Competition	High	Low
12.	Inflation	High	Low

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘financial management’? (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Financial Management is concerned with optimal procurement as well as usage of finance.

Question 2.
Somnath Ltd. is engaged in the business of export of garments. In the past, the performance of the company had been upto the expectations. In line with the latest technology, the company decided to upgrade its machinery. For this, the Finance Manager, Dalmia estimated the amount of funds required and the timings. This will help the company in linking the investment and the financing decisions on a continuous basis. Dalmia therefore, began with the preparation of a sales forecast for the next four years. Fie also collected the relevant data about the profit estimates in the coming years. By doing this, he wanted to be sure about the availability of funds from the internal sources of the business. For the remaining funds he is trying to find out alternative sources from outside. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Identify the financial concept discussed in the above para. Also state the objectives to be achieved by the use of financial concept, so identified.
Answer:
Financial planning is the financial concept discussed in the above paragraph. The process of estimating the fund requirements of a business and specifying the sources of funds is called financial planning. It relates to the preparation of a financial blueprint of an organisation’s future operations. The objectives to be achieved by the use of financial concept are stated below:

• To ensure availability of funds whenever required which involves estimation of the funds required, the time at which these funds are to be made available and the sources of these funds.
• To see that the firm does not raise resources unnecessarily as excess funding is almost as bad as inadequate funding. Financial planning ensures that enough funds are available at right time.

Question 3.
Explain briefly any four factors which affect the choice of capital structure of a company.
(CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The four factors which affect the choice of capital structure of a company are described below:

• Risk: Financial risk refers to a situation when a company is unable to meet its fixed financial charges. Financial risk of the company increases with the higher use of debt. This is because issue of debt involves fixed commitment in terms of payment of interest and repayment of capital.
• Flexibility: Too much dependence on debt reduces the firm’s ability to raise debt during unexpected situations. Therefore, it should maintain flexibility by not using debt to its full potential.
• Interest Coverage ratio (ICR): The interest coverage ratio refers to the number of times earnings before interest and taxes of a company covers the interest obligation. This may be calculated as follows:
  ICR = EBIT/Interest.
  If the ratio is higher, lower is the risk of company failing to meet its interest payment obligations hence debt may be issued or vice versa. But besides interest payment related repayment obligations should also be considered.
• Cash flow position: The issue of debt involves a fixed commitment in the form of payment of interest and repayment of capital. Therefore if the cash flow position of the company is weak it cannot meet the fixed obligations involved in issue of debt it is likely to issue equity or vice versa.

Question 4.
Explain briefly any four factors that affect the working capital requirement of a company.
(CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The four factors that affect the working capital requirements of a company are explained below:

• Credit availed: In case the suppliers from whom the firm procures the raw material needed for production or finished goods follow a liberal credit policy, the business can be operated on minimum working capital or vice versa.
• Credit allowed: The credit terms may vary from firm to firm. However, if the level of competition is high or credit worthiness of its clients is good the firm is likely to follow a liberal credit policy and grant credit to its clients it results in higher amount of debtors, increasing the requirement of working capital or vice versa.
• Scale of operations: The amount of working capital required by a business varies directly in proportion to its scale of business. For organisations which operate on a higher scale of operation, the quantum of inventory, debtors required is generally high. Such organisations, therefore, require large amount of working capital as compared to the organisations which operate on a lower scale.
• Growth prospects: The business firms who wish to take advantage of a forthcoming business opportunity or plan to expand its operations will require higher amount of working capital so that is able to meet higher production and sales target whenever required or vice versa .

Question 5.
Explain briefly any four factors that affect the fixed capital requirements of a company.
(CBSE, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The four factors that affect the fixed capital requirements of a company are explained below:

• Nature of business: The kind of activities a business is engaged in has an important bearing on its fixed capital requirements. On one hand a trading concern does not require to purchase plant and machinery etc. and needs lower investment in fixed assets. Whereas on the other hand a manufacturing organisation is likely to invest heavily in fixed assets like land, building, machinery and needs more fixed capital.
• Scale of operations: The amount of fixed capital required by a business varies directly in proportion to its scale of businessA larger organisation operating at a higher scale needs bigger plant, more space etc. and therefore, requires higher investment in fixed assets when compared with the small organisation.
• Diversification: If a business enterprise plans to diversify into new product lines, its requirement of fixed capital will increase as compared to an organisation which does not have any such plans.
• Growth prospects: If a business enterprise plans to expand its current business operations in the anticipation of higher demand, its requirement of fixed capital will be more as compared to an organisation which doesn’t plan to persue any such plans.

Question 6.
What is meant by ‘Capital Structure’? (CBSE, OD 2017)
Answer:
Capital structure refers to the mix between owned funds and borrowed funds.

Question 7.
Ramnath Ltd. is dealing in import of organic food items in bulk. The company sells the items in smaller quantities in attractive packages. Performance of the company has been up to the expectations in the past. Keeping up with the latest packaging technology, the company decided to upgrade its machinery. For this, the Finance Manager of the company, Mr. Vikrant Dhull, estimated the amount of funds required and the timings. This will help the company in linking the investment and the financing decisions on a continuous basis.
Therefore, Mr. Vikrant Dhull began with the preparation of a sales forecast for the next four years. He also collected the relevant data about the profit estimates in the coming years. By doing this, he wanted to be sure about the availability of funds from the internal sources. For the remaining funds he is trying to find out alternative sources.
Identify the financial concept discussed in the above paragraph. Also, state any two points of importance of the financial concept, so identified. (CBSE, OD 2017)
Answer:

1. Financial planning is the financial concept discussed in the above paragraph. The process of estimating the fund requirements of a business and specifying the sources of funds is called financial planning. It relates to the preparation of a financial blueprint of an organisation’s future operations.
2. The two points highlighting the importance of planning are described below:
   • It ensures smooth running of a business enterprise by ensuring availability of funds at the right time.
   • It helps in anticipating future requirements of a funds and evading business shocks and surprises .

Question 8.
When is financial leverage favourable? (CBSE, Sample Paper 2017)
Answer:
Financial leverage affects the profitability of a business and it is said to be favourable when return on investment ( ROI) is higher than cost of Debt.

Question 9.
“A business that doesn’t grow dies”, says Mr. Shah, the owner of Shah Marble Ltd. with glorious 36 months of its grand success having a capital base of RS.80 crores. Within a short span of time, the company could generate cash flow which not only covered fixed cash payment obligations but also create sufficient buffer. The company is on the growth path and a new breed of consumers is eager to buy the Italian marble sold by Shah Marble Ltd. To meet the increasing demand, Mr. Shah decided to expand his business by acquiring a mine. This required an investment of RS.120 crores. To seek advice in this matter, he called his financial advisor Mr. Seth who advised him about the judicious mix of equity (40%) and Debt (60%). Mr. Seth also suggested him to take loan from a financial institution as the cost of raising funds from financial institutions is low. Though this will increase the financial risk but will also raise the return to equity shareholders. He also apprised him that issue of debt will not dilute the control of equity shareholders. At the same time, the interest on loan is a tax deductible expense for computation of tax liability. After due deliberations with Mr. Seth, Mr. Shah decided to raise funds from a financial institution.

1. Identify and explain the concept of Financial Management as advised by Mr. Seth in the above situation.
2. State the four factors affecting the concept as identified in part (1) above which have been discussed between Mr. Shah and Mr. Seth. (CBSE,Sample Paper 2017)

Answer:

1. Capital structure is the concept of Financial Management as advised by Mr. Seth in the above situation. Capital structure refers to the mix between owners funds and borrowed funds.
2. The four factors affecting capital structure which have been discussed between Mr. Shah and Mr. Seth are explained below:
   • Cashflow position: The issue of debt capital involves a fixed burden on the company in the form of payment of interest and repayment of capital. Therefore if the cash flow position of a company is good it may issue debt else equity to raise the required amount of capital.
   • Risk Consideration: Financial risk refers to a situation when a company is unable to meet its fixed financial charges. Financial risk of the company increases with the higher use of debt. This is because issue of debt involves fixed commitment in terms of payment of interest and repayment of capital.
   • Tax rate: Considering the fact that amount of interest paid is a deductible expense, cost of debt is affected by the tax rate. If for example a firm is borrowing @ 10% and the tax rate is 30%, the after tax cost of debt is only 7%. Therefore, when the tax rate is higher it makes debt relatively cheaper and increases its attraction vis-a-vis equity.
   • Control: The issue of debentures doesn’t affect the control of the equity shareholders over the business as the debenture holders do not have the right to participate in the management of the business.

Question 10.
Shalini, after acquiring a degree in Hotel Management and Business Administration, took over her family food processing company of manufacturing pickles, jams and squashes. The business had been established by her great grandmother and was doing reasonably well. However, the fixed operating costs of the business were high and the cash flow position was weak. She wanted to undertake modernisation of the existing business to introduce the latest manufacturing processes and diversify into the market of chocolates and candies. She was very enthusiastic and approached a finance consultant, who told her that approximately ? 50 lakh would be required for undertaking the modernisation and expansion programme. He also informed her that the stock market was going through a bullish phase.

1. Keeping the above considerations in mind, name the source of finance Shalini should not choose for financing the modernisation and expansion of her food processing business. Give one reason in support of your answer.
2. Explain any two other factors, apart from those stated in the above situation, which Shalini should keep in mind while taking this decision. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)

Answer:

1. Shalini should not choose debt capital for financing the modernisation and expansion of her food processing business because the fixed operating cost of the company is high. It cannot take the additional burden of fixed commitments in terms of payment of interest and repayment of capital by issuing debt.
2. The other two factors that Shalini must keep in mind while taking this decision are stated below:
   • Risk: Financial risk refers to a situation when a company is unable to meet its fixed financial charges. Financial risk of the company increases with the higher use of debt. This is because issue of debt involves fixed commitment in terms of payment of interest and repayment of capital.
   • Flexibility: Too much dependence on debt reduces the firm’s ability to raise debt during unexpected situations. Therefore, it should maintain flexibility by not using debt to its full potential.

Question 11.
Radhika and Vani who are young fashion designers, left their job vyith a famous fashion designer chain to set-up a company ‘Fashionate Pvt. Ltd.’ They decided to run a boutique during the day and coaching classes for the entrance examination of National Institute of Fashion Designing in the evening. For the coaching centre, they hired the first floor of a nearby building. Their major expense was the money spent on photocopying of notes for their students. They thought of buying a photocopier knowing fully that their scale of operations was not sufficient to make full use of photocopier.
In the basement of the building of Fashionate Pvt. Ltd, Praveen and Ramesh were carrying on a printing and stationery business in the name of ‘Neo Prints Pvt. Ltd.’ Radhika approached Praveen with the proposal to buy a photocopier jointly which could be used by both of them without making separate investment. Praveen agreed to this.
Identify the factor affecting the fixed capital requirements of Fashionate Pvt. Ltd. (CBSE, Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The factor affecting the fixed capital requirement of Fashionable Pvt. Ltd. is the level of collaboration. This kind of arrangement of using the resources jointly helps to reduce the fixed capital requirements of the business firms.

Question 12.
Kay Ltd. is a company manufacturing textiles. It has a share capital of ? 60 lakhs. In the previous year, its earning per share was ? 0.50. For diversification, the company requires an additional capital of ? 40 lakhs. The company raised funds by issuing 10% debentures for the same. During the year, the company earned a profit of ? 8 lakhs on the capital employed. It paid tax @ 40%.

1. State whether the shareholders gained or lost, in respect of earning per share on diversification. Show your calculations clearly.
2. Also state any three factors that favour the issue of debentures by the company as part of its capital structure. (CBSE, OD 2016)

OR
Vivo Ltd. is a company manufacturing textiles. It has a share capital of Rs. 60 lakhs. The earning per share in the previous year was Rs. 0.50. For diversification, the company requires an additional capital of Rs. 40 lakhs. The company raised funds by issuing 10% debentures for the same. During the current year, the company earned a profit of Rs. 8 lakhs on the capital employed. It paid tax @ 40%.

1. State whether the shareholders gained a lost, in respect of earning per share on diversification. Show your calculations clearly.
2. Also, state any three factors that favour the issue of debentures by the company as part of its capital structure. (CBSE, Delhi 2016)

Answer:

1. Let us presume that the share capital of Rs. 60 lakh is made up of Rs. 6 lakh equity shares assuming that the face value of each share is Rs.10.
   

   Sources	Situation 1 (Amount (in Rs.))	Situation 2 (Amount (in Rs.))
   Equity shares	60,00,000	60,00,000
   10 % Debentures	NIL	40,00,000
   Total Capital	60,00,000	1,00,00,000
   EBIT	—	8,00,000
   Less: Interest	—	– (4,00,000)
   EBT	—	4,00,000
   Less: Tax @ 40%	—	– (1,60,000)
   EAT	*3,00,000	2,40,000
   No. of shares of Rs. 10 each	6,00,000	6,00,000
   EPS	0.50	2,40,000/6,00,000 = 0.40

   *0.50 x 6,00,000 = 3,00,000
   Consequently EBT/EBIT in situation 1 = Rs. 5,00,000
   Thus, on diversification, the earning per share fell down from Rs. 0.50 to Rs. 0.40.

2. The three factors that favour the issue of debentures by the company as part of its capital structure are as follows:
   • Tax deductibility: Debt is considered to be a relatively cheaper source of finance as the amount of interest paid on debt is treated as a tax deductible expense.
   • Flotation cost: The money spent by the company on raising capital through debentures is less than that spent on equity.
   • Control: The issue of debentures doesn’t affect the control of the equity shareholders over the business as the debenture holders do not have the right to participate in the management of the business.

Question 13.
Rizul Bhattacharya, after leaving his job, wanted to start a Private Limited Company with his son. His son was keen that the company may start manufacturing mobile-phones with some unique features. Rizul Bhattacharya felt that mobile phones are prone to quick obsolescence and a heavy fixed capital investment would be required regularly in this business. Therefore, he convinced his son to start a furniture business.
Identify the factor affecting fixed capital requirements which made Rizul Bhattacharya choose the furniture business over mobile phones. (CBSE, OD 2016)
Answer:
The factor affecting the fixed capital requirements which made Rizul Bhattacharya choose the furniture business over mobile phones is technological upgradation.

Question 14.
Tata International Ltd. earned a net profit of Rs. 50 crores. Ankit, the finance manager of Tata International Ltd. wants to decide how to appropriate these profits. Discuss any five factors which will help him in taking this decision. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2015)
Answer:
The five factors which will help Ankit, in taking the dividend decision are described below:

• Earnings: Since the dividends are paid out of current and past earnings, there is a direct relationship between the amount of earnings of the company and the rate at which it declares dividend. If the earnings of the company are high, it may declare a higher dividend or vice-versa.
• Cash flow position: Since the dividends are paid in cash, if the cash flow position of the company is good it may declare higher dividend or vice-versa.
• Access to capital market: If the company enjoys an easy access to capital market because of its credit worthiness. It does not feel the need to depend entirely on retained earnings to meet its financial needs. Hence, it may declare higher dividend or vice-versa.
• Growth prospects: If the company has any forthcoming investment opportunities, it may like to retain profits to finance its expansion projects. This is because retained profits is considered to be the cheapest source of finance as it doesn’t involve any explicit costs. Hence, it may declare lower dividend or vice-versa.
• Preferences of the shareholders: The companies paying stable dividends are always preferred by small investors primarily if they want regular income in the form of ‘stable returns’ from their investments. Large shareholders may be willing to forgo their present dividend in pursuit of higher profits in future. Therefore, the preferences of the shareholders must be taken into consideration.

Question 15.
‘Abhishek Ltd’ is manufacturing cotton clothes. It has been consistently earning good profits for many years. This year too, it has been able to generate enough profits. There is availability of enough cash in the company and good prospects for growth in future. It is a well managed organisation and believes in quality, equal employment opportunities and good remuneration practices. It has many shareholders who prefer to receive a regular income from their investments.
It has taken a loan of Rs. 50 lakhs from ICICI Bank and is bound by certain restrictions on the payment of dividend according to the terms of the loan agreement.
The above discussion about the company leads to various factors which decide how much of the profits should be retained and how much has to be distributed by the company. Quoting the lines from the above discussion, identify and explain any four such factors. (CBSE, 2015)
Answer:
The five factors which Ankit has to consider before taking dividend decisions are:

1. Growth Opportunities: Financial needs of a firm are directly related to the investment opportunities available to it. If a firm has abundant profitable investment opportunities, it will adopt a policy of distributing lower dividends. It would like to retain a large part of its earnings because it can reinvest them at a higher rate.
2. Stability of Dividends: Investors always prefer a stable dividend policy. They expect to get a fixed amount as dividends which should increase gradually over the years.
3. Legal Restrictions: A firm’s dividend policy has to be formulated within the legal provisions and restrictions of the Indian Companies Act.
4. Restrictions in Loan Agreements: Lenders, mostly financial institutions, put certain restrictions on the payment of dividends to safeguard their interests.
5. Liquidity: The cash position is a significant factor in determining the size of dividends. Higher the cash and overall liquidity position of a firm, higher will be its ability to pay dividends.

Question 16.
Amit is running an ‘advertising agency’ and earning a lot by providing this service to big industries State whether the working capital requirement of the firm will be ‘less’ or ‘more’. Give reason in support of your anser. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2014-15)
Answer:
The working capital requirements of Amit will be relatively less as he is running an advertising agency, wherein there is no need to maintain inventory.

Question 17.
Yogesh, a businessman, is engaged in the purchase and sale of ice-creams. Identify his working capital requirements by giving reasons to support your answer. Now, he is keen to start his own ice-cream factory. Explain any two factors that will affect his fixed capital requirements. (CBSE, OD 2012)
Answer:

1. The working capital requirements of Yogesh will be less as he is engaged in trading business.
2. The two factors that will affect his fixed capital requirements when he will start his own ice-cream factory are described below:
   • Level of collaboration: If Yogesh gets an opportunity to set up his factory in collaboration with another enterprise, his fixed capital requirements will reduce considerably else his fixed capital requirements will be more.
   • Financial alternatives available: If Yogesh is able to get the place to start the factory and machinery on lease, his fixed capital requirements will reduce considerably. Whereas if he decides to purchase them, his fixed capital requirements will be more.

Question 18.
Amar is doing his transport business in Delhi. His buses are generally used for tourists going to Jaipur and Agra. Identify the working capital requirements of Amar. Give reasons to support your answer. Further, Amar wants to expand and diversify his transport business. Explain any two factors that will affect his fixed capital requirements. (CBSE, OD, 2012)
Answer:

1. The working capital requirements of Amar will be relatively less as he is engaged in prtividing transport services wherein there is no need to maintain inventory.
2. The factors affecting the fixed capital needs of his business are as follows:
   • Diversification: If a business enterprise plans to diversify into new product lines, its requirement of fixed capital will increase.
   • Growth prospects: If a business enterprise plans to expand its current business operations in the anticipation of higher demand, consequently, more fixed capital will be needed by it.

Question 19.
Manish is engaged in the business of manufacturing garments. Generally, he used to sell his garments in Delhi. Identify the working capital requirements of Manish giving reason in support of your answer. Further, Manish wants to expand and diversify his garments business. Explain any two factors that will affect his fixed capital requirements. (CBSE, Delhi 2012)
Answer:

1. The working capital requirements of Manish will be relatively more as he is engaged in the business of manufacturing garments. This is because the length of production cycle is longer i.e. it takes time to convert raw material into finished goods.
2. The factors affecting the fixed capital needs of his business are as follows:
   • Scale of Operations: The amount of fixed capital required by a business enterprise is directly proportionate to its scale of operations. Therefore, if Manish plans to do business on a large scale, his fixed capital requirements will be more or vice versa.
   • Technological Upgradation: If Manish plans to use machines of latest technology in manufacturing garments, his fixed capital requirements will be more as replacement of obsolete machines will require huge financial outlay.

Question 20.
Harish is engaged in the warehousing business and his warehouses are generally used by businessmen to store fruits. Identify the working capital requirements of Harish giving reasons in support of your answer. Further, Harish wants to expand and diversify his warehousing business. Explain any two factors that will affect his fixed capital requirements. (CBSE, Delhi 2012)
Answer:

1. The working capital requirements of Harish will be relatively less as he is engaged in providing warehousing services wherein there is no need to maintain inventory.
2. The factors affecting the fixed capital needs of his business are as follows:
   • Diversification: If a business enterprise plans to diversify into new product lines, its requirement of fixed capital will increase.
   • Scale of Operations: The amount of fixed capital required by a business enterprise is directly proportionate to its scale of operations. Therefore, if Harish plans to do business on a large scale his fixed capital requirements will be more or vice versa.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Arun is a successful businessman in the paper industry. During his recent visit to his friend’s place in Mysore, he was fascinated by the exclusive variety of incense sticks available there. His friend tells him that Mysore region is known as a pioneer in the activity of Agarbathi manufacturing because it has a natural reserve of forest products especially Sandalwood to provide for the base material used in production. Moreover, the suppliers of other types of raw material needed for production follow a liberal credit policy and the time required to manufacture incense sticks is relatively less. Considering the various factors, Arun decides to venture into this line of business by setting up a manufacturing unit in Mysore.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the type of financial decision taken by Arun.
2. Identify the three factors mentioned in the paragraph which are likely to affect the working capital requirements of his business.

Answer:

1. Investment decision has been taken by Arun. Investment decision seeks to determine as to how the firm’s funds are invested in different assets. It helps to evaluate new investment proposals and select the best option on the basis of associated risk and return. Investment decision can be long term or short-term. A long-term investment decision is also called a Capital Budgeting decision
2. The three factors mentioned in the paragraph which are likely to reduce the working
   capital requirements of his business are as follows: .
   • Availability of raw material: As there is easy availability of Sandalwood which is used as the base material for production, the working capital requirements of his business will be less as there is no need to stock the raw materials.
   • Production cycle: The production cycle is shorter and less time is required to manu¬facture incense sticks. Thus, the working capital requirements of his business will be low.
   • Credit availed: Due to the fact that the suppliers of other types of raw material needed for production follow a liberal credit policy, the business can be operated on minimum working capital.

Question 2.
‘Adwitiya’ is a company enjoying market leadership in the food brands segment. It’s portfolio includes three categories in the Foods business namely Snack Foods, Juices and Confectionery. Keeping in line with the growing demand for packaged food it now plans to introduce Ready- To-Eat Foods. Therefore, the company has planned to undertake investments of nearly Rs. 450 crores for its new line of business. As per the current financial report, the interest coverage ratio of the company and return on investment is higher. Moreover, the corporate tax rate is high.
In context of the above case:

1. As a financial manager of the company, which source of finance will you opt for debt or equity, to raise the required amount of capital? Explain by giving any two suitable reasons in support of. your answer.
2. Why are the shareholder’s of the company like to gain from the issue of debt by the company?

Answer:

1. As a financial manager of the company, I will opt for debt to raise the required amount of capital.
   I support my decision by giving the following reasons:
   • Interest coverage ratio: The interest coverage ratio of the company is high so it can easily meet its fixed commitment of payment of interest and repayment of capital.
   • Tax rate: The tax rate is high which makes debt relatively cheaper as the amount of interest paid on debt is treated as a tax deductible expense.
2. The shareholders of the company are likely to gain from the issue 6f debt by the company because the return on investment is higher. It helpS a company to take advantage of trading on equity to increase the earnings per share.

Question 3.
Computer Tech Ltd.,is one of the leading information technology outsourcing services providers in India. The company provides business consultancy and outsourcing services to its clients. Over the past five years the company has been paying dividends at high rate to its shareholders. However, this year, although the earnings of the company are high, its liquidity position is not so good. Moreover, the company plans to undertake new ventures in order to expand its business.
In context of the above case: .

1. Give any three reasons because of which you think Computer Tech Ltd. has been paying dividends at high rate to its shareholders over the past five years.
2. Comment upon the likely dividend policy of the company this year by stating any two reasons in support of your answer.

Answer:

1. Computer Tech Ltd. has been paying dividends at high rate to its shareholders over the past five years because of the following reasons:
   • Earnings: The earnings of the company have been high. Since the dividends are paid out of current and past earnings, there is a direct relationship between the amount of earnings of the company and the rate at which it declares dividend .
   • Cashflow position: The cash flow position of the company must have been good as in order to pay high dividends, more cash is required.
   • Access to capital market: Because of its credit worthiness, the company enjoyed an easy access to capital market. Therefore, it did not feel the need to depend entirely on retained earnings to meet its financial needs. Hence, it declared higher dividends in past.
2. This year the company is likely to follow a conservative dividend policy because of the following reasons:
   • The cash flow position of the company is not good and dividends are paid in cash.
   • The company may like to retain profits to finance its expansion projects. Retained profits do not involve any explicit cost and are considered to be the cheapest source of finance.

Question 4.
Bhuvan inherited a very large area of agricultural land in Haryana after the death of his grandfather. He plans to sell this piece of land and use the money to set up a small scale paper factory to manufacture all kinds of stationary items from recycled paper. Being an amateur in business, he decides to consult his friend Subhash who works in a financial consultancy firm. Subhash helps him to prepare a blue print of his future business operations on the basis of sales forecast in next five years. Based on these estimates, he helps Bhuvan to assess the fixed and working capital requirements of business.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the type of financial service that Subhash has offered to Bhuvan.
2. Briefly state any four points highlighting the importance of the type of financial service
   identified in part (1).

Answer:

1. Financial planning is the type of financial service that Subhash has offered to Bhuvan.
2. The four points highlighting the importance of financial planning are as follows:
   • It ensures smooth running of a business enterprise by ensuring availability of funds at the right time.
   • It helps in anticipating future requirements of a funds and evading business shocks and surprises.
   • It facilitates co-ordination among various departments of an enterprise like marketing and production functions, through well-defined policies and procedures.
   • It increases the efficiency of operations by curbing wastage of funds, duplication of efforts, and gaps in planning.

Question 5.
‘Madhur Milan’ is a popular online matrimonial portal. It seeks to provide personalized match making service. The company has 80 offices in India, and is now planning to open offices in Singapore, Dubai and Canada to cater to its customers beyond the country. The company has decided to opt for the sources of equity capital to raise the required amount of capital.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify and explain the type of risk which increases with the higher use of debt.
2. Explain briefly any four factors because of which you think the company has decided to opt for equity capital.

Answer:

1. Financial risk of the company increases with the higher use of debt. This is because issue of debt involves fixed commitment in terms of payment of interest and repayment of capital. Financial risk refers to a situation when a company is unable to meet its fixed financial charges.
2. The factors because of which the company has decided to opt for equity capital are as follows:
   • Capital market conditions: The state of capital market is bullish, so people are likely to invest more in equity.
   • Fixed operating cost: The fixed operating cost of company is high so it cannot take the further burden fixed commitment in terms of payment of interest and repayment of capital by issuing debt.
   • Cashflow position: The cash flow position of the company is weak so it cannot meet the fixed obligations involved in issue of debt.
   • Risk: The proportion of debt in its capital structure is already high so it cannot issue further debt, thereby endangering the solvency of the company.

Question 6.
Wooden Peripheral Pvt. Ltd. is counted among the top furniture companies in Delhi. It is known for offering innovative designs and high quality furniture at affordable prices. The company deals in a wide product range of home and office furniture through its eight showrooms in Delhi. The company is now planning to open five new showrooms each in Mumbai and Bangalore. In Bangalore it intends to take the space for the showrooms on lease whereas for opening showrooms in Mumbai, it has collaborated with a popular home furnishing brand, ‘Creations.’

1. Identify the factors mentioned in the paragraph which are likely to affect the fixed capital requirements of the business for opening new showrooms both in Bangalore and Mumbai separately,
2. “With an increase in the investment in fixed assets, there is a commensurate increase in the working capital requirement.” Explain the statement with reference to the case above.

Answer:

1. The fixed capital requirements of Wooden Peripheral Pvt. Ltd. for opening new showrooms in Bangalore will be relatively less as its taking space on lease, so only rentals have to be paid.
   Similarly, its fixed capital requirement for opening showrooms in Mumbai will be reduced as its going to share the costs with another company through collaboration.
2. It’s true that,” With an increase in the investment in fixed assets, there is a commen¬surate increase in the working capital requirement.” Like in the above case, Wooden Peripheral Pvt. Ltd. is planning to invest in new showrooms. Consequently, its requirement of working capital will increase as it will need more money to stock goods, pay electricity bills and salaries to staff. Also, it intends to take the space for the showrooms in Mumbai on lease so it will have to pay rentals.

Question 7.
‘Apparels’ is India’s second largest manufacturer of branded Lifestyle apparel. The company now plans to diversify into personal care segment by launching perfumes, hair care and skin are products. Moreover, it is planning to open ten exclusive retail outlets in various cities across the country in next two years.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the two factors affecting the fixed capital needs of the company by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. Why is the management of fixed capital considered to be an important for a business?

Answer:

1. The factors affecting the fixed capital needs of the company are as follows:
   • Diversification: If a business enterprise plans to diversify into new product lines, its requirement of fixed capital will increase.
   • Growth prospects: If a business enterprise plans to expand its current business operations in the anticipation of higher demand, consequently, more fixed capital will be needed by it.
2. The management of fixed capital is considered important because:
   • It affects the growth and profitability of business in future.
   • It involves huge investment outlay in terms of investment in land, building, machinery etc.
   • It influences the overall level of business risk of the organisation.
   • If these decisions are reversed, they may lead to major losses.

Question 8.
After persuing a course in event management, Kajal and her brother Kamal promoted an event management company under the name Khushi Entertainment Private Limited. They strive together as dedicated and dynamic professionals managing different kinds of formal and informal events across all major cities in India and abroad. They design the event idea and co-ordinate the different aspects of the event to make it a grand success. As a policy, they take fifty percent of the payment as advance from the client before the start of an event and receive the balance charges after the successful completion of the event.
In context of the above case:

1. Comment upon the working capital needs of the company keeping in mind its nature of business.
2. Identify the other factor mentioned in the paragraph which is likely to affect the working capital requirement of their business.

Answer:

1. The working capital requirements of Khushi Entertainment Private Limited will be relatively less as they are engaged in providing event management services, wherein there is no need to maintain inventory
2. The other factor mentioned in the paragraph which is likely to affect the working capital requirement of their business is ‘Credit availed.’ Since as a policy, they take fifty percent of the payment as advance from the client before the start of an event, their requirement of working capital is reduced.

Question 9.
Storage Solution Ltd. is a large warehousing network company operating. through a chain of warehouses at 40 different locations across India. The company now intends to undertake computerisation of its owned ware houses as it seeks to provide better value added and cost effective solutions for scientific storage and preservation services to the market participants dealing in agricultural products including farmers, traders, etc.
In context of the above case:

1. How is the decision to undertake computerisation of owned warehouses likely to affect the fixed capital requirements of its business?
2. Name any two sources that company may use to finance the implementation of this plan.

Answer:

1. The decision to undertake computerisation of owned warehouses will increase the fixed capital requirements of its business both in present and future as after sometime, the technology being used will become obsolete and need upgradation.
2. The company may use retained earnings and take loans from financial institutions to implement this plan.

Question 10.
Visions Ltd. is a renowned multiplex operator in India. Presently, it owns 234 screens in 45 properties at 20 locations in the country. Considering the fact that the there is a growing trend among the people to spend more of their disposable income on entertainment, two years back the company had decided to add more screens to its existing set up and increase facilities to enhance leisure, food chains etc. It had then floated an initial public offer of equity shares in order to raise the desired capital. The issue was fully subscribed and paid. Over the years, the sales and profits of the company have increased tremendously and it has been declaring higher dividend and the market price of its shares has increased manifolds.
In context of the above case:

1. Name the different kinds of financial decisions taken by the company by quoting lines from the paragraph.
2. Do you think the financial management team of the company has been able to achieve its prime objective? Why or why not? Give a reason in support of your answer.

Answer:

1. The different kinds of financial decisions taken by the company are as follows:
   • Investment decision: “Two years back the company had decided to add more screens to its existing set up and increase facilities to enhance leisure, food chains etc.”
   • Financing decision: “It had then floated an initial public offer of equity shares in order to raise the desired capital.”
   • Dividend decision: “Over the years, the sales and profits of the company have increased tremendously and it has been declaring higher dividend.”
2. Yes, the financial management team of the company has been able to achieve its prime objective i.e. wealth maximisation of the shareholders by maximising the market price of the shares of the company.

Question 11.
After completing his education in travel and tourism, Arjun started Travel Angels Pvt. Ltd. along with his twin brother Bheem. Their company seeks to provide travel solutions to its clients like ticket booking for airways, railways and road ways, hotel booking, insurance etc. Although the business is doing well both of them have realised that they are not good in managing finance, and feel confused and frustrated sometimes due to financial crises that may suddenly arise. In order to avoid such situations in the future, they hire Nakul and Sehdev as financial managers, who have done a degree certification course in financial management.
In context of the above

1. Give the meaning of financial management.
2. Outline the role of Nakul and Sehdev as the financial management team of the Travel Angels Pvt. Ltd. by giving any four suitable points.

Answer:

1. Financial Management is concerned with optimal procurement as well as usage of finance.
2. Nakul and Sehdev will play a very important role as the financial management team of the Travel Angels Pvt. Ltd. in managing the financial health of the company:
   • To determine the capital requirements of business both long-term and short term.
   • To determine the capital structure of the company and determine the sources from where required capital will be raised keeping in view the risk and return matrix.
   • To ensure efficient management of cash in order to ensure both liquidity and profitability.
   • To exercise overall financial control in order to promote s’afety, profitability and conservation of funds.

Question 12.
Wireworks Ltd. is a company manufacturing different kinds of wires. Despite fierce competition in the industry, it has been able to maintain stability in its earnings and as a policy, uses 30% of its profits to distribute dividends. The small investors are very happy with the company as it has been declaring high and stable dividend over past five years.
In context of the above case:

1. State any one reason because of which the company has been able to declare high dividend by quoting line from the paragraph.
2. Why do you think small investors are happy with the company for declaring stable dividend?

Answer:

1. Stability in earnings: The company has been able to declare high dividend because its earnings are stable.
   “Despite fierce competition in the industry, it has been able to maintain stability in its earnings.”
2. The small investors are happy with the company for declaring stable dividend as they enjoy a regular income on their investment.

Question 13.
Manoj is a renowned businessman involved in export business of leather goods. As a responsible citizen, he chooses to use jute bags for packaging instead of plastic bags. Moreover, on the advice of his friends, he decides to use jute for manufacturing aesthetic handicrafts, keeping in view the growing demand for natural goods. In order to implement his plan, after conducting a feasibility study, he decides to set up a separate manufacturing unit for producing varied jute products.
In context of the above case:

1. Identify the type of investment decision taken by Manoj by deciding to set up a separate manufacturing unit for producing jute products.
2. State any two factors that he is likely to consider while taking this decision

Answer:

1. Capital budgeting decision has been taken by Manoj.
2. The factors affecting Capital Budgeting Decision are as follows:
   • Cash inflows: The expected cash inflows from the proposed projects should be carefully analysed and the project indicating higher cash inflows should be selected.
   • Rate of return: The expected rate of return should be carefully studied in terms of risk associated from the proposed project. If two projects are likely to offer the same rate of return, the project involving lesser risk should be selected.

Question 14.
Khoobsurat Pvt. Ltd. is the largest hair salon chain in the Delhi, with over a franchise of 200 salons. The company is now planning to set up a manufacturing unit in Faribadad for production of various kinds of beauty products under its own brand name.
In context of the above case:

1. Comment upon the fixed capital needs of the company.
2. How will the requirement of fixed capital of the company change when it implements its plan to set up a manufacturing unit?

Answer:

1. The fixed capital needs of the company are low as its salons have been promoted in the form of franchises.
2. The requirement of fixed capital of the company will increase when it implements its plan to set up a manufacturing unit because it will have to make investments in buying land, building, machinery etc.

Question 15.
Well-being Ltd. is a company engaged in production of organic foods. Presently, it sells its products through indirect channels of distribution. But, considering the sudden surge in the demand for organic products, the company is now inclined to start its online portal for direct marketing. The financial managers of the company are planning to use debt in order to take advantage of trading on equity. In order to finance its expansion plans, it is planning to ‘ raise a debt capital of Rs. 40 lakhs through a loan @ 10% from an industrial bank. The present capital base of the company comprises of Rs. 9 lakh equity shares of Rs. 10 each. The rate of tax is 30%.
In the context of the above case:

1. What are the two conditions necessary for taking advantage of trading on equity?
2. Assuming the expected rate of return on investment to be same as it was for the current year i.e. 15% , do you think the financial managers will be able to meet their goal. Show your workings clearly.

Answer:

1. The two conditions necessary for taking advantage of trading on equity are :
   • The rate of return on investment should be more than the rate of interest.
   • The amount of interest paid should be tax deductible.

2. Sources	Situation 1 Amount (in Rs.)	Situation 2 Amount (in Rs.)
   Equity shares	90,00,000	90,00,000
   10 % Debentures	NIL	40,00,000
   Total Capital	90,00,000	1,30,00,000
   EBIT	13,50,000	19,50,000
   Less: Interest	—	– (4,00,000)
   EBT	13,50,000	15,50,000
   Less: Tax @ 30%	– (4,05,000)	– (4,65,000)
   EAT	9,45,000	10,85,000
   No. of shares of Rs. 10 each	9,00,000	9,00,000
   EPS	9,45,000/9,00,000 = 1.05	10,85,000/9,00,000 = 1.21

Yes, the financial managers will be able to meet their goal as the projected EPS, with the issue of debt, is higher than the present EPS.

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Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 12

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                              [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. On which ideology was the Soviet political system based ?
Answer. The Soviet political system was based on the ideology of planned economy controlled by the state.

Question.2. Correct the following statement and rewrite:
“The present Secretary General of the United Nations is Ban-Ki-Moon, the first African to hold the post.”
Answer. The present Secretary General of the United Nations is Ban-Ki-Moon from South Korea, the first Asian to hold the post.

Question.3. What did BWC (Biological Weapons Convention), 1972 decide ?
Answer. The BWC (Biological Weapons Convention) of 1972 decided to ban the production and possession of Biological weapons. More than 155 states acceded to the BWC.

Question.4. Why did the leaders of the national movement cherish the ideal of a secular nation ? Give any one reason.
Answer. The leaders of the national movement cherished the ideal of a secular nation in order to protect, preserve and promote the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Indian nation. They also tried to accommodate the social diversities and social divisions.

Question.5. What was Chipko movement ?
Answer. Chipko Movement was an environmental movement started in 1973 in Uttarakhand. It began in two villages when the forest department refused permission to the villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools.

Question.6. Give any two reasons why Veto Power of the permanent members of Security Council can not be abolished.
Answer. Veto Power of the permanent members of Security Council cannot be abolished because:
(a) The world may not be ready for such a radical step. Without Veto Power there is a danger that the great powers like USA, Britain, Russia, etc. would lose interest in the world body.
(b) Secondly, without the support and involvement of great powers the UN would be ineffective and the world would be back to pre- 1945 position.

Question.7. Mention any four threats, except war, to human security.
Answer. Human Security suffers from some non-traditional threats which go beyond military threats like:
(i) Global poverty (ii) Health epidemics
(iii) Terrorism (iv) Human Rights

Question.8. How have technological advancement and recognition of inter-connectedness affected globalisation ?
Answer. Technological advancement and recognition of inter-connectedness hasaffected globalisation in such ways follows as:

1. Rapid improvement in information and communication technology has stimulated the
   globalisation process.
2.  The invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microscope, Internet, e-mail etc. in more recent times has revolutionised communication between actors in different parts of the world.

Question.9. Why was National Fish Workers’ Forum formed ?
Answer. In the nineties the National Fish workers forum was formed to oppose the move of the government to issue licenses to foreign trawlers.

1.  Actually in 1991 the government permitted entry to mechanised trawlers and technologies like bottom trawling for largescale harvesting of fish in the Indian sea.
2.  In July 2002, NFF called for a nationwide strike and joined hands with organisations all over the world for protecting ecology and lines of the fish workers.

Question.10. Who are indigenous people ? What institutions do they follow ?
Answer. Indigenous people are the people who help to bring the issue of environment resources and politics together.
The UN defines indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time of arrival of different cultures and people.
They follow particular social, economic and cultural customs and traditions. In 1975, indigenous people formed World Council of Indigenous Peoples which later on got consultative status in the UN.

Question.11. Mention any four realities that have changed the world politics after the Cold War.
Answer. Following are the four main realities which have changed the world politics after the Cold War:
(i) The end of Bipolarity (ii) Collapse of the Second World Power
(iii) Fall of Berlin Wall (iv) Unification of Germany
(i) The end of Bipolarity— With the disintegration of the Soviet Union there was the end of the Cold War and this left open only two possibilities – either only one super power would dominate and create a unipolar system or different countries would come up on the world stage to bring a multipolar system. This signifies the end of Bipolarity.
(ii) Collapse of the Second World Power—The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of Soviet Union brought about a bi§ change in the world scenario. The collapse of the second world power, Le., USSR, and emergence of unipolar world with US as the sole superpower.
(iii) Fall of Berlin Wall— The Berlin Wall which symbolised the division between capitalist • and the communist world was demolished by the people on 9 November, 1989. This marked the beginning of the end of the communist bloc.
(iv) Unification of Germany— Another significant reality that changed the world politics
was the unification of Germany. Germany which was divided after the second world war got unified in the 1990s.

Question.12. Mention the name of any two founders of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement). The first NAM summit was the culmination of which three factors ?
Answer. The roots of NAM go back to the friendship between three leaders;
(i) Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia
(ii) Jawaharlal Nehru of India
(iii) Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt
The conference of Afro-Asian leaders held at Bandung in 1955 was known as the ‘Bandung Conference. This conference gave an opportunity for common understanding of international problems.
(i) Nehru, one of the leaders of this conference, touched upon the moral fibre of Non-alignment.
(ii) The conference was symbolic of the nascent solidarity of Asia and Africa and demonstrated the growing maturity of the Afro-Asian nations.
(iii) The Bandung Conference, therefore, represented the desire of Afro-Asian countries to play an independent and constructive role in world affairs.

Question.13. Describe any four issues relating to environmental degradation.
Answer. In the Global Era there are som(e issues related to environmental degradation which have been further considered as global issues and considerably fall within the scope of contemporary world politics. These issues are as follows :

1. Depletion of Natural Resources— Throughout the world cultivable area is barely expanding any more and a substantial portion of existing agricultural land is losing fertility.
2.  Loss of Biodiversity— Natural forests which help to stabilise the climate, moderate water supplies and harbour. But majority of the plant biodiversity on land are being cut down and people are being displaced.
3.  Depletion of Ozone— A steady decline in the total amount of Ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere poses a real danger to ecosystems and human health.
4. Coastal Pollution— On the other side coastal pollution too is increasing globally. Although the open sea is relatively clear, the coastal waters are becoming increasingly polluted largely due to land based activities.

Question.14. Explain any four conflicts during the Presidential election of 1969.
Answer. The formal split in the Congress took place in 1969 on the issue of Presidential Election. Actually the factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open in 1969 on the nomination of a candidate for the president’s post.

1.  Despite Mrs. Gandhi’s reservations, the syndicate managed to nominate her long time opponent and then Speaker of the Lok Sabha, N. Sanjeeva Reddy, as the official Congress candidate for the presidential elections.
2.  Indira Gandhi retaliated by encouraging the then Vice-President, V.V. Giri to file his
   nomination as an independent candidate.
3.  During election, the then Congress President, S. Nijalinagappa issued a “whip” asking all the Congress MPs and MLAs to vote in favour of Sanjeeva Reddy.
4.  On the other hand, after silently supporting V.V. Giri, the Prime Minister openly called for a conscience vote-to vote the way they want.
   And, the election ultimately resulted in the victory of V.V. Giri and the defeat of Sanjeeva Reddy.

Question.15. During the early years of independence, despite the fact that the opposition parties had a token representation, they piayed a crucial role in maintaining the democratic character of the system. How ?
Answer. In the first decade of the electoral politics, India did not have a recognised opposition party. But some of the vibrant and diverse opposition parties had come into being even before the first general election in 1952.
All these opposition parties succeeded in gaining only a token representation in the Lok Sabha and State assemblies during this period. Yet their presence played a crucial role in maintaining the democratic order.

1.  Offered sustained and principled criticism— These opposition parties offered a sustained and principled criticism of the policies and practices of the Congress Party. This kept the ruling party under check and often changed the balance of power.
2. Provided political alternative— Not only this, by keeping democratic political alternative alive, these parties prevented the resentment with the system from turning anti-democratic.
3.  Shaped our country’s ideal— These parties also groomed the leaders who were to play a crucial role in the shaping of our country.
4.  Provided conducive environment—In the early years there was a lot of mutual respect between the leaders of the Congress and those of the opposition. For example, the interim governmehf that ruled the country after the declaration of independence and the first general election included opposition leaders like Dr. Ambedkar and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in the cabinet.

Question.16. Why is the decade of sixties labelled as a ‘dangerous’ decade ?
Answer. The 1960s is labelled as the ‘dangerous decade’ because of some unresolved problems like poverty, inequality and communal and regional divisions.
There was speculation that all these could lead to a failure of the democratic projects or even the disintegration of the country.

1. Economic Crisis— Due to the India-China and Indo-Pak war there was economic crisis in India. So the government of Indira Gandhi decided to devalue the Indian rupee. Consequently, the economic situation triggered a price rise.
2.  Political Earthquake— the election of 1967 was termed as the Political Earthquake because it jolted the Congress at both the national and state levels. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated.
3.  Food Crisis— Besides, due to faifur’e of monsoons, drought occurred and this created a serious food crisis in India during 1960s.
   Hence, there was speculation that all these challenges could lead to failure of the democratic project or even the disintegration of the country.

Question.17. Read the paragraph given below carefully and answer the following questions:
We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument. Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilised manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic State. If we fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably destroy it.
Jawaharlal Nehru, Letter to Chief Ministers, 15 October 1947.
(i) In spite of indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims by Pakistan, why Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to deal with the Muslim minority in a civilised way ?
(ii) Why this minority shotild be given the security and rights on the same footing as to all others in a democratic system.
(iii) If this minority was not provided security and rights what kind of scenario is envisaged ?
Answer. (i) Because Muslim minority in India were large in numbers. It is their right to go anywhere
and settle but in a democratic set up everyone’s given equal opportunity.
(ii) J.L. Nehru argued that we must give the Muslim minority security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. Apart from ethical and sentimental reasons there are some prudential reasons which helped India to realise its long charised goals and principles such as socialism, equality, liberty and fraternity.
(iii) If we fail to provide security and rights to minorities, it would affect the basic nature of democratic system. It is also against the secular principles of India. It may eventually affect not only India’s foreign policy it may pose a threat to other minorities in India. It may lead to the disintegration of Indian states.

Question.18. Read the passage and answer the following Questions:
Indian democracy was never so close to a two-party system as it was during the 1977 elections. However, the next few years saw a complete change. Soon after its defeat,
the Indian National Congress split into two groups The Janata Party also went
through major convulsions David Butler, Ashok Lahiri and Prannoy Roy. — Partha
Chatterjee.
(a) What made the party system in India look like a two-party system in 1977 ?
(b) Many more than two parties existed in 1977. Why then are the authors describing this period as close to two-party system?
(c) What caused splits in the Congress and the Janata party?
Answer. (a) The imposition of emergency in 1977 and crisies in political parties (ruling party) made the party system in India look like a two-party system.
(b) Two parties which existed in 1977 were (i) Congress and (ii) Non-Congress.

Question.19. Read the passage and answer questions below:
nearly all ‘new social movements’ have emerged as corrective to new maladies environmental degradation, violation of the status of women, destruction of tribal cultures and the undermining of human rights — none of which are in and by themselves transformative of the social order. They are that way quite different from revolutionary ideologies of the past. But their weakness lies in their being so heavily fragmented. a large part of the space occupied by the new social movement seem to be suffering from various characteristics which have prevented them from being relevant to the truly oppressed and the poor in the form of a solid unified movement of the people. They are too fragmented, reactive, ad hocish, providing no comprehensive framework of basic social change. Their being anti-this or that (anti-West, anti-capitalist, anti-development, etc.) does not make them any more coherent, any more relevant to oppressed and peripheralized communities. — Rajni Kothari
(a) What is the difference between new social movements and revolutionary ideologies?
(b) What according to the author are the limitations of social movements ?
(c) If social movements address specific issues, wouldyoosaythattheyam’fragmented’ or that they are more focused ? Give reasons for your answer by giving examples.
Answer. (a) The main difference between new social movements and revolutionary ideologies is that like revolutionary ideologies, none of new social movements are in and by themselves “transformative of the social order” but they emerged as corrective of new maladies.
(b) The authors are describing this period as close to a two-party system because this period saw the end of dominance of single party in India and emergence of Janata Party.
(c) Causes for the splits in Congress and Janata Party were—
(i) For Congress—On the issue of candidate for the presidential election in 1969.
(ii) For Janata Party—Tension among three leaders
Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, and Jagjivan Ram for the leadership in 1979.

Question.20. What was the implication of “Aya Ram…”?

(a) To which year does the cartoon refer ?
(b) Name the person for whpm this comment ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’ was made.
(c) What was the implication of ‘Aya Ram?
Answer. After the incident the practice of defection ie. changing party allegiance has been declared illegal and a specific Anti-defection law has been passed to minimised the practice of Defection.
(a) The above cartoon refers to the year 1967.
(b) The comment Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ was made for Haryana’s MLA Gaya Lai. He changed . his party thrice in a fortnight from Congress to United Front, back to Congress and then within nine hours to United Front again.
(c) After the incident the practice of defection ie. changing party allegiance has been declared illegal and a specific anti-defection law has been passed to minimise the practice of defection.

Question.21. Study the map given regarding Assembly Election Results, 1967 and answer the following question:
(i) What picture did results of election 1967 bring into Indian politics ?
(ii) In which four states of the country, did the Congress not get a majority in the state legislature ?

Answer. (i) The election of 1967 brought into picture the phenomenon of coalitions. Since no single party had got majority, various non-Congress parties came together to from joint legislature parties (called Samyukta Vidhayak Dal) that supported non-congress governments. It most of these cases the coalition partners were ideologically incongruent. In Punjab it was called the “Popular United Front” which comprised two rival Akali parties—Sant group and Master group with both the communist parties— CPI and the CPI(M).
(ii) Orissa, Kerala, Bihar and Madras were the states where the Congress did not get a majority in the State Legislature in 1967.

Question.22. How did the New International Economic Order come into being ? What reforms were proposed by UNCTAD in its report in 1972 ?
Or
‘India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship during the Cold War, which led critics to say that India was a part of the Soviet Camp.’ Do you agree ? Support your answer with any two arguments.
Answer. The idea behind the ‘New International Economic Order’ (NIEO) was to ensure the sustainable economic development of the ‘Least Developed Countries of NAM’. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 entitled ‘Towards a New Trade Policy for Development.’
The report proposed a reform of the global trading system to

1.  give the Least Developed Countries [LDCs] control over their natural resources exploited by the developed western countries.
2. obtain access to western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products and therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries.
3.  reduce the cost of technology from the western countries.
4. provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.

Or
No, we do not agree with the statement because Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions.
Following arguments can be considered in its favour:

1.  Common view on the multipolar world order : Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world order. For both these countries a multipolar world order is the co-existence of several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated settlement of international conflicts, an independent foreign policy for all countries and decision making through bodies like the UN that should be strengthened, democratised and empowered.
2.  India benefits from Russia : India gets meaningful benefits for having healthy relations with Russia on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to central Asia and balancing its relations with China.
3.  Russia’s gains: Like India, Russia stands to gain from this relationship because India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
4.  Besides, Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. Since India is an oil importing nation, Russia is important to India and has repeatedly come to help India during its oil crisis.
5.  In order to meet the demands of energy India is trying to increase its energy imports from Russia and the Republics of Kazakhistan and Turkmenistan. This also broadened the scope for partnership and investment in oilfields.
6.  India has also strengthened its relations with Russia for her nuclear energy plans and space industry. India gets the cryogenic rocket from Russia whenever needed.
7.  Thus, we may safely conclude that India has maintained good relations with all the
   post-communist countries. But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India.

Question.23. Are there any limitations on the hegemony of the US ? Explain briefly.
Or
How has the European Union risen to being a super-national organisation ? What are its limitations?
Answer. As history reveals every empire declines because of its weaknesses inherent in itself, the biggest constraints to American hegemony lie within the heart of hegemony itself. Moreover, we can identify ‘three constraints on American power’, which were actually not in operation in the years following 9/11. Recently all these constraints are slowly beginning to operate. Institutional Architecture : The very first constraint lies in the institutional architecture of the American state. A system of division of powers between the three branches of government places significant brakes upon the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of America’s military power by the executive branch.
Open nature of American society possesses constraint : The second constraint on American hegemony is also domestic in nature and stems from the open nature of American society. In spite of mass media’s promotion or imposition of a particular perspective on domestic opinion in the US, there is nevertheless a deep scepticism regarding the purposes and methods of government in American political culture.
And this factor in the long run, is a huge constraint on US military action overseas, Le., towards the ‘Invasion Policy of America.’
NATO as a constraint on American Hegemony : The most important constraint on American hegemony is NATO. It is the only organisation in the international system that could possibly moderate the exercise of American hegemony today.
Actually, the US has an enormous interest in keeping the alliance of democracies that follow the market economies and therefore it is possible that its allies in the NATO will be able to moderate the exercise of US hegemony through their liberal economic policy.
Or
‘European Union’ was established in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The European Union started as an Economic Union but over time it has evolved from Economic Union to increasingly political one.
EU now has started to act more as a nation-state.
(a) It has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.
(b) Besides, European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
(c) It has also some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
Although, European Union is a super-national organisation and is able to intervene in economic, political and social areas, in many areas its member states have their own foreign relations and defence policies that are often at odds with one another.
(a) For instance, Former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair was America’s partner in the Iraq invasion and many of the European Union’s newer members made up the US-led ‘Coalition of the willing’ whereas, Germany and France opposed American policy.
(b) The integrationist Ag%nda, also at odds, limits the European Union’s ability. For example, Britain’s former Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher kept the UK out of the European market.
(c) Denmark and Sweden have resisted the Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of the Euro. All these odds limit the ability of the EU to act in matters of foreign relations and defence.

Question.24. What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s ?
Or
“Governments that seem to be unstable and quarrelsome are severely punished by the voters.” Explain with reference to Janata Party rule.
Answer. In the early 1970s the government of Indira Gandhi gained popularity due to various factors such as: .

1.  During this period the government made conscious attempts to project its socialist credentials.
2. Indira Gandhi vigorously campaigned for implementing the existing land reform laws and undertook further land ceiling legislation.
3.  Not only this, in order to end her dependence on the other political parties, she strengthened her party’s position in the Parliament and sought a popular mandate for her programmes. Indira Gandhi’s government recommended the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970.
4.  The crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak War leading to the establishment of Bangladesh added one more feather to the popularity of Indira Gandhi.
5.  In this way, Indira Gandhi and her government was seen not only as the protector of the poor and the underprivileged but also as a strong government.
6. The Congress was now in power in almost all the states and restored its dominance. It
   was also popular across different social sections.

Or
The given statement is very much justified because emergency of 1975 at once brought out both weaknesses and the strength of India’s democracy. There are many observers who think that India ceased to be democratic during the emergency.

1.  It was a period of political crisis with changes in the party system. The party in power had absolute majority and yet its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
2. And, the result of the 1977 election took everyone by surprise. For the first time since independence the Congress Party was defeated and brought to an end-the one party dominance. It opened the way for the opposition and the coalition type of government.
3.  Basically, the most valid reasons for the defeat of the Congress Party was the people’s verdict which was decisively against emergency. The opposition fought the election on the slogan of ‘Save Democracy’.
4.  The Janata Party made this election a referendum on the emergency. Its campaign was focussed on the non-democratic character of the Congress rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period.
5. Thus, the 1977 elections turned into a referendum on the experience of the emergency and proved that Governments that are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the voters.
   Conclusion—Thus, the statement is very much justified with Janata Party Rule. After the 1977 general election, the Janata Party came into power. But from the very beginning there was stiff competition among fts leaders for the post of Prime Minister, which showed party lacked direction, leadership and a common programme. This ultimately led to the mid¬term election in 1980. Again, Janata Party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by the Congress.
   Hence, fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in 1980, in which the Janata Party suffered a comprehensive defeat.

Question.25. What were the consequences of the partition of India in 1947 ?
Or
Explain how the General Elections of 1952 in India were a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world.
Answer. The partition year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfers of population that human history has known.

1.  Communal Riots: In the name of religion, people of one community ruthlessly killed and maimed people of the other community. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border. Cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Kolkata became divided into ‘communal zones’.
2. Social Sufferings: People went through immense sufferings. They were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders. Many secured temporary shelter in ‘refugee camps’. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border.
   (a) In many cases women were killed by their own family members to preserve the ‘family honour’.
   (b) Many children were separated from their parents. Those who did manage to cross the borderfound that they had no home. Hence, for lakhs of these refugees’ the country’s freedom meant life in ‘refugee camps’.
3.  Administrative Concerns and Financial Strains : The partition saw not merely a division of properties, liabilities and assets or a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus. What also got divided were the financial assets and things like tables, chairs, typewriters, paper-clips, books and also musical instruments of police band.
   (a) The employees of government and the railways were also divided.
   (b) Above all, it was a violent separation of communities who had hitherto lived together as neighbours. It is estimated that the partition forced about 80 lakhs to migrate across the new border. Between five to ten lakh people were killed in partition related violence.
   (c) Besides, the partition had also created severe conflict between the two communities, i.e., Hindus and Muslims. Keeping all this trauma in view, writers, poets and film makers in India and Pakistan have expressed the ruthlessness of the killings and the sufferings of displacement and violence in their novels, short stories, poems and films. They coined a phrase to describe partition as a ‘division of hearts’.

Or
The general elections of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy because of the following reasons:

1.  Big Test of Democracy— The first general election was the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in prosperous countries like in Europe and North America where everyone was literate.
2. India experimented^with Universal Adult Franchise— India experimented with Universal Adult Franchise which by that time had not been given in some European countries. It was restricted for women. This appeared as India’s bold and risky step.
3. Elections were competitive— Not only this, the elections were competitive. There were on an average more than four candidates for every seat.
4.  Level of participation was encouraging and fair— Even the level of participation in elections was encouraging and more than half the eligible voters turned out to vote on the day of elections. And when results were declared, these were accepted as fair even by the losers.
   Thus, observers outside India were very much impressed. Undoubtedly India’s general elections cf 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy ali over the world.

Question.26. Explain how the Indian government has been pursuing the path of democratic negotiation to solve the Kashmir issue.
Or
“After the elections in 1989, an era of coalition started in which political parties are not aligning or re-aligning on the basis of ideologies.” Explain.
Answer. The Kashmir issue is not just a dispute between India and Pakistan. This issue has external and internal dimensions. It involves the issue of Kashmir identity known as Kashmiriyat and the aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir for political autonomy.
The Indian government has been pursuing the path of democratic negotiations to solve the Kashmir issue:

1.  Kashmir has been given a special status by Article 370 in our Constitution.
2. Article 370 gives greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir compared to other states of India.
3.  Now the state has its own constitution and provisions of the Indian constitution are not applicable to the state.
4.  Kashmir state legislature has the sole power to pass any law.
5.  It has democratically elected representatives.
6. But since 1989 the state has come in the grip of a militant movement mobilised around the demand for a separate Kashmiri nation. To tackle the situation, for a number of years, the state was under President’s rule, the Indian government always pursues the policy of Democratic negotiations to solve the Kashmir issue.

Or
The above statement is justified because in the new era of coalition politics, the emphasis of political parties is on pragmatic considerations rather than on ideological positions and political alliance without ideological agreement. For instance :

1.  Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements.
2. Thus most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP, yet they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.
   Conclusion— Thus with the elections of 1989, a long phase of coalition parties began in India. Since then there have been nine governments at the centre, all of which have either been coalition governments or minority governments supported by other parties. In this new phase any government could be formed only with the participation or support of many regional parties without aligning on the basis of ideologies.

Question.27. What was Narmada Bachao Andolan ? What was the criticism against it ?
Or
The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977 by the Janata Party government. Why was it appointed and what were its findings ?
Answer. Narmada Bachao Andolan was a loose collective local organisations’ movement to save river Narmada. This movement opposed the construction of multi-purpose project known as the • Narmada Sagar Project.

1.  Since its inception the Narmada Bachao Andolan linked its opposition to the Sardar Sarovar Project with larger issues concerning the nature of ongoing developmental projects, efficacy of the model of development that the country followed and about what constituted public interest in a democracy.
2.  Thus, the movement demanded proper and just rehabilitation of all those who were directly or indirectly affected by the project.
3.  The NBA movement also questioned the nature of decision making process that go in the making of mega scale development projects.
4. The NBA also insisted that local communities must have a say in such decisions and that they should also have effective control over natural resources like water, land and forests.

Criticism against Narmada Bachao Andoian
(a) Gujarat state government vigorously opposed the argument and agitation of the movement because the state has benefited from the project. Besides,
(b) the movement’s demand to stop the construction of the dam was severely criticised by many leaders and environmentalists on the following grounds :

1. The obstruction to the process of development
2.  Denial to the access to water to many people and
3. Hurdle to economic development.
   Narmada Bachao Andoian could not gain much support among the main stream apolitical parties including the opposition parties.

Or
The Shah Commission was appointed in May 1977 by the Janata Party government. It was a commission of inquiry headed by Justice J.C. Shah, retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India to inquire into:

1.  Several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of emergency, proclaimed on 25th June, 1975.
2.  The commission examined various kinds of evidences and called scores of witnesses to give testimonies. This included Indira Gandhi who appeared before the commission but refused to answer any questions.

Findings of Shah Commission
The findings of Shah Commission in the form of reports were tabled in the two houses of parliament.

1.  The investigations by Shah Commission after the Emergency found out that there were many ‘excesses’ committed during the emergency.
2.  It estimated that nearly one lakh eleven thousand people were arrested under preventive detention laws.
3.  Several restrictions were put on the press sometimes without proper legal sanctions.
4. The Shah Commission report also mentions that the general manager of the Delhi Power Supply Coorporation received verbal orders from the offices of the Lt. Governor of Delhi to cut electricity to all newspaper presses at 2 a.m. on 26 June, 1975.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Chemistry Outside Delhi 2013

Time allowed: 3 hours                                                                                      Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Questions number 1 to 5 are very short-answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
3. Questions number 6 to 10 are short-answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
4. Questions number 11 to 22 are also short-answer questions and carry 3 marks each.
5. Questions number 23 is a value based question and carry 4 marks.
6. Questions number 24 to 26 are long-answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
7. Use log tables, if necessary. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SET I

Question.1. Of physisorption or chemisorption, which has a higher enthalpy of adsorption ?
Answer: Chemisorption.

Question.2. Name the method used for refining of copper metal.
Answer: Electrolytic fefining of copper metal.

Question.3. Name two poisonous gases which can be prepared from chlorine gas.
Answer: Chloropicrin or tear gas (CCl₃N0₂) and phosgene gas (COCl₂).

Question.4. Write the IUPAC name of the following compound :

Question.5. Rearrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their boiling points: CH₃ – CHO, CH₃ – CH₂ – OH₂ -CH₃ – CH₂ – CHl₃
Answer: CH₃CH₂CH₃ < CH₃CHO < CH₃CH₂OH

Question.6. Write the structure of n-methylethanmine.

Question.7. What are the products of hydrolysis of sugar?
Answer: Glucose and fructose.

Question.8.

Question.9. Account for the following:
(i) Schottky defects lower the density of related solids.
(ii) Conductivity of silicon increases on doping it with phosphorus.
Answer: (i) Due to the missing of equal number of cations and anions from lattice, the density of lattice solid decreases in Schottky defect.
(ii) Presence of one unshared electron in phosphorous increases its conductivity and make silicon an n-type semiconductor.

Question.10. Aluminium crystallizes in an FCC structure. Atomic radius of the metal is 125 pm, what is the length of the side of the unit cell of the metal ?

Question.11.

Question.12. (a) For a reaction A + B —> P , the rate law is given by [2] r = k [A]^1/2 [B]²
(a) What is the order of this reaction?
(b) A first order reaction is found to have a rate constant k = 5.5 x 10-14 s-1. Find the half life of the reaction.

Question.13. (a) Name the method used for removing gangue from sulphide ores.
(b) How is wrought iron different from steel?
Answer: (a) Froth floatation method.
(b) Wrought iron is the purest form of iron with 0.2-0.5% carbon and steel is an alloy of iron. Wrought iron is produced from cast iron.
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements. It has carbon content of 0.1-1.5%.
They also have different properties, industrial and decorative applications.

Question.14. Draw the structures of the following molecules:
(i) XeOF₄ (ii)H₃PO₃

Question.15. How are interhalogen compounds formed? What general compositions can be assigned to them?
Answer: Halogens react with each other to form interhalogen compounds.
Their general composition is XY_n where X is the less electronegative halogen of the two. They can be expressed by the formulas AB₃ to AB₇.

Question.16. Explain the mechanism of the following reaction :

Question.17. Write the equations involved in the following reactions :
(i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
(ii) Williamson ether synthesis

Question.18. Define thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Give one example of each.
OR
What is a biodegradable polymer? Give an example of biodegradable aliphatic polyester.
Answer : Thermoplastic polymers : Intermolecular forces of attraction are intermediate between elastomers and fibres. Eg. Polythene.
Thermosetting polymers : These polymers are cross linked or heavily branchted forming 3-D chain, which can’t be moulded on heating. Eg. Bakelite.
OR
Natural polymers such as starch and cellululose that naturally disintegrate themselves, over a period of time are called biodegradable polymers. Example of biodegradable aliphatic polyester is PHBV (Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxy Vaterate).

Question.19. The rate of a reaction becomes four times when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K. Calculate the energy of activation (E_a) of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature. [R = 8.314 J/K mol^-1, log 4 = 0.6021]

Question.20. What are the characteristics of the following colloids? Give one example of each.
(i) Multimolecular colloids (ii) Lyophobic sols (iii) Emulsions.
Answer: (i) On dissolution, a large number of atoms or molecules of a substance aggregate to form colloidal particles. This colloid is called a multimolecular colloid. E.g. Sulphur sol.
(ii) The colloids in which there is no affinity between the particles of dispersed phase and dispersion medium are called lyophobic colloids. They are not stable, that is easily coagulated and irreversible. They are produced only by special methods. Eg. AS₂S₃S0l, Fe(OH)₃sol.
(iii) Emulsions are colloids in which both dispersed phase and dispersing medium are liquid and immiscible with each other Eg. Milk, cod liver oil, etc.

Question.21. Give reasons for the following:
(i) When R is an alkyl group R₃ P = 0 exist but R; N = 0 doesn’t.
(ii) PbCl₄ is more covalent than PbCl₂.
(iii) N₂ is much less reactive at room temperature.
Answer: (i) Due to absence of d-orbitals, N cannot form pπ -dπ multiple bonds. Thus, it cannot expand its covalency beyond 4. In R₃ N = 0, N has covalency 5 so it does not exist. On the other hand, due to presence of d-orbitals, P forms pπ —dπ multiple bonds and expand its covalency beyond 4. In R₃ P=0 covalency of P is 5 hence it exists.
(ii) Because ‘Pb’ is in +4 oxidation state in PbCl₄ and has high charge/size ratio than Pb²⁺. According to Fazan’s rule, a higher charge on cation or anion makes compound more covalent, +4 state is more stable than +2 state. Hence PbCl₄ is more covalent than PbCl₂
(iii) N₂ has. strong pπ -dπ overlap resulting to triple bond (N = N). Due to short bond length of (N = N) triple bond, N₂ has high bond energy and hence it is less reactive at room temperature.

Question.22. For the complex [NiCl₄]^2-, write
(i) the IUPAC name (ii) the hybridization type
(iii) the shape of the complex
(Atomic no. of Ni = 28)
OR
‘What is meant by crystal field splitting energy? On the basis of crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration or d⁴ in terms of t_2g and e_g in an octahedral field when
(i) ∆₀ > P
(ii) ∆₀ < P

Question.23. Give reasons for the following;
(i) Ethyl iodide undergoes S_N2 reaction faster than ethyl bromide.
(ii) (±) 2-Butanol is optically inactive.
(iii) C — X bond length in halobenzene is smaller than C — X bond length in CH₃ — X.
Answer: (i) I^– ion is better leaving group than Br~ion, therefore, ethyl iodide reacts faster than ethyl bromide in S_N2 reaction.
(ii) (±) 2-butanol is optically inactive because it is racemic mixture i.e. it has enantiomers in equal amount and hence they cancel each other’s rotation of plane polarised light.
(iii) In halobenzene halogen atom is attached to sp³ hybridized carbon while in CH₃-X sp² hybridized carbon which is smaller in size than sp³ hybridized carbon attached to the halogen. Therefore C-X bond in halobenzene is shorter than in CH₃-X.

Question.24. Complete the following reactions :

Question.25. (i) What class of drug is Ranitidine?
(ii) If water contains dissolved Ca²⁺ ions, out of soaps and synthetic detergents, which will you use for cleaning clothes?
(iii) Which of the following is an antiseptic? 0.2% phenol, 1% phenol
Answer: (i) Antacid.
(ii) Soap gets precipitated in hard water hence it can’t be used to wash clothes. On the other hand, synthetic detergents do not precipitate in hard water because its calcium salt is soluble in water. Therefore, it can be used to wash clothes in hard water.
(iii) 0.2% phenol.

Question.26. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 25°C :

Question.27. Shanti, a domestic helper of Mrs. Anuradha, fainted while mopping the floor. Mrs. Anuradha immediately took her to* the nearby hospital where she was diagnosed to be severely ‘anaemic’. The doctor prescribed an iron rich diet and multivitamins supplement to her. Mrs. Anuradha supported her financially to get the medicines. After a month, Shanti was diagnosed to be normal.
(i) What values are displayed by Mrs. Anuradha?
(ii) Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes ‘pernicious anaemia’.
(iii) Give an example of a water soluble vitamin.
Answer: (i) Mrs. Anuradha was caring, helpful and compassionate for her domestic help.
(ii) Pernicious anaemia is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin B₁₂.
(iii) Vitamin C.

Question.28. (a) State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. How does Raoult’s law become a special case of Henry’s law?
(b) 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (K_f for benzene = 5.12 K kg/ mol)
OR
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Ideal solution (ii) Azeotrope (iii) Osmotic pressure.
(b) A solution of glucose (C₆H₁₂0₆) in water is labelled , as 10% by weight. What would be the molality of the solution? (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g/mol)
Answer : (a) Raoult’s law states that the partial pressure of a vapour of a component in the solution in directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Wauuiis’jaw’necomes a special case of Yienry s’law as it states that the partial pressure of gas in vapour phase is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution.

(a) (i) A solution that obeys Raoult’s law. over all ranges of temperature and concentration and shows no attractive forces between components, is called as ideal solution.
(ii) A liquid mixture which distill at constant temperature without undergoing any change in composition is called Azeotropes.
(iii) The minimum external pressure required to prevent osmosis is known as osmotic pressure.

Question.29. (a) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Mn³⁺ is a good oxidising agent.
(ii) E°_M2/M values are not regular for fist row transition metals (3d series).
(iii) Although ‘F’ is more electronegative than ‘O’, the highest Mn fluoride is MnF₄, whereas the highest oxide is Mn₂ G ₇
(b) Complete the following equations :

(a) Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?
(i) Name the element -showing maximum number of
oxidation states among the first series of transition metals from Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30).
(ii) Name the element which shows only +3 oxidation state.
(b) What is lanthanoid contraction? Name an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals.
Answer : (i) Mn⁺³ has electronic configuration 3d⁴ 40. It gains one electron on reduction and become 3d³40 which is half filled stable configuration. Hence it is a good oxidizing agent.
(ii) Due to extra stability of half and fully filled d-orbitals and variations in ionization energies E°_M2/M values are not regular.
(iii) Due to the ability of oxygen to form multi bonds with, metals and because oxygen stabilizes the highest oxidation state even more than fluorine.

OR
(a) Due to the presence of incomplete d-orbitals.
(i) Manganese shows oxidation states from +2 to +7.
(ii) Lanthanum.
(b) Lanthonoid contraction refers to the steady and regular decrease in atomic size along the period from La³⁺ to Lu³⁺ eg. Misch metal alloy which contains 95% lanthanoids and 5% iron.

Question.30. (a) How will you convert the following:
(i) Propanone to Propan-2-ol
(ii) Ethanal to 2-hydroxy propanoic acid
(iii) Toluene to benzoic acid
(b) Give simple chemical test to distinguish between:
(i) Pentan-2 -one and Pentan-3 -one
(ii) Ethanal and Propanal
OR
(a) Write the products of the following reactions:

(b) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?


(b) (i) F-CH₂-COOH is a stronger acid than Cl-CH₂– COOH, because F is more electronegative than Cl, so it will favour release of H⁺ ion faster by dragging electron density towards itself more as compared to Cl.
(ii) Acetic acid is stronger acid than phenol. Acetic acid forms carboxylate ion and phenol forms phenoxide ion. Carboxylate ion is more stable than phenoxide ion due to resonance

SET II

Note: Except for the following questions, all the remaining question have been asked in previous set.

Question.1. Write the structure of 2-aminotoluene.
Answer:

Question.2. Which aerosol depletes ozone layer?
Answer: Chloroflurocarbon (CFCs) present in aerosols depletes ozone layer.

Question.4. Ethanal is soluble in water . why?
Answer: Ethanal is soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding.

Question.5. Write the IUPAC name of the following compound:

Question.8. Give one example of a condensation polymer.
Answer: Dacron or Nylon-6, 6.

Question.9. (a) Why does presence of excess of lithium makes LiCl crystals pink?
(b) A solid with cubic crystal is made of two elements P and Q Atoms of Q are at the comers of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?
Answer: (a) Excess of Li in LiCl causes metal excess defect due to anionic vacancy in the crystal. Pink colour results due to excitation of electrons on absorbing visible light.
(b) Atoms of Qare present at the corners of the cube. Therefore, member of atoms of Q in one unit cell =8 x 1/8= 1. Atoms of P are present at the body centre. Therefore, number of atoms of P in one unit cell = 1. Hence, the formula of compound is PQ.

Question.14. Draw the structures of the following molecules :
(i)XeF₆ (ii)H₂S₂0₇

Question.18. Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods:
(i) Zone refining (ii) Vapour phase refining
Answer: (i) This method is based on the principle that the impurities are more soluble in the molten state than in thesolid state of metal.
(ii) In this process the metal is converted to its volatile compound and collected elsewhere and then decomposed to give pure metal.

Question.19. Define the following terms giving an example of each:
(i) Associated colloids (ii) Lyophilic sol
(iii) Adsorption.
Answer: (i) Associated colloids are colloidal substances which at low concentrations behave as normal electrolytes but at higher concentration they aggregate to form colloids. Eg. Soaps and detergents.
(ii) Lyophilic sols are the colloids in which the particles of dispersed phase have a strong affinity for the dispersion medium. They are reversible in nature because on precipitation they can be easily converted back to colloidal form by adding dispersion medium, eg. Starch sol
(iii) The aggregation of a substance on the surface of liquid or solid is known as adsorption eg. Platinum adsorbs H₂ gas.

Question.22. Write the main products of the following reactions:

Question.27. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Oxygen is a gas but sulphur is a solid.
(ii) O₃ acts as a powerful oxidising agent.
(iii) BiH₃ is the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of Group 15 elements.
Answer: (i) Oxygen is smaller in size than sulphur. Due to small size, it can effectively form pπ — pπ bonds, and forms diatomic 0₂ molecule. The intermolecular forces in oxygen are weak van der Waals forces, which causes it to exit as gas. On the other hand, sulphur does not form strong S=S double bonds and exists as puckered structure held together by covalent bonds and exists as polyatomic molecule. So, it exists as solid.
(ii) O₃ act as powerful oxidising agent because it decompose to give nascent oxygen.
(iii) On moving down the group, the bond length, increases and its strength decreases. Bi-H bond is the weakest. It can break easily and evolves H₂ gas which is a strong reducing agent. Hence, BiH₃ is the strongest reducing agent among group 15 elements.

SET III

Note: Except for the following questions, all the remaining question have been asked in previous sets.

Question.1. What is especially observed when a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution ?
Answer: Tyndall effect is observed due to scattering of light.

Question.2. What is the basicity of H₃PO₃ and why?

Third hydrogen is directly attached to phosphorous is not acidic.

Question.3. Write the IUPAC name of the following compound:

Question.8. Write the structure of prop-2-en-1-amine.
Answer: H₂C=CH-CH₂-NH₂

Question.12. Draw the structures of the following molecules :
(i) N₂O₅ (ii) XeF₂

Question.13. (a) What change occurs when AgCl is doped with CdCl₂? (b) What type of semiconductor is produced when silicon is doped with boron ?
Answer: (a) When AgCl is doped with CdCl₂ impurity defect is produced one Cd²⁺ ion will replace two Ag⁺ ions to maintain electrical conductivity. One position is occupied by Cd²⁺ ion and other will be left as a hole similar to schottky defect.
(b) n-type semiconductor.

Question.18. Name the principal ore of aluminium. Explain the significance of leaching in extraction as aluminium.
Answer: Bauxite (Al₂0₃.2H₂0) is the principal ore of aluminium. The significance of leaching in extraction of aluminium is to prepare pure alumina from the bauxite ore in the following steps :

Question.19, Define the following terms with an example in each case:
(i) Macromolecular Sol (ii) Peptization
(ii) Emulsion.
Answer: (i) Macromolecular sol: They are molecules of large size having high molecular masses. Due to long chain, the van der Waals forces are stronger. Eg. rubber, nylon, etc.
(ii) Peptization : It is the process of converting a precipitate into colloidal solution by shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence of small amount of electrolyte. E.g. A preciptate of Agl can be peptized by shaking with a dilute solution of silver nitrate.
(iii) Emulsion : A type of colloidal solution in which both the dispersed phase and dispersion medium are liquid and are immiscible with each other is called emulsion. Ex. milk.

Question.21. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Though nitrogen exhibits +5 oxidation state, it does – not form pentahalide
(ii) Electron gain enthalpy with negative sign of flourine is less than that of chlorine.
(iii) The two oxygen-oxygen bond lengths in ozone molecules are identical.
Answer: (i) Due to lack of empty d-orbitals in nitrogen, it does not form pentahalide.
(ii) Due to small size, fluorine atom has high electro negativity and strong electron – electron repulsions in its compact 2p orbitals, its electron gain enthalpy is less than that of chlorine.
(iii) The two oxygen bond lengths in ozone are identical due to resonance.

CBSE Class 9 Maths Lab Manual – Parallelogram

Objective
To obtain a parallelogram by paper folding, whose adjacent sides are given.

Prerequisite Knowledge

1. Parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the pairs of opposite sides are equal and parallel.
2. Basic properties of parallelogram.

Materials Required
Glazed papers, pen, pencil, scale.

Procedure

1. Take a sheet of glazed paper. Draw any two intersecting rays AB and BC such that they form an acute angle which will be the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram.
   
2. Fold the paper along a line that cuts the line BC, the part of line BC that lies on one side of the line of fold falls on the other part. Make a crease, such that X₁Y₁ ⊥BC and unfold the paper.
   
3. Fold the paper such that line passes through the point A and is parallel to BC. Make a crease and unfold the paper. Draw the dotted line X₂Y₂.
   
4. Fold the paper along the line that passes through the point C which is parallel to the line AB and cuts the line X₂Y₂. Make a crease and unfold it. Draw the line X₃Y₃ parallel to AB. Mark the intersecting point of X₂Y₂ and X₃Y₃ as D.
   

Observation
Since AD is parallel to BC and DC is parallel to AB, ABCD is the required parallelogram

Result
ABCD is the required parallelogram having AB and BC as its two adjacent sides.

Learning Outcome
Without using protector and scale, we can construct a parallelogram by paper folding of any measurement.

Activity Time
Students may construct parallelogram of sides 4cm and 6cm with different angles.

Viva Voce

Question 1.
What are the main conditions of a quadrilateral to be a parallelogram ?
Answer:
Opposite pair of sides must be equal and parallel.

Question 2.
Do the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other ?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 3.
What is the type of a parallelogram if its all the four sides are equal ?
Answer:
Rhombus.

Question 4.
What is the type of a parallelogram if its one of the angles is 90° ?
Answer:
Rectangle.

Question 5.
If the diagonals of a parallelogram become equal, then what will be the name of the parallelogram ?
Answer:
Rectangle.

Question 6.
In which type of parallelogram, all the sides are equal and diagonals are also equal ?
Answer:
Square.

Question 7.
Is kite shape a parallelogram ?
Answer:
No.

Question 8.
Is a rectangle a parallelogram ?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 9.
Why a trapezium is not a parallelogram ?
Answer:
In a trapezium, only one pair of sides is parallel but in a parallelogram, two pairs of sides are parallel.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In a parallelogram, if one of the angles is 36°, what is the measure of its adjacent angle ?
(i) 144°
(ii) 72°
(iii) 18°
(iv) none of these

Question 2.
In a parallelogram, if one of the angles is 90°, what are measures of other angles ?
(i) 30°, 60°, 90°
(ii) all are of 90°
(iii) 60°, 30°, 45°
(iv) none of these

Question 3.
If in a parallelogram, two adjacent sides become equal, then what will be the shape of the parallelogram?
(i) rhombus
(ii) square
(iii) rectangle
(iv) none of these

Question 4.
In a quadrilateral, if the length of one pair of opposite sides is 3 cm and length of the other pair of opposite sides is 4 cm, then quadrilateral becomes a:
(i) parallelogram
(ii) trapezium
(iii) rhombus
(iv) none of these

Question 5.
In a square of side 10 cm, the length of the diagonal will be:
(i) √100 cm
(ii) 10√2 cm
(iii) 10 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 6.
In a rhombus, diagonals bisect each other at an angle of:
(i) 45° and 135°
(ii) 60° and 120°
(iii) 90°
(iv) none of these

Question 7.
In a rectangle, if length is 14 cm and breadth is 10 cm, then length of the diagonal will be:
(i) 2√74 cm
(ii) √74 cm
(iii) √24 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 8.
In a square, if one of its diagonals is 13cm, then what will be the length of other diagonal?
(i) 169 cm
(ii) 26 cm
(iii) 13 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 9.
ABCD is a parallelogram such that AC is a diagonal. The relationship between ar (∆ABC) and ar (∆ACD) will be
(i) ar (∆ABC) = ar (∆ACD)
(ii) ar (∆ABC) ≠ ar (∆CD)
(iii) ar (∆ABC) = 2 ar (∆ACD)
(iv) none of these

Question 10.
In a parallelogram, if one of the angles is 108°, then what will be the measure of its opposite angle ?
(i) 80°
(ii) 54°
(iii) 108°
(iv) none of these

Answers

1. (i)
2. (ii)
3. (i)
4. (i)
5. (ii)
6. (iii)
7. (i)
8. (iii)
9. (i)
10. (iii)

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