Category: CBSE

CBSE previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Biology Outside Delhi 2011

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions :

1.  There are a total of 26 questions and five sections in the question paper, All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A contains question number 1 to 5, Very Short Answer type questions of one mark each.
3.  Section B contains question number 6 to 10, Short Answer type I questions of two marks each.
4.  Section C contains question number 11 to 22, Short Answer type II questions of three marks each.
5.  Section D contains question number 23, Value Based Question of four marks.
6. Section E contains question number 24 to 26, Long Answer type questions of five marks each.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper, however, an internal choice is provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks. An examined is to attempt any one of the questions out of two given in the question paper with the same question number.

SET-I

SECTION-A

Question.1. Name the embryonic stage that gets implanted in the uterine wall of a human female.
Answer : The blastocyst gets implanted in the uterine wall of a human female.

Question.2. State the importance of biofortification.
Answer: To increase the amount of vitamin, minerals, protein, fat, Micronutrieflt and mineral content of the plants.

Question.3. Biotechnologists refer to Agrobacterium tumifaciens as a natural genetic engineer of plants. Give reasons to support the statement.
Answer : Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a pathogen of several dicot plants. It is able to deliver a piece of its DNA, called Ti (Tumor inducing) plasmid into normal plant cells where it gets incorporated in the host DNA & replicates along with it.

Question.4. How do algal blooms affect the life in water bodies ?
Answer: Algal blooms diminish water quality and deteriorate the water quality by depleting the oxygen content resulting asphyxiation and increase BOD. It also causes fish mortality and extremely toxic to human beings and animals.

Question.5. Name the common ancestor of the great apes and man.
Answer: Ramapithecus and Dryopithecus.

Question.6. Write a difference between net primary productivity and gross productivity.
Answer : Gross Primary (GPP) productivity : It is the total amount of energy captured or he total organic matter or biomass manufactured by the producet by the process of photosynthesis per unit time per unit area.
Net Primary productivity (NPP) : It is the amount of energy or biomass stored by the produces per unit areaper unit time. It is calculated by substracting the amount of energy utilised in respiration from the GPP.

Question.7. Mention the contribution of genetic maps in human genome project.
Answer: Genetic and physical maps act as instruments for the completion of human genome project. Genetic maps were used to study polymorphism among the genes, use of RE (Restriction Endonuclease) to determine specific repetitive DNA sequence commonly present.

Question.8. Name the phase all organisms have to pass through before they can reproduce sexually.
Answer: (i) Juvenile phase (animals) or vegetative phase (plants)
(ii) Reproductive phase .

SECTION-B

Question.9. Name the emyme produced by Streptococcus bacterium. Explain its importance in medical sciences.
Answer : Streptokinase enzyme produced by Streptococcus bacterium. It is extremely useful in medical practice due to its ability to break down blood clots. .

Question.10. How is ‘Rosie’ considered different from a normal cow ?Explain.
Answer : The ‘Rosie’ is first, transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk. Milk contained the human gene alpha-lactalbumin and it was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk.

Question.11. State the use of Biodiversity in modem agriculture.
Answer : Use of biodiversity in development of agriculture:-
(i) Modern agricultural technologies increases the productivity per unit area of land, and helps in the conservation and promotes farming of all wild and native varieties of plants.
(ii) Base for our agricultural food chain, development and safeguard of livestock’s etc.
(iii) The use of plant protection products is an important tool to control some of these invasive Which species and protect biodiversity, including that found on the farm.

Question.12. Write the full form of VNTR. How is VNTR different from “Probe”?
Answer : VNTR stands for Variable Number of Tandem Repeats. Probe is a small fragment of DNA or RNA used for identification of genes in biological system. VNTR is a small fragment of DNA containing tandemely repeated sequence, whose number and length vary among chromosome and’ individuals. A probe can be used for VNTR to find out the relationship between the people, to find out the criminals as to confirm parents of a child.

Question.13. Differentiate between benign and malignant tumours.
Answer : Difference between benign and malignant tumours :

Question.14. The above graph shows Species-Area relationship. Write the equation of the curve ‘a’ and explain.

Answer: curve ‘a’represent the equation S=C\({ A }^{ Z }\) curve ‘b’ represent the equation log S = log C.+ Z log A, where S= Species richness, A= Area, Z = slope of the line (regression coefficient) C = Y-intercept. The characteristic feature of curve is-
(i) Within a region richness of species increases with exploration of new areas in limit.
(ii) Straight line in the graph represent logarithmic value of species richness.
OR
Differentiate between in situ and ex situ approaches of conservation of biodiversity.
Answer: Difference between in situ and ex situ approaches of conservation of biodiversity

Question.15. The cell division involved.in gamete formation is not of the same type in different organisms. Justify.
Answer : Cell division results in the formation of gamete, heterogametic species produce male and female gametes. In Monera, Fungi, Algae and Bryophytes gametes are haploid (n), the gametes are produced by mitotic division. While organism such as pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and animals including human beings, the parental body is diploid (2n), they undergo reduction division, to produce haploid gametes.

Question.16. Identify the type of the given ecological pyramid and give one . example each of pyramid of number and pyramid of biomass in such cases.

Answer : The given ecological pyramid is the inverted pyramid.
Inverted pyramid of biomass: Lake: Phytoplankton —> Zooplankton —> fishes.
Inverted pyramid of number: Tree —> insects —> birds.

Question.17. Describe the Lactational Amenorrhea method of birth control.
Answer : Lactational Amenorrhea method (LAM) is considered a natural method of birth control based on the fact that higher lactation around the clock decreases menstruation and ovulation does not occur. Female will not get pregnant during the first six months after parturition.

Question.18. Name the type of bioreactor shown. Write the purpose for which it is used.

Answer : The given bioreactor is the simple stirred tank bioreactor.
Its purpose is a large scale production of recombinant protein or enzymes, using microbial plants/animals/human cells. It is usually cylindrical or with a curved base to facilitate mixings of reactor content. The stirrer facilitates mixing and use available oxygen. It contains agitator system, an oxygen delivery system, a foam control system, a temperature control system, pH control system and sampling ports so that small volume of the culture can be withdrawn periodically.

SECTION – C

Question.19. Draw a labelled diagram of the reproductive system in a human female.
Answer:

Question.20. Branching descent and natural selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution. Explain each concept with the help of a suitable example.
Answer : Branching descent : Branching descent is the process of development of a new species from, single common descendant. New developed species became, geographically adapted to a new environment ultimately results in complete development of new species, e.g., Darwins Finches-varieties of Finches arose from grain eaters; Australian marsupials evolved from common marsupial.
Natural selection : Natural selection is a process in which better adapted organisms lead to better adaptation and survival while less adapted organisms gets eliminated in successive stages. Selected organisms reproduce and produce stable genetic quality to sustain the changes, e.g., white moth surviving before the industrial revolution and black moth surviving after the industrial revolution.

Question.21. Scientists have succeeded in recovering healthy sugarcane plants from a diseased one.
(a) Name the part of the plant used as explant by the scientists.
(b) Describe the procedure the scientists followed to recover the healthy plants.
(c) Name this technology used for crop improvement.
Answer: (a) Meristematic cells, apical and axillary
(b) Meristem tissue (sugarcane) is grown to nutrient medium leads in invitro.The tissue proliferates to form undifferentiated mass/callus. This callus formed is transferred to a medium containing growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins.
(c) Tissue culture or micropropagation.

Question.22. (i) Name the enzyme that catalyses the transcription of hnRNA.
(ii) Why does the hnRNA need to undergo changes ? List the changes hnRNA undergoes and where in the cell such changes take place.
Answer: (i) RNA polymerase II.
(ii) hnRNA has non-functional introns in between the functional exons. To remove these, it undergoes changes. The changes that hnRNA undergoes includes:
(a) Capping; Methyl guanosine triphosphate is added to 5′ end.
(b) Tailing: In which poly A tail is added at 3′ end.
(c) Splicing: Through which introns are removed and exons are joined.

Question.23. (i) Write the scientific names of the two species of filarial worms causing filariasis.
(ii) How do they affect the body of infected person(s) ?
(iii) How does the disease spread ?
Answer: (i) Filariasis is caused by organism called Wuchereria, two principal species belong to this category is Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi.
(ii) Filarial worm remain in the body for a long time and develops chronic inflammation. They inhabit lymphatic vessels of lower limbs resulting in the swelling of lower limbs and the disease is called elephantiasis or filariasis. Genital organ also gets affected resulting in deformities’ in its shape and size.
(iii) Transmission of infection generally occurs through bite of female mosquito vectors.

Question.24. Name the genus to which baculoviruses belong. Describe, their role in the integrated pest management programmes.
Answer: Nucleopolyhedrovirus.
Role : Baculoviruses is regarded as natural pest management microorganism. They control only species-specific pest, do not affect non-target organisms or beneficial insects are conserved, they thus aid in IPM problems and there is no negative impact on plants or other animals. These viruses can attack wide range of arthropod and some other insects.

Question.25. Unambiguous, universal and degenerate are some of the terms used for the genetic code. Explain the salient features of each one of them.
Answer : This small combination of amino acids sequence was named as genetic code or codon. Sir Har Gobind Khorana developed chemical method for synthesis of RNA molecule. Some of the important characteristic feature of genetic codes is-
(1) Unambiguous — One codon codes for one amino acid,e.g. AUG(Methionine).
(2) Universal – Codon and its corresponding amino acid are the same in all organisms, eg. Bacteria to human UUU ‘ codes for phenylalanine.
(3) Degenerate – Coding of some amino acids are done by more than one sets of codon therefore they are termed as degenerate, e.g. – UUU and UUC code or phenylalanine.

Question.26. Water is very essential for life. Write any three features both for plants and animals which enable them to survive in water scarce environment.
Answer : Features which enable them to survive in water scarce environments are :
Animal adaptation
(i) Kangaroo rats of North America maintain water requirement by internal fat oxidation.
(ii) Some animals have the ability to concentrate urine so that minimum amount of water is lost during excretion.
(iii) Some have burrowing nature to minimize water loss. Plant adaptation
(i) Desert plants develop thick cuticle and deeply placed stomata to decrease rate of transpiration.
(ii) Use of CAM photosynthetic pathway helps stomata to remain inactive or closed during day time.
(iii) Some desert plants develop spikes to replace leaf so that rate of photosynthesis is done by flat stems.
OR
How do organisms cope with stressful external environmental conditions which are localised or of short duration?
Answer : The following methods are employed by organisms to cope with stressful environmental conditions :
(i) Migrate temporarily from the stressful habitat to a hospitable area.
(ii) Suspend activities
(iii) Form thick walled spores
(iv) Form dormant seed
(v) Hibernate during winter
(vi) Planktons undergo diapause

Question.27. (i) State the consequence if the electrostatic precipitator of a thermal plant fails to function.
(ii) Mention any four methods by which the vehicular air pollution can be controlled.
Answer : (i) Particulate matter is considered very harmful, major step for the removal of particulate matter is the implementation of electrostatic precipitator. They are placed near the exhaust of thermal power plant. Precipitator has an electrode wire with thousands of volts, releasing electrons which get attached to the dust particles (negatively charged). On the other side collecting plates attract charged dust particle, where scrubber cleans gases like sulphur oxide.
(ii) Automobile are major source of air pollution, PCB have suggested that particulate size 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM 2.5) are responsible for causing the greatest harm to human health. Four important methods that can be implemented to reduce vehicular pollution :
(a) Use of CNG, (b) Phasing out of old vehicles,
(c) Use of unleaded petrol, (d) Use of low sulphur fuel

SECTION-D

Question.28. Give reasons why:
(i) Most zygotes in angiosperms divide only after certain amount of endosperm is formed.
(ii) Groundnut seeds are exalbuminous and castor seeds are albuminous.
(iii) Micropyle remains as a small pore in the seed coat of a seed.
(iv) Integuments of an ovule harden and the water content is highly reduced, as the seed matures.
(v) Apple and cashew are not called true fruits.
Answer:
(i) To obtain nutrition from the endosperm for the developing embryo.
(ii) The Groundnut seeds rates are albuminous because the endosperm is completely consumed. Whereas, castor seeds rates albuminous because the endosperm persists.
(iii) For the entry of water and oxygen required for germination.
(iv) To protect the embryo and keep the seed viable, until favourable conditions return for germination.
(v) In apple and cashew, ovary does not take part in fruit formation, instead thalamus contributes to fruit formation.
OR
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of L.S. of an embryo of grass (any six labels).
(b) Give reason for each of the following:
(i) Anthers of angiosperm flowers are described as dithecous.
(ii) Hybrid seeds have to be produced year after year.
Answer:
(a)

(b) (i) Each anther of angiosperm is dithecous i.e bilobed in nature with two layered protection called theca (dithecous). (ii) Use of hybrid vegetable and crop is growing exponentially in present era. They have significantly increased productivity of the plants with higher nutritive value and because progeny shows segregation and do not maintain hybrid characters.

Question.29. Describe the mechanism of pattern of inheritance of ABO blood groups in humans.
Answer: In humans, the ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene called gene ‘I’. It has three alleles IA, IB and i. Hence, referred to as multipleallelism. A person possesses any two of the three alleles. Z4 and IB dominate over i. But with each other, Z and Z4 are co-dominant.
Table: The Genetic Basis of Blood Groups in Human Population

OR
(a) Why is haemophilia generally observed in human males ? Explain the conditions under which a human female can be haemophilia
(b) A pregnant human female was advised to undergo M.T. E It was diagnosed by her doctor that the foetus she is carrying has developed from a zygote farmed by an XX- egg fertilized by Y-carrying sperm. Why was she advised to undergo M.T P.?
Answer : (a) Haemophilia is sex linked recessive disease. It is transmitted from unaffected female carrier to a male child with haemophilia. Y has no allele for this. If male inherits Xh from the mother, he will be haemophilic (with the genotype XhY). If female inherits XhXh, one from the carrier mother and one from her haemophilic father, then she can be haemophilic.
(b) In normal human being fusion of two gamete sperm and egg results in the development of zygote, with 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes. Gamete develops after meiosis containing one set of chromosome so called haploid (22 autosome) and one sex chromosome. Fusion of sperm (male) and egg (female) gamete forms diploid zygote with 22 pairs of autosome and a pair of sex chromosome. Male (sperm) possess heterogametic sex chromosome X and Y, while female have only hohaogafnetic chromosome XX. Above given problem deals with trisomic condition, nondisjunction abnormality such as Klinefelter syndrome where males have an extra X chromosome. Genotype of which is XXY or sometime it may be XXYY, XXXY. She was advised to undergo MTP since the child will have the following problems :
(i) Male with feminine traits
(ii) Gynaecomastia
(iii) Underdeveloped testes
(iv) Sterile

Question.30. (i) Describe the characterisucs a cloning vector must possess,
(ii) Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane ? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made “competent” to take up recombinant DNA from the medium ?
Answer: (i) Characteristics features of cloning vector must have:
(a) Presence of selectable marker genes encoding for an antibiotic resistant or genes encoding for a-galactosidase.
(b) Cloning site or recognition site for convenient insertion and removal of plasmid DNA, by the use of RE.
(c) Easy propagation and maintenance of the clone.
(d) Ori or origin of replication
(ii) DNA is a hydrophilic molecule, therefore it cannot pass through the cell membrane. Bacterial cells are made competent by:
(a) Treating bacteria with specific concentration of divalent cation results in increase efficiency of DNA to move inside bacterium cell wall.
(b) Followed by the incubation of cell with recombinant DNA on ice, then place them briefly at 42°C (heat shock), and again back on ice.
OR
If a desired gene is identified in an organism for some experiments, explain the process of the following :
(i) Cutting this desired gene at specific location .
(ii) Synthesis of multiple copies of this desired gene Answer : (i) Cutting of the desired gene at specific location is attained by the implementation of restriction enzymes (RE). Firstly, the restriction endonucleases that recognise the palindromic nucleotide sequence of the desired gene is identified. These enzymes are specialized to cut the fragment of DNA at specific locations. It cuts each of the double helix . at a specific point which is a little away from the centre of the palindromic site. The cutting site is between the same two bases on the opposite strands. This results in over¬hanging single stranded stretches which act as sticky ends, (ii) Multiple copies of the desired gene is synthesised by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. In this method, the desired gene is synthesised in vitro. The double stranded DNA is denatured using high temperature of 95°C arid the strands are separated. Each separated strand acts as template. Two sets of chemically synthesised oligonucleotides (primers) and DNA polymerase are being used in vitro for the multiplication of desired gene. The thermostable Taq polymerase extends the primers using nucleotides provided in the reaction mixture.

SET-II

SECTION-A

Question.3. Why is it essential to have a ‘selectable marker’ in a cloning vector ?
Answer : Selectable markers are essential to identify and eliminate non-transformants, and selectively permiting the growth of the transformants.

SECTION – B

Question.9. Why are some molecules called bioactive molecules? Give two examples of such molecules.
Answer : Bioactive molecules are those molecules which are biologically active. Because microbes like bacteria or fungi are used in their production.
e.g., Citric acid produced by a fungus Aspergillus niger.
Acetic Acid produced by a bacteria Acetobacter aceti.

Question.13. List the two types of immunity a human baby is bom with. Explain the differences between the Jyvo types.
Answer : The two types of immunity are innate and passive/ acquired immunity. Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defense that provides a barriers to the entry of antigens. Passive immunity is a pathogen-specific type of defense that develops in response to encounter with pathogen. The foetus receives antibodies through the placenta.

Question.16. Explain the response of all communities to environment over time.
Answer : Environmental factors like temperature, water, light, soil, etc., may influence the members of communities in varying degrees. Organisms in response to these factors shall try to adapt according to their capacities. This change is orderly,’sequential and parallel with the changes in the physical environment. In this process, they may also try to maintain a constant internal environment through homeostasis or migrate to a less stressful environment or may even suspend activities till favourable conditions return. These changes lead to a community is in real equilibrium with the environment called the climax community.
(i) The cow is administered with FSH to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation to produce 6 to 8 eggs.
(ii) The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
(iii) The fertilised eggs 8-32 cells stage are recovered non- surgically and transferred to surrogate mother where they develop into an improved variety.
(iv) This technology is being used to get high milk yielding females and to increase herd size in short time in cattle.

Question.23. (a) Name the causative agent of typhoid in humans.
(b) Name the test administered to confirm the disease.
(c) How does the pathogen gain entry into the human body?
Write the diagnostic symptoms and mention the body organ that gets affected in severe cases.
Answer : (a) The causative agent of typhoid in humans is Salmonella typhi.
(b) The test administerd to confirm the disease is Widal test.
(c) The pathogen gains entry via small intestine through contaminated food and water and migrate to other organ through blood.
The symptoms include sustained high fever (30°C to 40°C), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, loss of appetite’.

Question.25. (a) Name the scientist who called t-RNA an adaptor molecule.
(b) Draw a clover leaf structure of t-RNA showing the following:
(i) tyrosine attached to its amino acid site.
(ii) anticodon for this amino acid in its correct site (codon for tyrosine is UCA).
(c) What does‘the actual structure of t-RNA look like ?
Answer : (a) Francis Crick (b)

(c)the actual structure of tRNA looks like inverted L.

SECTION-C

Question.21. Describe the technology that has successfully increased the herd size of cattle in a short time to meet the increasing demands of growing human population.
Answer: Multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology (MOET) has successfully increased the herd size of cattle.

SECTION-D

Question.30. (a) With the help of diagrams show the different steps in the formation of recombinant DNA by action of restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoRI.
Name the technique that is used for separating the fragments of DNA cut by restriction endonucleases.
Answer: (a)

Steps in formation of recombinant DNA by action of restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoBl
(b) Gel electrophoresis is used for separating the fragments of DNA cut by restriction endonucleases.
OR
(a) Name the source from which insulin was extracted earlier. Why is this insulin no more in use by diabetic people ?
(b) Explain the process of synthesis of insulin by Eli Lilly Company. Name the technique used by the company.
(c) How is the insulin produced by human body different from the insulin produced by the above mentioned company?
Answer: (a) Earlier, insulin was extracted from pancreas of slaughtered catde and pig. However, this insulin use caused some patients to develop an allergic reaction to this foreign protein.
(b) Eli Lilly used the following producer for insulin synthesis :
(i) Two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of insulin were prepared.
(ii) These sequences were then introduced in plasmids of E. coil.
(iii) The two insulin chains are produced separately.
(iv) The two chains are extracted and combined with creating disulphide bonds to form the assembled mature molecule of insulin.
(c) The pro-hormone (like a pro-enzyme) synthesiszed in the human body has an extra stretch of C peptide.

SET -III

SECTION-A

Question.1. What stimulates pituitary to release the hormone responsible for parturition ? Name the hormone.
Answer: The signal from the fully developed foetus and placenta or the foetal ejection reflex induces mild uterine contraction for parturition. The responsible hormone is oxytocin.

Question.2. Pollinating species of wasps show mutuajism with specific fig plants. Mention the benefits the female wasps derive from the fig trees from such an interaction.
Answer :The female wasp uses the fruit as oviposition and developing seeds for nourishing its larvae.

SECTION-B

Question.9. A relevant portion of P – chain of haemoglobin of a normal human is given below:

The codon for the sixth amino acid is GAG. The sixth codon GAG mutates to GAA as a result of mutation A’ and into GUG as a result of mutation ‘B’. Haemoglobin structure did not change as a result of mutation A’ whereas haemoglobin structure changed because of mutation ‘B’ leading to sickle shaped RBCs. Explain giving reasons how could mutation ‘B’ change the haemoglobin structure and not mutation A’.
Answer: Due to mutation A, GAG mutates to GAA. Both GAG and GAA code for glutamic acid and hence there is no change in RBCs. Whereas GUG formed due to mutation ‘B’ codes for valine and so the RBCs become sickle-shaped.

Question.10. Biopiracy should be prevented. State why and how.
Answer: Biopiracy is unauthorized exploitation of bioresources of developing or under-developed countries. There has been growing realization of the injustice, inadequate compensation and benefit sharing between developed and developing countries. Hence, it should be prevented. It can be prevented by developing laws to obtain proper authorization and by paying compensatory benefits.

Question.13. Why is tobacco smoking associated with rise in blood pressure f and emphysema (oxygen deficiency in the body) ? Explain.
Answer : Tobacco has nicotine, an alkaloid, that stimulates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline which raise blood pressure and increase the heart rate. Smoking tobacco releases carbon monoxide which reduces the concentration of haem-bound oxygen. This causes emphysema.

Question.18. What is polyblend ? Why did the plastic manufacturers think of producing it ? Write its usefulness.
Answer : Polyblend is a fine powder of recycled modified plastic. Polyblend was produced to recycle plastic waste. It was developed by Ahmed Khan, a plastic manufacturer to solve the ever increasing problem and accumulation of waste. Polyblend can be used to lay roads that have increased road life. When blended with bitumen, it enhances the bitumens water repellent properties and increase the life of road.

SECTION-C

Question.23.

Study the diagram showing replication of HIV in humans and answer the following questions accordingly:
(i) Write the chemical nature of the coat ‘A’.
(ii) Name the enzyme ‘B’ acting on ‘X’ to produce molecule ‘C’. Name ‘C’.
(iii) Mention the name of the host cell ‘D’. the HIV attacks first when it enters into the human body.
(Iv) Name the two different cells the new viruses ‘E’ subsequendy attack.
Answer: (i) Coat A’ is made up of protein.
(ii) The enzyme ‘B’ is reverse transcriptase, ‘C’ is viral DNA.
(iii) The host cell ‘D’ is macrophage.
(iv) The new viruses ‘E’ subsequendy attack macrophages and helper T-lymphocytes.

Question.25. Answer the following questions based on Messlson and Stahl’s experiment:
(a) Write the name of the chemical substance used as a source of nitrogen in the experiment by them.
(b) Why did the scientists synthesise the light and the heavy DNA molecules in the organism used in the experiment ?
(c) How did the scientists make it possible to distinguish the heavy DNA molecule from the light DNA molecule ? Explain.
(d) Write the conclusion the scientists arrived at after completing the experiment.
Answer: (a) Ammonium chloride (NH4CI).
(b) To check if DNA replication was semi-conservative.
(c) The heavy and light DNA molecules were distinguished by centrifugation in a Cesium chloride density gradient.
(d) The scientists concluded that DNA replicates semi- conservatively.

CBSE Previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 English Outside Delhi 2015

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions :

1. This paper is divided into three sections : A, B and C. All the sections are compulsory.
2. Separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary. Read these instructions very carefully and follow them faithfully.
3. Do not exceed the prescribed word limit while answering the questions.

SET I

SECTION —A
(READING)

1. Read the passage given below carefully:

1. For four days, I walked through the narrow lanes of the old city, enjoying the romance of being in a city where history still lives – in its cobblestone streets and in its people riding asses, carrying vine leaves and palm as they once did during the time of Christ.
2. This is Jerusalem, home to the sacred sites of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This is the place that houses the church of the Holy Sepulchre, the place where Jesus was finally laid to rest. This is also the site of Christs crucifixion, burial and resurrection.
3. Built by the Roman Emperor Constantine at the site of an earlier temple to Aphrodite, it is the most venerated Christian shrine in the world. And justifiably so. Here, within the church, are the last five stations of the cross, the 10th station where Jesus was stripped of his clothes, the 11th where he was nailed to the cross, the 12* where he died on the cross, the 13th where the body was removed from the cross, and the 14th, his tomb.
4.  For all this weighty tradition, the approach and entrance to the church is non-descript. You’ have to ask for directions. Even to the devout Christian pilgrims walking along the Via Dolorosa — The Way of Sorrow — first nine stations look clueless. Then a courtyard appears, hemmed in by other buildings and a doorway to one side. This leads to a vast area of huge stone architecture.
5. Immediately inside the entrance is your first stop. It’s the stone of anointing: this is the place, according to Greek tradition, where Christ was removed from the cross. The Roman Catholics, however, believe it to be the spot where Jesus’ body was prepared for burial by Joseph.
6. What happened next ? Jesus was buried. .He was taken to a place outside the city of Jerusalem where other graves existed and there, he was buried in a cave. However, all that is long gone, destroyed by continued attacks and rebuilding; what remains is the massive – and impressive – Rotunda (a round building with a dome) that Emperor Constantine built. Under this, and right in the centre of the Rotunda, is the structure that contains the Holy Sepulchre.
7. “How do you know that this is Jesus’ tomb ?” I asked one of the pilgrims standing next to me. He was clueless, more interested, like the rest of them, in the novelty of it all and in photographing it, than in its history or tradition.
8. At the start of the first century, the place was a disused quarry outside the city walls. According to the gospels, Jesus’ crucifixion occurred ‘at a place outside the city walls with graves nearby Archaeologists have discovered tombs from that era, so the site is compatible with the Biblical period.
9.  The structure at the site is a marble tomb built over the original burial chamber. It has two rooms, and you enter four at a time into the first of these, the Chapel of the Angel. Here the angle is. supposed to have sat on a stone to recount Christs resurrection. A low door made of white marble, partly worn away by pilgrims’ hands, leads to a smaller chamber inside. This is the ‘room of the tomb’, the place where Jesus was buried.
10. We entered in single file. On my right was a large marble slab that covered the original rock bench on which the body of Jesus was laid. A woman knelt and prayed. Her eyes were wet with tears. She pressed her face against -the slab to hide them, but it only made it worse.

I. On the basis of your understanding of this passage answer the following questions with the help of given options :
(a) How does Jerusalem still retain the charm of ancient era ?
(i) There are narrow lanes.
(ii) Roads are paved with cobblestones.
(iii) People can be seen riding assess.
(iv) All of the above.
(b) Holy Sepulchre is sacred to————–.
(i) Christianity.
(ii) Islam.
(iii) Judaism.
(iv) Both (i) and (iii).
(c) Why does one have to constantly ask for directions to the church ?
(i) Its lanes are narrow.
(ii) Entrance to the church is non-descript.
(iii) People are not tourist-friendly.
(iv) Everyone is lost in enjoying the romance of the place.
(d) Where was Jesus buried ?
(i) In a cave.
(ii) At a place outside the city.
(iii) In the Holy Sepulchre
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer.
(a) (iv) All of the above.
(b) (i) Christianity.
(c) (ii) Entrance to the church is non-descript.
(d) (iv) Both (i) and (ii).

II. Answer the following questions briefly:
(e) What is the Greek belief about the ‘stone of anointing’ ?
(f) Why did Emperor Constantine build the Rotunda ?
(g) What is the general attitude of the pilgrims ?
(h) How is the site compatible with the Biblical period ?
(i) Why did the pilgrims enter the room of the tomb in a single file ?
(j) Why did ‘a woman’ try to hide her tears ?
(k) Find words from the passage which mean the same as :
(i) A large grave (para 3)
(ii) Having no interesting features/dull (para 4)
Answer.
(e) According to the Greek belief, the stone of anointing is a place where Christ was removed from the cross.
(f) Emperor Constantine built Rotunda to safeguard the Holy Sepulchre and the remaining structure around it.
(g) Pilgrims have a very casual attitude and they are completely unaware about the history and tradition. They are more into capturing pictures and appreciating the novelty of the church.
(h) According to the gospels, Jesus’ Crucifixion occurred ‘at a place outside the city walls with graves nearby…’ and as the archaeologists have discovered tombs from the Biblical era, the site is compatible.
(i) ‘Room of the tomb’ is a very small place, hence the pilgrims entered in a single file.
(j) The woman knelt down to pray looking at the large marble slab and wanted to hide her tears as she became very sentimental.
(k) (i) Tomb.
(ii) Non-descript.

2. Read the passage given below: [10]

1. We often make all things around us the way we want them to be. Even during our pilgrimages we have begun to look for whatever makes our heart happy, gives comfort to our body and peace to the mind. It is as if external solutions will fulfil our needs, and we do not want to make any special efforts even in our spiritual search. Our mind is resourceful — it works to find shortcuts in simple and easy ways.
2. Even pilgrimages have been converted into tourism opportunities. Instead, we must awaken our conscience and souls and understand the truth. Let us not tamper with our own nature of that of the Supreme.
3. All our cleverness is rendered ineffective when nature does a dance of destruction. Its fury can and will wash away all imperfections. Indian culture, based on Vedic treatises, assists in human evolution, but we are using our entire energy in distorting these traditions according to our convenience instead of making efforts to make ourselves worthy of them.
4. The irony is that humans are not even aware of the complacent attitude they have allowed themselves to sink to. Nature is everyone’s Amma and her fierce blows will sooner or later corner us and force us to understand this truth. Earlier, pilgrimages to places of spiritual significance were rituals that were undertaken when people became free from their worldly duties. Even now some seekers take up this pious religious journey as a path to peace and knowledge. Anyone travelling with this attitude feels and travels with only a few essential items that his body can Carry. ‘Pilgrims traditionally travelled light, on foot, eating light, dried chickpeas and fruits or whatever was available. Pilgrims of olden days did not feel the need to stay in special AC bedrooms, or travel by luxury cars or indulge themselves with delicious food and savouries.
5. Pilgrims traditionally moved ahead, creating a feeling of belonging towards all, conveying a message of brotherhood among all they came across whether in small caves, ashrams or local settlements. They received the blessings and congregations of yogis and mahatmas in return while , conducting the dharma of their pilgrimage. A pilgrimage is like penance of sadhana to stay near nature and, to experience a feeling of oneness with it, to keep the body healthy and fulfilled with the amount of food, while seeking freedom from attachments and yet remaining happy while staying away from relatives and associates.
6. This is how a pilgrimage should be, rather than making it like a picnic by taking a large group along and living in comfort, packing in entertainment, and tampering with environment. What is worse is giving a boost to the ego of having had a special darshan. Now alms are distributed, charity is done while they brag about their spiritual experiences !
7. We must embark on our spiritual journey by first understanding the grace and significance of a pilgrimage and following it up with the prescribed rules and rituals – this is what translates into the ultimate and beautiful medium of spiritual evolution. There is no justification for tampering with nature.
8. A pilgrimage is symbolic of contemplation, meditauon and acceptance, and is a metaphor for the constant growth or movement and love for nature that we should hold in our hearts.
9. This is the truth!

I. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions that follow with the help of given options:
(a) How can a pilgrim keep his body healthy ?
(i) By travelling light
(ii) By eating small amount of food
(iii) By keeping free from attachments
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer. (iv) Both (i) and (ii)

(b) How do we satisfy our ego ?
(i) By having a special darshan
(ii) By distributing alms
(iii) By treating it like a picnic
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer. (iv) Both (i) and (ii)

II. Answer the following as briefly as possible :
(c) What change has taken place in our attitude towards pilgrimages ?
Answer . Earlier pilgrimages were a penance to stay near nature and did not require luxury rooms and big cars to travel, now they have become more of a tourism opportunity where people go for a picnic.

(d) What happens when pilgrimages are turned into picnics?
Answer. When pilgrimages turn into picnics, the entire significance of pilgrimage as sadhana is lost. It becomes more of a social gathering, a life of comfort and a boost to ego, where pilgrims brag about charity and their special darshan.

(e) Why are we complacent in our spiritual efforts ?
Answer. Pilgrimages are no more of travelling on foot and living in the ashrams with basic necessities, it has become a picnic with all the comfort, AC rooms, travelling by car with a large group to have all the fun and entertainment. Hence, we are complacent in our spiritual efforts. ‘ ,

(f) How does nature respond when we try to be clever with it ?
Answer. When we try to be dever with nature it does a dance of destruction. Its anger washes away all imperfections are ruining our bodies because of the extra comfort that we are adapting our bodies into. We ate not making any efforts to make our body work and adjust in adverse conditions rather making it all the more tender. Nature is just like everyone’s Amma and would act destructive by affecting our health etc. Sooner or later and force us to understand this truth.

(g) In olden days with what attitude did people go on a pilgrimage ?
Answer. In olden days, pilgrimages were more of a sadhna to love people, stay close to the nature, understand it, stay healthy and eat healthy. It was also for seeking freedom from attachment.

(h) What message does the passage convey to the prilgrims ?
Answer. It conveys the mass age that pilgrimages are a religious connotation and undertaken for ritualistic purposes, to understand the realities of life, to stay close to nature and should not be taken as a tourism opportunity where you gather a large group, enjoy amongst all the luxuries and make a life rest upon only comfort.

(i)Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:
(i) made/turned (para 3)
(ii) very satisfied (para 4).
Answer . (i) Rendered (ii) Complacent.

3. Read the passage given below:
It is surprising that sometimes we don’t listen to what people say to us. We hear them, but we don’t listen to them. I was curious to know,how hearing is different from listening. I had thought both were synonyms, but gradually, I realized there is a big difference between the two words.
Hearing is a physical phenomenon. Whenever somebody speaks, the sound waves generated reach you, and you definitely hear whatever is said to you. However, even if you hear something, it doesn’t always mean that you actually understand whatever is being said. Paying attention to whatever you hear means you are really listening. Consciously using your mind to understand whatever is being said is listening. .
Diving deeper, I found that listening is not only hearing with attention, but is much more than that. Listening is hearing with full attention, and applying our mind. Most of the time, we listen to someone, but our minds are full of needless chatter and there doesn’t seem to be enough space to accommodate what is being spoken.
We come with a lot of prejudices and preconceived notions about the speaker or the subject on which he/she is talking. We pretend to listen to the speaker, but deep inside, we sit in judgement and are dying to pronounce right or wrong, true or false, yes or no. Sometimes, we even come prepared with a negative mindset of proving the speaker wrong. Even if the speaker says nothing harmful, we are ready to pounce on him with our own version of things.
What we should ideally do is listen first with full awareness. Once, we do that, we can decide whether we want to make a judgement or not. Once, we do that, communication will be perfect and our interpersonal relationship will become so much better. Listening well doesn’t mean one has to say the right thing at the right moment. In fact, sometimes if words are left unspoken, there is a feeling of tension and negativity. Therefore, it is better to speak out your mind, but do so with awareness after listening to the speaker with full concentration.
Let’s look at this in another way. When you really listen, you imbibe not only what is being spoken, but you also understand what is not spoken as well. Most of the time we don’t really listen even to people who really matter to us. That’s how misunderstandings grow among families, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters.

(A) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary — minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate tide to it.
Answer .
1. Listening Vs. Hearing
1.1 Difference between the two synonyms .
1.2 Hearing but not listening
1.3 Paying attention
1.4 Hearing as a physical phenomenon
1.5 Consciously using your mind
1.6 Mind full of needless chatter
1.7 Accommodating what is said
2. Judgement about the speaker
2.1 Prejudiced and preconceived notions
2.2 Neg. mindset
2.3 Proving our ver. of things right
3. Ideal way of listening
3.1 Listen first
3.2 Listen with awareness
3.3 Think before you judge
3.4 Words unspoken leave a feeling of tension and negativity
3.5 Speak-your mind out
4. Listening to understand people
4.1 Imbibe what is not spoken
4.2 Times when we don’t listen to people who matter
4.3 Triggers misunderstanding
List of abbreviations used
1. Vs.—Versus
2. Neg. — Negative
3. Ver. – Version
4. Don’t – Do not
Tide – Listening Versus Hearing

(B) Write a summary of die passage in about 80 words.
Answer . Sometimes, we hear people but do not listen to them attentively. The difference between the two synonyms is that one is a physical phenomenon while the other is a conscious use of mind.
We, as listeners, often have preconceived notions about the speaker. We come prepared with a negative mindset, tend to prove them wrong and pounce our own version of things. Ideally, we should listen to them, understand their perception and stop judging them in order to avoid misunderstandings.

SECTION- B
(WRITING SKILLS)

4. lour school, Akash Public School, Agra needs a Canteen Manager. On behalf of the Principal, write an advertisement in about 50 words to be published in the classified columns of a local daily. Mendon the educational and professional qualifications, other qualities required in the manager, who to apply to and the last date for the receipt of applications.
OR
Your dub is going to organise an interclass singing competition. Write a notice in about 50 words inviting names of the students who want to participate in it. Give all the necessary details. You are Navtej/Navita, Secretary, Music Club, Akash Public School, Agra.
Answer.

OR

5. You are Navtej/Navita, Secretary, Environment Club, Akash Public School, Agra. You, along with a group of students, went on a 3-day tour through Corbett National Park. You – found how the tourists abuse the available facilities and thus endanger the environment. Write a letter in 120 -150 words to the editor of a national daily highlighting the situation. 
Suggest ways through which the environment of the Park can be saved.
OR
On Teacher’s Day, you read in a newspaper that privately owned and managed schools in small towns or even in the suburbs of metropolitan cities exploit their teachers by paying them just a fraction of their authorised salaries. This effects their performance in the classroom and thus the lives of their students. Write a letter in 120 -150 words to the editor of a national daily raising yoiir voice against such exploitation. Suggest ways to solve this problem. You are Navtej/Navita, 112 Taj Road, Agra.
Answer.
Akash Public School Agra
5 March 2015
The Editor, ,
The Hindu New Delhi
Subject : The harmful effects of tourism on the Corbett National Park –
Dear Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authority to the rainpant abuse of available facilities in the Corbett National Park by tourists and the subsequent endangerment to the environment, . :
The tourists not only litter the place with non- biodegradable plastic packets and wrappers, but also use wood frqpi the forests for cooking purposes. Excessive trampling of the soil has been reported to have .a harmful effect on the natural ecosystem. The tranquility of the habitat, which is so crucial to the resident fauna, is habitually disturbed by tourists playing loud music in their safari jeeps and during their camps.
The Corbett National Park is the oldest in the country, established in 1936, to protect the endangered Bengal Tiger. The public should be made aware of the fact that eco-tourism should not be facilitated at the cost of harming the “environment. It is my request that this issue should be immediately taken up by your esteemed publication to generate further awareness. ‘
Yours sincerely,
Navita
Secretary
Environment Club
OR
112, Taj Road
Agra
2 March 2015
The Editor,
The Hindu New Delhi
Subject : The harmful effects of tourism on the Corbett National Park
Dear Sir,
It is said that the teachers in privately owned and managed schools in small towns and metropolitan suburbs are being exploited. On the occasion of Teacher’s Day, this issue was brought to light in another national daily, mentioning that the teachers employed in such schools are paid a fraction of their authorized salaries.
Such a malpractice is seen to affect the performance of the teachers in the classroom, as most teachers take up other jobs to put an end to such exploitation and do not put in the requisite hours of teaching in the schools. The school trust pays these teachers much less than the amount they were promised, leading to resignations and constant changes in the faculty. This has affected students performance and led to an atmosphere of uncertainty in the schools, which is detrimental to the cause of education.
As a nation that prides itself on revering its teachers, it must be noted that we cannot build a future for our students if we do not give due credit to our teachers. Therefore, I request your esteemed publication to take up this matter in order to investigate the issue further and mobilize the public towards calling for a complete overhaul in the education system of the country.
Yours sincerely,
Navtej

6. The government has banned the use of animals in the laboratories for the purpose of dissection. Write a debate in 150 — 200 words either for or against this decision.
OR
Some people feel that electronic media (TV news) will bring about the end of print media (newspapers). What are your views on the issue ? Write a debate in 150 – 200 words either for or against this view.
* use of visuals on TV
* authentic and fast .
* not enough news for 24-hour telecast
* may fabricate news
* become repetitive and dull
* even scandals become news
* print media – time tested
* analysed, verified news
* editorial comments
* cater to all interests
Answer . Good morning everyone, Today I am going to express my views against the motion “Banning the use of animals for dissection”.
Dissection of animals in the school laboratories, provides a practical experience for the theoretical knowledge that students gain from books. They procure an opportunity to actually put their learning into practice. It should not be looked at as a unjust practice because such an activity is meant to develop the student’s knowledge of the elements and functions of the living being.
The dissection of animals has a scientific purpose; it is a mode of hands-on education for students such that they learn outside of the pages of the textbook and actually look at what they are being taught. We should give more credit to the sensitivity and intelligence of our students, so as not to believe that a dissection class will make them more prone to animal violence. Students should be taught the value of animal life by making them understand how an animal has the same kind of organs as human beings that perform similar functions. The governing philosophy behind teaching students to dissect animals should be that life, whether human or animal, is the same; each living being is tied to each other by their inner similarity.
Thus, a ban on dissection of animals in school laboratories would not be the best course of action in such a case. I hope my views on this topic were substantial enough to throw a light on this topic.
Thank you.
OR
Good morning everyone. Today I take the opportunity to express my argument against the motion on the belief that electronic media (TV news) will bring about the end of print media (newspaper).
TV news that strives towards authentic and fast reportage , is always at risk of fabricating its content to continue being in circulation. The governing principle for the 24-hours news format is that whether or not news constitutes-the element of worthiness, it should be covered on the channel. If there is nothing worth reporting then the content can be made sensational just to gain better TRP and currency. It tends to become repetitive and dull, scandals are allowed to become news and popularity becomes the main objective. The ambition of TV news to be the soul guardian of objective truth in the field of journalism can be considered to be a tall claim as more often it becomes a site for promotion of commercial products and sensational content in the grab of news. Print media is a time tested medium of information dissemination. The time taken to publish engenders that the content of the report has been analyzed and verified to offer a composite picture to the reader. Editorial commentary ensures an informed view on the issues at hand. Newspapers are far from extinction, they are still a tried and time tested mode of receiving the world at our doorstep. Thus, the electronic media can never overrule the print media.
Thank you.
For :
The means for obtaining news of the world has been a paradigm shift from newspapers to television, especially due to the arrival of the 24-hours news format, reception of news is constant and on the go. The entire news landscape has changed as we are subjected to the concept of breaking news, that is, receiving news as it breaks and without waiting for the newspaper to arrive the next day with an account of events that have already been telecasts by then. The power of visuals on TV has a far wider reach and a more direct impact on the audience while print media still depends on some amount of education and comprehension on the part of readers. The power of the television medium is that the image is a direct message which does not need to be read or deciphered. TV news strives towards authenticity, covering all vantage points for maximum coverage and it is delivered fresh and fast. In such a case, it contributes towards the redundancy of the print media.

7. Ragging has raised its ugly head again. A recent incident at a prestigious school has shown that this evil has not yet come to an end. Write an article in 150 – 200 words on ‘Ragging, an Evil’. You are Navtej/Navita.
* a practice from the British era
* original aim, respect for hierarchy
* enforcing traditions, discipline
* Prefect – a teacher substitute
* misuse of authority
* vulgar aspect
* fatalities
* solution
India is a tourist’s dream destination. Give your views on the tourism potential of India in an article in 150 – 200 words. You are Navtej/Navita.
* places of worship – religious tourism
* foreigners-places of historical interest
* the rich – hill stations during summers
— the sun-kissed beaches in winters
— leisure tourism
* medical tourism — world class hospitals
Answer.
The Evil of Ragging in Educational Institutions
By Navita
Ragging is an evil heirloom, left over from the British era when it was practised in English colleges and Universities to teach the social hierarchy and instill important values since it was believed that the students were lacking in such knowledge due to their immaturity. Unfortunately, these practices gradually became prevalent in educational institutions. The history of. the best Educational Institutions in India is blackened with traumatic cases of brutal ragging, especially in Engineering and Medical Colleges. Ragging was practiced to enforce traditions and discipline freshers into respecting their seniors and the academic hierarchy at such institutions. In a school, ‘Prefect’ is considered to be a teacher’s substitute. However, that does not mean that he/she can misuse his/her authority and indulge in the abuse of power, which happened in a recent case at a prestigious school. Schools are centres of learning and wholesome development, but when power equations within the student, displaying its vulgar aspect, it can lead to fatalities such as continued mental trauma or even death. The solution is to sensitize students and bring awareness to stop the harmful practice of ragging. In order to have able-bodied and healthy-minded future citizens of India, we need to eradicate such practices.
OR
Tourism Potential of India
By Navtej
India has been blessed with a geographical, cultural and linguistic diversity, which is so rich and varied that one will need a lifetime to explore each and every part of India. The tourism potential of India is immense and still to be explored fully. Each century has brought a new culture on to Indian soil leading to a diversified commingling that has shaped modern India.
India is well known all over the world, for its ancient civilization and the artifacts recovered and being excavated till today, prove the genuineness of the claims.
The ancient history of our culture has left behind exquisite monuments and temples together with archaeological finds for the tourist who are interested in them. Besides this, our country has been blessed with natural scenic beauty, right from the coast lines and beaches to the majestic mountains and hill stations.
Tourism is a high potential industry over the world and there are several economies which are totally based on the tourism industry for their survival. The amount of money involved and high value returns could be mind boggling and India likely, would successfully develop an infrastructure conducive to the promotion of the tourism industry.
There are so many places of historical interest, heirlooms left over from the various centuries. From the mosques to the temples and churches, India is a living testament to its vast and varied religious heritage. Being a democratic country, every religion in India has full liberty to celebrate its special festivals in which the entire country participates as a whole. For those looking to just get away from the madding crowd, hill stations during summers, the sun- kissed beaches in winter and leisure tourism are the go-to options. Over the years, medical tourism has also emerged as an extremely viable option, considering world-class facilities are made available at half the prices here, enabling more people to come to India for their health care.
The options enumerated so far are just some instances of India’s diversified tourist potential. There is so much more waiting to be explored in what can truely be the dream destination for tourists.

SECTION-C
(Literature: Text Books and Long Reading Text )

8. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
and looked out at young trees sprinting, the merry children spilling out of their homes, but after the airport’s security check, standing a few yards away, I looked again at her, wan, pale as a late winter’s moon and felt that old familiar ache,
(a) How can the trees sprint ?
(b) Why did the poet look at her mother again ?
(c) What did she observe ?
(d) Identify the figure of speech used in these lines.
OR
On their slag heap, these children
Wear skins peeped through by bones and spectacles of steel t With mended glass, like bottle bits on stones.
(a)Who are these children ?
(b) What is their slag heap ?
(c) Why are their bones peeping through their skins ?
(d) What does ‘with mended glass’ mean ?
Answer.
(a) The poetess is driving to the Cochin Airport. When she looks outside, the young tress seem to Jpe walking past them. With the speed of the car they seem to be running fast or sprinting. The poetess represents A contrast between her ‘dozing’ mother and the ‘sprinting’ young trees.
(b) The poetess looked at her mother again because she was pained to look at her ageing, pale face after she saw the world full of life and activity.
(c) She observed the pale and colourless face of her mother that resembles the late winter moon which lacks brightness as well as strength, like her mother did at that age.
(d) The figures of speech used in these lines are simile: The ‘wan, pale’ face to the mother is compared to ‘a late winter s moon, and personification: ‘trees sprinting….’
OR
(a) These are slum children who go to elementary school of . the slum.
(b) Their slag heap is the heap of waste on which they live, roam and play.
(c) Their bones are peeping through their skins as they are malnourished.
(d) ‘Mended glass’ means broken spectacles. This shows their poverty and inability to buy new glasses.

9. Answer any four of the following in 30 to 40 words :
(a) What did garbage mean to the children of Seemapuri and to their parents ?
(b) How did Rajkumar Shukla establish that he was resolute ?
(c) ‘Life is what it is all about…..’ How is keeping quiet related to life ?
(d) Mention any four things of beauty that add joy to our life.
(e) The manner of his (the Tiger King’s) death is a matter of extraordinary interest. Comment.
(f) In what condition did Dr. Sadao find the American soldier at the seashore ?
Answer.
(a) Small slum children scrounge heaps of garbage. They expect to get some coins, notes or valuable things in it. Sometimes they find a rupee or even a ten rupee note. This gives the hope of finding more. So, they search it excitedly. For children, garbage is wrapped in wonder. For the elders it is a means of survival. Thus, garbage has two different meanings.
(b) Rajkumar Shukla established that he was resolute as he had come all the way from Champaran District in the foothills of Himalayas to Luck now to speak to Gapdhiji. Shukla accompanied Gandhiji everywhere. He also followed him to the Ashram near Ahmedabad. For weeks he never left Gandhi’s side till Gandhiji asked him to meet at Calcutta.
(c) The poet says, ‘Life is what it is about…’ as he advocates and suggests the necessity of quiet introspection but does not advocate total inactivity and death. Total inactivity brings death, while stillness entails rest for a moment so that pne can have calm self-realization as otherwise the people of the world are over active and always on the move. The poet wants ‘no truck with death.’ Keeping quiet is related to doing activities in a purposeful and thoughtful manner.
(d) Everything of nature is a thing of beauty and a source of pleasure. Some of them are : the sun, the moon, old and young trees, flowers, small streams with clear water, masses of ferns, blooming musk-rose and lovely tales, etc. all of these are the things of beauty.
(e) The Maharaja of Pratibandapuram was told that a tiger would be the cause of his death and warned him to be careful of the hundredth tiger. When the Maharaja tried to shoot the hundredth tiger it had only fainted.
The king purchased a wooded tiger to offer to his son as a birthday present. It’s silver pierced Maharaja’s right hand. It is ironical that the infection spread and the king died. The manner of death made the prediction come true in the most extraordinary manner.
(f) Dr. Sadao found the American soldier in a wounded condition at the sea shore. He was very weak and pale. He had a bullet stuck in his wound. His face looked tortured and his back was stained with blood. From his battered cap, he learnt that he was a sailor from an’American Warship. He was almost at the verge of death, if Sadao had not saved him.

10. Answer the following in 120-150 words : –
Even today so many among us believe in superstitions. An astrologer predicted about ‘the Tiger King’ that he would – be killed by a tiger. He ‘killed’ one hundred tigers yet was himself ‘killed’ by a tiger. How did the superstitious belief ‘prevail’ ?
OR
Dr. Sadao faced a dilemma. Should he use his surgical skills to save the life of a wounded person or hand an escaped American P.O.W. over to the Japanese police ? How did he resolve this clash of values ?
Answer . On his birth, the astrologers had predicted that the Maharaja’s death would be caused by the hundredth tiger. As soon as the Maharaja learnt of this, he started killing tigers. This shows that though people believed in superstition, the Maharaja wanted to prove the prophecy wrong. After killing all the tigers in his kingdom, he married a girl whose state had a large tiger population. He killed the tigers in his father- in-law’s kingdom too. He was assured that he had killed hundred tigers and was still alive, but ironically, his death was caused by a wooden tiger. While playing with his son and his wooden tiger, a rough surface pierced the Maharaja’s hand causing infection that later led to his death. Destiny had taken its revenge for trying to overrule it. The superstitious belief prevailed as the hundredth tiger led to the Maharaja’s death.
OR
A conflict of interests arises in a situation when someone in a position of trust, such as a doctor, has competing interests that make it difficult to fulfill his duties. Dr. Sadao was a Japanese surgeon who lived in Japan during the Second World War. He had spent several years in the United States where he had experienced cultural prejudice and bias. He struggled with issues of duty, wartime medicine and racism. Yet he ris¬ked his life to save an enemy, an American and a prisoner of war. He, like a real hero stood up for what he believes in and does not calculate the repercussions. He strike a balance bet¬ween his duty towards humanity and his country. He tends to the soldier, reveals the truth about him to the General and later on helped the soldier escape to safety. He can be viewed as a true hero for his bravery and professional competence.

11. Answer the following question in 120 — 150 words :
Everybody during the last lesson is filled with regret. Comment. (The Last Lesson)
OR
Sophie lives in a world full of dreams which she does not know she cannot realise. Comment.
Answer. According to the order from Berlin, only German was to be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. This order left Mr. Hamel, the village people and Mr. Hamel’s students in deep regret. The villagers regretted not having made utmost use of the French lessons that had been given by Mr. Hamel. They had engaged themselves in their profession to earn a living and had not taken their French lessons seriously. The children and the villagers sitting in the class had always thought that they had enough time to learn the language. But now, during the last French lesson, everybody realised their mistake. They realised how little they knew of their native language. They all attended the last lesson to mark their respect towards their teacher and their country, which was no longer theirs.
OR
’The chapter “Going Places” begins with Sophie telling Julie that one day she would either have a boutique or be an actress. If she ever becomes an actress, she would have the boutique on the side as actresses do not work full time. This clearly shows that Sophie loves living in a world of dreams. Perhaps we can take these dreams as being achievable ones. But her fantasy about the football player Danny Casey shows us that she lives completely lost in her world of fantasies. She strongly believes that she has met Danny Casey despite people not believing in her words. She is so deeply lost in her world of dreams that she does not even doubt her capability of achieving them. Towards the end of the chapter, we see her imagination getting a boost when she sees Danny Casey crisply striking the ball into the goal.

12. Answer the following in 120-150 words :
Describe how Silas Mamber is betrayed by his friend, William Dane.
OR
Why and how did Griffin rob the Vicar’s house ?
Answer . Silas Marner and Dane had become close friends, spending almost all their time in each others company. Silas had for some months been engaged to a young woman servant -flamed Sarah. The two of them often used to meet each other and were quite often joined by William Dane whose presence they never resented. However, Dane had begun to feel jealous of Silas Marner because he had developed a liking for the girl • ; apd wanted to marry her.
Dane played a treachery on him. One night as Silas was watching the clergyman, he found that the deacon was dead and that Dane, had not come. Silas went out to inform the villagers and went home. Later, he was called to a meeting and charged with the theft-of the deacons money from near . his bed. Silas was shocked that Dane was his chief accuser. On search of Silas’ cottage, the empty bag of money was found concealed in a corner. The chapel members were convinced for Mariners guilt. Everyone went against him.
The fact that Sarah broke off the engagement with him and married William a month later also points to the fact that the latter betrayed Silas in order to remove him from his way.
OR
It was four in the morning before dawn; Mrs. Bunting woke up suddenly on hearing the door of their bedroom open and dose. The Vicar (priest) and his wife heard the noises in the house and went to investigate. They distinctly heard a fumbling going on at his study desk down stairs, and then a violent sneeze. Armed with poker, he descended the staircase as noiselessly as possible. Everything was still. Then something snapped, the drawer was opened, there was a rustle of papers. A match was struck and the study room was flooded with yellow light. A candle was lit on the desk, but there was no robber. They heard the sound of money, and realized that the robber had found the housekeeping reserve of gold. The money was gone from the drawer. As they rushed out in the passage, the kitchen door slammed. They entered the kitchen and found no one at the place. There was nobody to be found in the entire house.

13. Answer the following question in 120 – 150 words :
‘Evil begets evil’. In the light of this remark, describe the character of Dunstan Cass.
OR
Attempt a character sketch of Mrs. Hall.
Answer . Dunstan Cass is Squire Cass’ son and Godfrey’s younger brother. He is described as a “spiteful jeering fellow” at the very outset in the chapter 3. We know that he is not as handsome as his brother. He is a selfish and dishonest person who is given to drinking. He knows his brother’s weak points and takes advantage of them to the fullest. Towards the end of the chapter four, he comes out to be a little over-confident about his abilities and his luck. After striking a good bargain for Wildfire, he foolishly participates in the hunt to earn some extra money. However, the horse dies and he is left with nothing. On his way home, he stops at Silas’ cottage. Having a “mind of a possible felon” he quickly finds the bags of gold that Silas had hidden and gets off with them. Evil deeds brought sheer fun to Dunstan. A reader almost seems relieved when Dunstan’s life comes to an end.
OR
Mrs. Janny Hall was a warm-hearted hostess and owner of the inn “Coach and Horses”. The first impression that she creates, presents her in an unpleasant light. She rents the inn-parlour to a stranger without bothering to confirm his identity because he projects himself to be a rich customer.
At this point Mrs. Hall appears to be an opportunist and a money-minded woman. However, the manner in which she puts up with Griffin’s rude behavior shows that she was actually-a very polite hostess who took her duty seriously. She goes out of her way to make her guest’s stay comfortable. Her courteous nature and her hospitality win the appreciation of the reader. But her polite temperament does not make her weak in any way. When the invisible Man crosses all limits of etiquettes, Mrs. Hall firmly puts her foot down refusing to oblige him any further. She denies continuing with the assured services till he cleared all the pending bills. She stands up courageously against an arrogant man like Griffin. She charts her way without letting even her husband to influence her. Mrs. Hall can thus be considered as an independent business woman who is capable of taking her decisions without any support or assistance from others.

SET II

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION-B 
(Advanced Writing Skills)

7. Mid day meal scheme in the school introduced by the government serves several purposes. Millions of children from the deprived sections of society get nutritious food leading to good health, are attracted to the schools, kept from going astray and, thus developed into good citizens. The scheme may have some drawbacks too. Write an article in 150-200 words on all aspects of the scheme. You are Navtej/Navita.
OR
Morning assembly in the school gives a cool and calm start to the otherwise hectic schedule of the day. It can be a means of passing important information to the students. What are your views on this significant event of the day? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Importance of Morning Assembly’. You are Navtej/Navita.
Answer. Mid day meal
By Navtej
The mid day meal scheme in schools was initiated with the dual objective of improving the nutritional status of children in classes, one to five in government schools and government- aided schools also encouraging children from socially and economically disadvantaged backgrounds to attend school regularly. It is a measure taken by the government to ensure that by meeting the nutritional requirements of the students, they would also be helping them in concentrating in school activities. The aim is also to keep children in schools, enable them to devote time to their education rather than leave the school to labour for food or get involved in criminal activities. The scheme estimates that a cooked mid day meal provides a child with a minimum of 300 calories and 8-12 grams of protein. This scheme was revised to cover children in the upper primary section, from the year 2007. The programme is carried out with the help of the local authorities. However, certain issues have cropped up. There has been a lot of eases of food poisoning resulting from the partaking of these mid day meals. In some schools, funds meant for such purposes have been funnelled off into the pockets of those in charge of distributing the grains. The government must inquire into all aspects of the schemes, check the supply chain of food grains, impose strict measures for observance of cleanliness in the school kitchens and ensure that the intention-with which the scheme was started, i.e., to help the students, continues to be the cornerstone of the scheme.
OR
Importance of Morning Assembly
By Navita
The morning assembly in schools starts the day on a cool and calm note, a short breath, before the hectic school day begins with classes, courses and extra-curricular activities, swamping our time. It offers a moment of reflection before the working day begins, the school community meets together and the assembly becomes a medium of communicating matters of significance to the students. The morning assembly is a time when the whole school assembles in the field or school auditorium, prays together, shares information and begins the day joindy on a note of quiet reflection, which is so crucial in preparing for the hectic day ahead. The most important thing is that the assembly imparts a clear sense of vision that there are moments of peace, even if the day seems like there is too much on our plates.

SECTION – C
(Literature : Text Books And Long Reading Text)

9. Answer any four of the following in 30-40 words each:
(a) What does Saheb look for in the garbage dumps ?
(b) How was Gandhi treated at Rajendra Prasad’s house ?
(c) Why does one feel ‘a sudden strangeness’ on counting to twelve and keeping quiet ?
(d) Mention any two things which cause pain and suffering (A Thing of Beauty).
(e) When was the Tiger King in danger of losing his throne
(f) What role did the American professor play in bringing Han a and Sadao together ?
Answer:
(a) For Saheb, the garbage dump was like a mysterious package, full of wonders and magic. He looked for different kinds of treasures in the garbage, like a silver coin or other tit bits.
(b) When Shukla took Gandhi to Rajendra Prasad’s house, he was out of town. The servants knew Shukla as a poor farmer who was pestering their master to help the indigo share croppers. Seeing Gandhi with him they presumed him to be another farmer and allowed him to stay as Shukla’s companion.’
(c) Counting to twelve and keeping quiet brings in us, a sudden strangeness because we are not used to such quiet and peaceful moments. We fail to understand ourselves, and have created a threat of self-destruction, which will be reduced by counting to twelve.
(d) The things that cause suffering and pain include the scarcity of people with a noble temperament and the unhealthy and miserable ways in which humanity is searching for meaning in life.
(e) It happened when a high-ranking British officer visited Pratibandapuram. He was very fond of hunting tigers and being photographed with the ones he had shot. However, he was refused by the Maharaja for hunting as well as being clicked with the killed tigers. This infuriated him and the Tiger King stood a chance of loosing his throne for this.
(f) Dr. Sadao had met Hana at his American professor s house. The professor and his wife were kind people who wanted to help the foreign students and so invited them to their house. After completing their studies in America, Sadao “and Hana returned to Japan and got married.

11. Answer the following question in 120-150 words :
How different from usual was the atmosphere at school on the day of the last lesson ? (The Last Lesson)
OR
How different is Jansie from Sophie ?
Answer . On usual days, when the school started there would be a huge bustle that could be heard out in the street. Sounds of desks being opened and closed and lessons repeated in unison could he heard. While repeating the lessons, students would put their hands on their ears for better understanding of their lessons and the sound of the teachers great ruler rapping on the table could also be heard. But, on the day of the last lesson, the school was as quiet as on a Sunday morning. The narrator saw his classmates already in their respective places and Mr. Hamel walking up and down holding the scary iron ruler under his arm. When the narrator felt frightened to enter the class Mr. Hamel kindly told him to quickly go to his place as they were about to begin the class without him. Moreover, he saw some villagers were sitting on the last benches.
OR
Though Jansie and Sophie were friends, Jansie was completely unlike Sophie. In the beginning of the chapter “Going places,” when we find Sophie telling Jansie about her dream of having
a boutique, Jansie, wearing an expression of doubt, tried to talk sense into Sophie by telling her that having a boutique required a good investment. When Sophie replied that she would manage to gather the sum, Jansie again revealed her practical mind by saying that it would take Sophie a long time to gather the required amount. She also told Sophie that she would not be made the manager straight away. This shows that Jansie had a fair idea about the hard truth of life, which Sophie lacked. She knew that both Sophie and she were destined to work in a biscuit factory and that Sophie’s dreams were just a wishful thinking.

SET III

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION – B
(Advanced Writing Skills)

6. Consumerism is increasing .day-by-day. Luxuries of yesterday have become necessities of today. The result is that the more we want the more miserable we become. Write a debate in 150-200 words on ‘The only way to minimize human suffering and pain is to control our needs.’ You are Navtej/Navita.
OR
Migration from villages to cities has led to the spread of urban slums. People living in these slums lead a miserable life. Economic disparity leads to the problems of law and order. Write a debate in 150-200 words on ‘Solution to the problem of misery in the urban slums lies in creating jobs in the villages.’ You are Navtej/Navita.
Answer . There is sufficiency in this world for man’s needs but not for man’s greed’ said Mahatma Gandhi. Respected panel of jury, teachers, my dear friends and not to forget my worthy but misguided opponents. Today, I, Navita, stand before you to speak for the motion on the topic “The only way to minimise human suffering and pain is to control our needs.”
We know that there is sufficiency, in this world for man’s needs, but what if a man mistakes his greed to be his need? Unfortunately, this is the scenario of today. The things that were regarded luxuries by our forefathers are now termed as necessities. We cannot imagine life without certain items like a blender, a washing machine or even a mobile phone. But weren’t our forefathers able to pull of their lives even without these things? It is time that we understand, that we have become slaves of a time when diseases like diabetes weren’t even heard ” . off, Why? It was because people worked hard without taking
the help of such things and so kept their body’s metabolism running. Whatever be the problem, there is only one simple Solution-Controlling our needs and differentiating them from our greed. The more we enslave ourselves, the more we suffer.
Thank You.
OR
Respected panel of jury, teachers, my dear friends and not to forget my worthy but misguided opponents. Today, I Navita, stand before you to speak for the motion of the topic “Solution to the problem of misery in the urban slums lies in creating jobs in the villages.”
Migration is’a major issue faced by cities. In search of a better and brighter future and to fulfill their dreams, people from small towns and villages leave their life back home and move to cities. Unfortunately, their dreams shatter as they get to live in the already overpopulated urban slums, where they gradually get entangled in the deplorable conditions. Besides, the economic disparity that they face in the cities leads them to the problems of law and order. But, have we ever wondered what is the root cause of migration and the problems attached to it? Yes, it is the dearth of jobs in their native place. There is a huge scope for expansion in villages and small towns but people refuse to see it. The more jobs we create in villages and small towns, the less people will migrate, thereby leading to an economically as well as medically stronger India.
Thank you

SECTION-C
(Literature : Text Books and Long Reading Text)

6.Answer any four of the following in 30-40 words each:
(a) “It is his karam, his destiny.” What is Mukesh’s family’s attitude towards their situation?
(b) What were the terms of the indigo contract between the . British landlords and the Indian peasants?
(c) How will ‘keeping quiet? protect our environment?
(d) Which objects of nature does Keats mention as sources of joy in his poem, ‘A Thing of Beauty’?
(e) Why did Tiger King decide to get married?
(f) What was Sadao’s father’s dream for him ? How did Sadao realise it?
Answer.
(a) Mukesh’s family had resigned themselves to their fate. His father was a poor bangle maker and could not send his sons to school. He could only teach them how to make bangles. His family accepted it as their fate and felt that God-given lineage could not be broken.
(b) Most of the arable land in the Champaran district was divided into large estates that were owned by Englishmen and Indian tenants worked for them. They got the agreements from the sharecroppers to pay them compensaton for being released from the 15% arrangement.
(c) By ‘Keeping Quiet’ the poet means that we should stop all our destructive activities that harm nature. If we count up to twelve, and do not talk, the environment will be saved from us.
(d) The poet says that, a beautiful thing is a source of ever
lasting happiness. The few things that add joy to our life are The Sun, The Moon, a bower of trees and a clear stream of water.
(e) The Tiger King was able to kill only seventy tigers in his kingdom. To prove the prophecy wrong, he needed to kill thirty more tigers. He decided to marry a girl from a royal family of a state with a large tiger population so that he could kill thirty more tigers.
(f) Sadao’s father dreamt of a bright future for his son. He wanted him to reach the sky as the Emit and take Japan towards a better future too. Sadao understood that education was the most important thing to his father and at the age of twenty two, he went to America to study Surgery and Medicine. At the age of thirty, he retuned having realised his fathers dream.

11.Answer the following question in 120-150 words ?
How did the order from Berlin change the situation in the school ? (The Last Lesson)
OR
It is not unusual for a lower middle class girl to dream big. How unrealistic were Sophie’s dreams?
Answer. The order from Berlin was received with an uncanny silence in the school. There were new copies for the students with Trance, Alsace’ written on them. They looked like little flags flooting everywhere in the classroom. This was in contrast to the usual scene when the school would be bazzing with activity. The sound of opening and closing of desks, lessons repeated in chorus and the teachers’ great ruler banging on the table could be heard on the street. But that day, everyone was working quietly and Mr. Hamel, who was dressed formally in the attire that he never wore except on special occasions, was walking up and down with his terrible iron rules under his arm. The only sound that was heard was, the scratching of pen over paper. The villagers had gathered in the classroom and were sitting quietly on the the lock benches.
OR
Answer . Sophie was a middle class girl who had great aspirations. To achieve a glamorous and sophisticated life, she wanted to own a boutique after she finished school. She felt as if she could save the money by working as a manager, or may become an actress as there was real money in it. She was a romantic, who was far removed from reality. Sophie did not have a decent house to live in; her father worked hard to fend for the family and her brother was a mechanic. Her mother worked hard to do the household chores daily. But Sophie dream of doing something beyond all this and wanted to own a shop like Mary Quant, which would be the most amazing shop that the city had ever seen. She also longed to go to places she had never seen. These places lured her towards them because they were distant and mysterious. Sophie’s dreams would never come true as they were unrealistic and not laced with practicality.

 

If you are searching for MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers of all the subjects for Classes 1 to 12 then you have come the right way. You can ace up your preparation for the board exams and crack the MCQ Questions easily. Take the help of Objective Questions of 1st to 12th Standard PDF over here through the quick links available and score max. marks in the exam.

Multiple Choice Questions of Classes 1 to 12 provided for all the subjects here enhances your respective subject knowledge. Boost your problem-solving skills and gain more knowledge by practicing the Multiple Choice Type Questions over here.

Practice: MCQ Questions Quiz

Students can also read NCERT Solutions to get Good marks in CBSE Board Exams.

CBSE Class 9 Maths Lab Manual – Mid-point and Perpendicular Bisector of a Line Segment

Objective
(A) To find the mid-point of a line segment and the perpendicular bisector of a line segment by using paper folding.

Prerequisite Knowledge
Definition of mid-point and perpendicular bisector.
Definition of Mid-point: A point which divides the line segment into two equal parts is known as a mid-point of a line segment. M is the mid-point of AB.

Concept of perpendicular bisector: A line which is perpendicular to the given line segment and divides it into two equal parts is known as perpendicular bisector of the given line segment.

Materials Required
Tracing papers, geometry box, a pair of scissors.

Procedure

1. Take a square sheet of tracing paper and draw a line segment PQ of desired length as shown in fig. (i).
   
2. Fold this sheet along the middle in such a way that point P falls on point Q fig.(ii).
   
3. Press the paper properly, so that a crease is obtained. Unfold the paper and draw the dotted line over the crease.
   Name it AB as shown. Name the point of intersection of line AB and PQ as M fig. (iii).
   

Observation
This point M is mid-point of line segment PQ and the crease obtained is perpendicular bisector of PQ.

Objective
(B) To draw a perpendicular at a point lying on the line segment and from a point lie outside the line segment.

Materials Required
Tracing papers, geometry box, a pair of scissors.

Procedure

1. Take a piece of tracing paper and draw a line segment PQ of desired length as shown in fig.(i).
   
2. Take any point M on the line segment PQ, now fold the paper in such a way that PM falls on MQ as shown in fig.(ii) and fig.(iii).
   Press the paper
   
   
3. Open the paper, a crease is formed at M. Draw a dotted line on this crease with pencil and name it as ML.
   
   In the same way a perpendicular can be drawn from the point outside the line segment. Hence point M lies outside the line segment PQ.
4. On tracing paper, draw figure (v) (a) as shown. Fold the paper along line PQ in such a way that its two opposite corners come close together as shown in (b). Press it and mark the image of point M. Name it M’, unfold the paper.
5. Join M and M’. MM’ is perpendicular to PQ.
   

Result
In this way, we find mid-point of line segment and perpendicular bisector of line segment.

Learning Outcome
By paper folding activity, students will be able to find the mid-point, perpendicular bisector of any line segment and draw perpendicular from any point lying on or outside the line segment.

Activity Time

1. Take any triangle and draw perpendiculars from the opposite vertex to corresponding side of a triangle.
2. Take any triangle and find the mid-points of three sides by paper folding activity.
3. Take any quadrilateral and find the mid-points of four sides by paper folding activity.

Viva Voce

Question 1.
What do you mean by perpendicular bisector of the line segment ?
Answer:
A line which divides the another line segment into two equal parts at 90° is known as perpendicular bisector.

Question 2.
How will you differentiate between mid-point and perpendicular bisector of the line segment ?
Answer:
A point which divides the line segment into two equal parts is known as mid-point and if a line drawn at the mid-point which is perpendicular to the given line segment is known as perpendicular bisector.

In the adjoining figure M is mid-point of line segment AB and PQ is ⊥bisector of AB.

Question 3.
If a line segment of length 8 cm is divided by a perpendicular bisector, then what will be the length of each part of the line segment ?
Answer:
4 cm.

Question 4.
Is it possible to find the mid-point of a line of 7.3 cm by ruler ?
Answer:
No. Because the least count of the ruler is 0.1 cm.

Question 5.
What do you mean by median of a triangle ?
Answer:
A line passing through the vertex to mid-point of opposite side is called median of a triangle.

Question 6.
How many medians can be found in a triangle ?
Answer:
Three medians.

Question 7.
What is the point of concurrency of medians in a triangle ?
Answer:
Centroid.

Question 8.
What do you mean by orthocentre ?
Answer:
The point of concurrency of three altitudes from vertex to opposite sides in a triangle.

Question 9.
How will you find centre of a circle or a circumcircle ?
Answer:
By constructing perpendicular bisector of any two chords of the same circle.

Question 10.
Name the point of concurrency of three perpendicular bisectors in a triangle.
Answer:
Circumcentre.

Question 11.
Name the point of concurrency of three altitudes in a triangle ?
Answer:
Orthocentre.

Question 12.
What is incentre, orthocentre, circumcentre, and centroid in an equilateral triangle ?
Answer:
They all lie on the same point.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In what ratio the medians in a triangle divide each other ?
(i) 2:1
(ii) 1:2
(iii) 3:2
(iv) none of these

Question 2.
In a right angled triangle, what is the position of
orthocentre ? It lies …………..
(i) inside
(ii) outside
(iii) at the vertex
(iv) none of these

Question 3.
Circumcentre of the triangle is the point of concurrency of three ………………
(i) altitudes
(ii) perpendicular bisectors
(iii) angle bisectors
(iv) none of these

Question 4.
In a triangle ABC, if AD and BE are two medians intersecting at G. If AG = 3 cm. What is the value of AD?
(i) 4.5 cm
(ii) 6 cm
(iii) 9 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 5.
In a APQR, if PM and QN are two medians intersecting at G such that GQ = 5 cm. Find the value of GN.
(i) 7 cm
(ii) 2.5 cm
(iii) 7.5 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 6.
In a triangle ‘COW’, CD and WA are two medians intersect at K. If KD = 4 cm, what will be the value of CK?
(i) 5 cm
(ii) 7 cm
(iii) 8 cm
(iv) none of these

Question 7.
Where does the orthocentre lie in obtuse angled triangle ?
(i) outside
(ii) inside
(iii) on any side
(iv) none of these

Question 8.
If a circumcentre lies on the one side of the triangle then what type of triangle will it be ?
(i) acute angled triangle
(ii) obtuse angled triangle
(iii) right angled triangle
(iv) none of these

Question 9.
In an equilateral triangle, the length of each perpendicular bisector will be same or not ?
(i) yes
(ii) no
(iii) two are same
(iv) none of these

Question 10.
Where does centroid lie in a right angled triangle ?
(i) inside
(ii) outside
(iii) on the triangle
(iv) none of these

Answers

1. (i)
2. (iii)
3. (ii)
4. (i)
5. (ii)
6. (iii)
7. (i)
8. (iii)
9. (i)
10. (i)

Math Lab ManualMath Labs with ActivityMath LabsScience LabsScience Practical Skills

CBSE Class 10 Science Practical Skills – Properties of Acetic Acid

BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS
The IUPAC name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid. It belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is CH₃COOH.

AIM
To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):

1. Odour
2. Solubility in water
3. Effect on litmus
4. Reaction with sodium bicarbonate

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Acetic acid, litmus paper, sodium bicarbonate, test tubes, water, test tube stand, lime water.

You can also download NCERT Solutions Class 10 Science to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

THEORY

1. Acetic acid is an organic acid and its 5-8% solution is called vinegar.
2. It is a weak acid. It ionises partially.
   
3. It turns blue litmus red.
4. It is highly soluble in water.
5. It reacts with sodium bicarbonate to liberate CO₂ which turns lime water milky and the milkiness disappears if excess of CO₂ is passed through the solution.
   

PROCEDURE, OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCE

RESULT

1. Acetic acid/ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) has a pungent smell like vinegar.
2. Acetic acid is miscible in water in all proportions i.e. acetic acid and water form a true solution.
3. Acetic acid is acidic in nature as it turns blue litmus red.
4. On reaction with sodium bicarbonate, CO₂ gas is liberated.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Do not inhale vapours of pure acetic acid directly.
2. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from you and your classmates.
3. Freshly prepared lime water should be used.

INTERACTIVE SESSION

Question 1.
What is the formula and the IUPAC name of acetic acid?
Answer:
The formula is CH₃COOH and its IUPAC name is ethanoic acid.

Question 2.
Which functional group is present in acetic acid?
Answer:
Carboxyl (-COOH) group is present in acetic acid.

Question 3.
Is acetic acid an inorganic/organic acid?
Answer:
Acetic acid is an organic acid.

Question 4.
Is acetic acid a strong or a weak acid?
Answer:
Acetic acid is a weak acid.

Question 5.
Give an equation to show its dissociation in water.
Answer:

Question 6.
What happens when acetic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol in the presence of concentrated H2so4?
Answer:
A fruity smell is obtained due to the formation of an ester.

Question 7.
Give the equation involved and name it.
Answer:

Question 8.
What is vinegar?
Answer:
Vinegar is a 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water.

Question 9.
Name the salt of acetic acid which is used for the preparation of methane.
Answer:
Sodium acetate.

Question 10.
What is glacial acetic acid?
Answer:
Glacial acetic acid is pure acetic acid.

Question 11.
In the esterification reaction, what is the role of cone. H₂SO₄?
Answer:
Conc. H₂SO₄ acts as a catalyst.

Question 12.
What is the IUPAC name of ethyl alcohol?
Answer:
Its IUPAC name is ethanol.

Question 13.
Is acetic acid a solid, liquid or a gas at room temperature?
Answer:
Acetic acid is a liquid at room temperature.

Question 14.
Which functional group is present in an ester?
Answer:

Question 15.
Name a salt of a carboxylic acid used as a food preservative.
Answer:
Sodium benzoate.

Question 16.
How can acetic acid be prepared?
Answer:
It can be prepared by the oxidation of ethanol.

Question 17.
List two important uses of acetic acid.
Answer:

1. It is used for the manufacturing of metallic acetates, acetones, esters etc.
2. It is used for coagulating rubber to latex.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Which gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate?
Answer:
CO₂ gas is liberated when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
CH₃COOH(aq) + NaHCO₃(s) ——-> CH₃COONa(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

Question 2.
How will you test that the liberated gas is carbon dioxide?
Answer:
Lime water turns milky when CO₂ is passed through it. On passing the gas in excess, the milkiness disappears.

Question 3.
How will you show that ethanoic acid is acidic in nature?
Answer:
The acidic nature of ethanoic acid can be shown by using blue litmus paper. On putting a drop of ethanoic acid on blue litmus paper it turns red, indicating ethanoic acid is acidic in nature.

Question 4.
Where do you find the use of ethanoic acid in day-to-day food products?
Answer:
Ethanoic acid is the main constituent of vinegar which is used as a preservative.

Question 5.
What is the common name of ethanoic acid as sold in the market in the form of its dilute solution?
Answer:
A dilute solution of ethanoic acid is vinegar.

Question 6.
What type of reaction takes place between ethanoic acid and sbdium hydroxide solution?
Answer:
A neutralisation reaction occurs between ethanoic acid (an acid) and sodium hydroxide (a base).
CH₃COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) ———> CH₃COONa(aq) + H₂O(l)

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions/VSA (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Which of the following pairs of safety symbols are marked on the bottles of commercial acetic acid available in the laboratory?

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Question 2.
On adding acetic acid to solid sodium hydrogen carbonate, a student observes the liberation of a [AI 2009]
(a) greenish yellow gas with a pungent smell.
(b) colourless and odourless gas.
(c) yellow coloured, odourless gas.
(d) colourless gas with smell of rotten eggs.

Question 3.
A student mixed some acetic acid with water. He would have observed the solution formed as [Foreign 2009]
(a) green and transparent.
(b) pink and opaque.
(c) yellow and transparent.
(d) colourless and transparent.

Question 4.
When sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid, the gas liberated is
(a) H₂
(b) CO
(c) CO₂
(d) SO₂

Question 5.
The odour of acetic acid is like that of
(a) burning plastic
(b) vinegar
(c) rotten eggs
(d) fruits

Question 6.
In the following set-up, the gas evolved turns lime water milky. Identify ‘X’.

(a) NaOH
(b) NH₄OH
(c) C₂H₅OH
(d) CH₃COOH

Question 7.
If we add red litmus solution to the following test tubes, the changes observed will be

(a) red, red
(b) red, blue
(c) blue, red
(d) blue, blue

Question 8.
2 mL of ethanoic acid was taken in each of the three test tubes A, B and C, and 2 mL, 4 mL and 8 mL water was added to them, respectively. A clear solution is obtained in [AI 2007C]
(a) test tube A only.
(b) test tubes A and B only.
(c) test tubes B and C only.
(d) all the test tubes

Question 9.
5 mL of acetic acid was added to equal volume of water and the mixture was shaken well for one minute and allowed to settle. The correct representation of the observation made would be as given in test tube

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Question 10.
If p^H paper is dipped in acetic acid, the colour of the strip would be
(a) Green
(b) Blue
(c) Orange
(d) Black

Question 11.
The reaction occurring between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of cone. H₂SO₄ is called
(a) esterification
(b) redox
(c) neutralisation
(d) displacement

Question 12.
Glacial acetic acid is a
(a) -18% solution of acetic acid.
(b) dehydrated solution of acetic acid.
(c) vinegar.
(d) 45% solution of acetic acid.

Question 13.
When acetic acid reacts with X, a salt is formed which on reaction with soda lime gives a gas Y. X and Y are
(a) NaOH, C₂H₆
(b) Na, C₂H₆
(c) NaOH, CH₄
(d) NaHCO₃, C₂H₆

Question 14.
A student takes 5 mL acetic acid in test tube X and adds 3 mL distilled water into it. In test tube Y, he takes 5 mL distilled water and adds 3 mL acetic acid into it. After mixtures settle down, he observes
(a) colloid is formed in both test tubes
(b) homogenous mixture is formed in both test tubes
(c) colloid is formed in X and homogenous mixture in Y.
(d) homogenous mixture is formed in X and colloid in Y.

Question 15.
Four students observed the colour and odour of acetic acid and its reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate. They tabulated their observations as given below.

The correct set of observation is that of student
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 16.
Four students added a small amount of ethanoic acid to sodium bicarbonate. The gas evolved was tested for its behaviour with burning splinter and lime water.

They reported their observations as given below.

The correct observations have been reported by student
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 17.
5 mL of ethanoic acid was taken in each of the two test tubes I and II. Blue and red litmus papers were dipped into test tube I and solid sodium bicarbonate was added to test tube II.

The following observations were reported:
A. Red litmus turned blue in I and no change was observed in II.
B. Blue litmus turned red in I and brisk effervescence was observed in II.
C. Red litmus turned blue in I and a gas of odour like vinegar evolved in II.
D. Blue litmus turned red in I and a gas which supports combustion evolved in II.
Which observation correctly represents the characteristics of ethanoic acid?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

ANSWER KEY

1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (c)
11. (a)
12. (b)
13. (c)
14. (b)
15. (b)
16. (a)
17. (b)

Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Which functional group is present in acetic acid? Name any other compound having same functional group.
Answer:
Acetic acid has carboxylic acid as functional group. This functional group is also present in methanoic acid.

Question 2.
Give any four physical properties of acetic acid.
Answer:

1. It is a colourless liquid having a sour taste, and smell of vinegar.
2. Its boiling point is 118 °C.
3. It freezes to form colourless ice-like solid.
4. It is miscible with water in all proportions.

Question 3.
What will you observe when a drop of acetic acid is placed on a strip of blue litmus paper and then on a red litmus paper one by one? What does it show?
Answer:
Acetic acid turns blue litmus paper red but does not affect red litmus paper. This shows that acetic acid is acidic in nature.

Question 4.
How does acetic acid react with sodium bicarbonate? Give chemical equation for this chemical change.
Answer:
Acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to evolve brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas.

Question 5.
How would you show that carbon dioxide gas is released when acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate?
Answer:
Pass the liberated gas through the lime water. If lime water turns milky, the evolved gas is carbon dioxide. On passing the gas in excess, the milkiness of lime water disappears.

Science Practical SkillsScience LabsMath LabsMath Labs with Activity

CBSE previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 Physical Education Delhi 2014

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1.  The question paper consists of 26 questions.
2. All question are compulsory.
3. Answer to questions carrying 1 mark should be in approximately 10-20 words.
4. Answer to questions carrying 3 marks should be in approximately 30-50 words ,
5.  Answer to questions carrying 5 marks should be in approximately 75-100 words.

PART-A

Question.1.Define active flexibility
Answer . Active flexibility focuses on improving soft tissue extensibility and increasing neuromuscular control. It includes foam rolling (self- myofascial release) as well as active – isolated stretching.

Question.2.What is a bye?
Answer . A bye refers to a dummy team that does not play in the first round but participates in the II nd round. The number of byes in a fixture is the actual difference between the teams participating in the tournament and the next highest number which is the power of 2.

Question.3. What do ’ you understand by Social environment in sports?
Answer . Environment is the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. It is the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity

Question.4. What is a correct posture?
Answer . Posture is the position of the body or body parts, the relative placement of body parts to each other, or an individual’s general carriage or bearing. Posture is the way people hold their bodies upright against the downward pull of gravity. Proper alignment of the spine is necessary for good posture. The spine is not straight; it has three curves, bending inward at the neck, curving slightly out at the upper back and in again at the lower back.

Question.5.What is pratyahar in yoga? **
Answer. Pratyahara means literally “control of ahara,” or “gaining mastery over external influences.” It is compared to a turtle withdrawing its limbs into its shell — the turtle’s shell is the mind and the senses are the limbs. The term is usually translated as “withdrawal from the senses,” but it has many meanings.

Question.6.Define a balanced diet.
Answer . Eating a balanced diet means choosing a wide variety of foods and drinks from all the food groups. It also means eating certain things in moderation, namely saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, salt and alcohol. The goal is to take in nutrients you need for health at the recommended levels.

Question.7. Explain Fartlek.
Answer .  Fartlek, which means “speed play” in Swedish, is a training method that blends continuous
training with interval training.The variable intensity and continuous nature of the exercise places stress on both the aerobic and anaerobic systems. It differs from traditional interval training in that it is unstructured; intensity and/or speed varies, as the athlete wishes.

Question.8. Define sports psychology.
Answer : Sports psychology is the study of how psychology influences sports, athletic performance, exercise, and physical activity. Some sports psychologists work with professional athletes and coaches to improve performance and increase motivation.

Question.9. Differentiate between fitness and wellness. **
Answer.  Fitness refers to the physical part. A fit person is supposed to have a good stamina, strength and flexibility. He or she maintains the fitness by doing various kinds of exercises (indoor or outdoor, freehand or with weights, aerobic or anaerobic etc).
Wellness is a more general term encompassing the whole being which is the mind and soul in addition to the body. Your body can be in a great shape but you could be in a mental mess. You could even be fine mentally but may not be spiritually oriented.
These represent various levels of well being. Mostly, people start with taking care of their bodies, then start working on the mental peace and later graduate towards spiritual progress.
In a small number of people ( like Saints and Monks), the focus on mental and spiritual wellness is very high whereas the effort for physical fitness may or may not be there. Buddha emphasised the importance of a strong and fit body for the purpose of progressing on the spiritual path and that’s why he prohibited self-mortification, prescribing the middle path.

Question.10. Mention any two essential elements of positive sports environment.
Answer. Two essential elements of positive sports environment:

1. Role of individual in improving sports environment: The individual can be a player, the captain of the team or sports captain of the school. They can motivate other students to play and participate in the games and sports by telling them the benefits of sports. An individual can” play a very effective role in the improvement of sports environment for prevention of sports related accidents. For this purpose a well planned and coordinated programme should be designed to minimise the accidents in the field of sports.
2. Prevention of Sports related accidents : In this the Physical Education Teachers and Trainers/ Coaches play very important role. They shall see that there is no obstacle in the ground. The ground is neat, clean and levelled. The training should be done in organized manner. Extra attention should be given to injury oriented sports like Cricket, Hockey, Football, Archery, Javelin Throw, Discus Throw, Shot-put etc. The Physical Education Teacher should be there to provide help at the time of injury or accident that may happen during the game.

Question.11. Write a brief about two elements of yoga. **
Answer. 
The Earth Element (Prithvi) in the body refers to our connection with the earth, the place where the raw elements for our bodies came from. We may bring more “earth” awareness into our yoga practice when we focus on grounding, building a firm base of support, connecting with the earth beneath us. Many times in our lives we become too “lofty” in our thoughts and need to come down to Earth to feel grounded and secure. In balancing postures, for instance, our stability is facilitated through deepening our connection with the Earth. Sometimes the Earth also refers to the Planet that we call home…exploring our connection with our Planet and the beauty and wonders that it holds… which we are all responsible to preserve. The Earth element is represented in the 1st/Root Chakra of the body.

The Water Element (Apah, Jala) in the body refers to the water that flows through our veins, or the circulatory system in the body. Health is only possible as the water element remains flowing in the body. While in our yoga postures (asanas) we may need to consciously increase the flow of blood into a particular area of the body. Sometimes the practice also takes on a flowing action, with one movement fluidly moving into the next. Water has almost magical properties and is essential to life (our bodies are 70% water), with incredible healing and cleansing powers. It is a universal symbol for the soul and is the element representing the 2nd/Sacral Chakra, the area where new life is generated.

Question.12. What are the two methods of flexibility development?
Answer .

1. Warm-up before stretching: The very first thing you must do before stretching is a warm up jog, run, or bike to get loose. You don’t have to run or bike that hard Or far, but it is good to do at least 20 minutes of warm up before stretching.
2.  Do dynamic stretching : Dynamic stretching includes motion and is meant to mimic and exaggerate the movements of actual exercise and daily motions.

Question.13. Differentiate between State and Trait Anxiety.
Answer. State anxiety is characterized by a state of heightened emotions that develop in response to a fear or danger of a particular situation. State anxiety can contribute to a degree of physical and mental paralysis, preventing performance- of a task or where performance is severely affected, such as
forgetting movements during a dance or gymnastic routine; to breaking in sprint or swim starts or missing relatively easy shots at goal i.e. pressure situations.
Trait anxiety refers to,a general level of Stress that is characteristic of an individual, that is, a trait related to personality. Trait anxiety varies according to how individuals have conditioned themselves to respond to and manage the stress.

Question.14. Explain the role of games and sports as means of fitness development. **
Answer.
Healthy mind can be found only in a healthy body. In a weak body there cannot be a healthy and active mind. And for a healthy body physical exercise is a must. Without physical exercise, our body will grow weak, lethargic and dull. The aim of education is the all round development of a personality. It cannot afford to neglect the physical aspect of a student. Development of mind and body are equally important in any good education.

Want of proper physical exercise in the form of games and sports develops many mental problems. Mere intellectual attainment is not enough. Good health and sound body are also a must to face the challenges of life. Therefore, games and sports are an integral part of school education. Education will remain incomplete without physical training and exercise. “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy” is a famous saying. After studies some kid of physical exercise, games and sports are necessary. The refresh body and mind and provide recreation. A game of football or wallyball in the open air is very refreshing. A game of hockey or a match of badminton will help a student regain his lost mental and physical energy. There will be greater intake of oxygen, better blood circulation and digestion because of these. In the open, where games are played there is fresh air, openness and presence of nature. They have a very healthy influence on the players. Running, Jumping, kicking, swimming etc. provide vigorous exercise to our limbs and organs of the body. They provide us physical fitness, courage endurance, cooperation and team spirit. The players are more disciplined and fit than others. Sports and games along with education prepare us to stand up and face the challenges of life.

Games and sports are a valuable form of education. They develop our skills and abilities to the maximum. They teach discipline, obedience and cooperation. Every game has it own rules and regulations. They are binding on the players. All players have to follow them. There is penalty on their violation. One can never win a match without following the laws of the game. He has to abide by the judgement of the refree. It teaches a player how important are laws. It makes clear how important it is to follow the rules and regulations games and sports help us in producing very disciplined citizens, leaders and professionals. They teach how to cooperate with one another and achieve success. It is a playground or gymnasium where team spirit, cooperation and endurance can be taught best, games teach players how to ignore individual interests for the sake of greater interests of the team and society. This teaching of sacrifice is of great social and national interest. Games also teach fair play and faith in equality and justice. They enable us to take defeat and victory in a cheerful spirit.

Games also allow an outlet to our suppressed energy. It helps us a lot in remaining peaceful and non-violent. When our energy is suppressed we become irritative, short-tempered, violent hooliganism and acts of lawlessness. Games also provide us the best use of leisure time.
Famous players and sports persons bring credit for themselves and the country. They are famous and popular and work as country’s cultural ambassadors. They strengthen international relations. They also develop and promote patriotism and national integration. But games are a means and not an end in themselves. They should not be practised at the cost of studies. Excess of everything is bad. They should be played and enjoyed only in spare time. They are real boon and blessing if done properly and wisely.

India needs good and great players and sports persons. They are in great demand to participate in national and international events. India’s record in this respect has been very poor. The boys and girls should be caught at the very young age and trained in different games and sports. There should be no school without a proper playground attached to it. Mere mental education is of no use without physical education. They should go hand-in-hand as integral parts of an education. They are complementary to each other.

Question.15. What is the role of a spectators in creating a positive sports environment? Explain.
Answer : Positive sports environment is the condition and circumstances which are favourable and beneficial for the sportspersons who perform sports activities. Behaviour and attitude of the spectators towards coaches, players and officials should be positive. They should not pass any negative comment towards players, referee, umpire and any other game officials. They should not indulge them in any type of violence. They should try to motivate the players so that they may put up better performance. In this way the spectators can play a vital role for creating positive sports environment.

Question.16. What is the role of yoga in sports? Explain.
Answer. Yoga focuses on harmony between mind and body. To achieve this, yoga uses movements, breath, posture, relaxation and mediation in order to establish a healthy, lively and balanced approach to life. Yoga plays an important role in games and sports also. Yoga improves near about all physical fitness and wellness components required by sportsman.
Paschimottanasans: Paschimottanasans literally translated as “intense stretch of the west”. A yoga position where one sits on the floor with legs flat on the floor, straight ahead. Lift spine long, hinge from the hips instead of the waist. Learn forward without bending your knees. Focus on bringing chest forward, not on bringing the head to the floor.
A similar frontbend is uttanasana which is a standing front bend. Some consider Paschimottanasans to be a safer stretch since gravity is less of a factor than active flexibility in achieving flexibility in the furthest reaches of the stretch.  It is more passive in its initial stages, making it a good transition between the two forms. The arms can also more easily support the upper body in this vulnerable position, and can be used both to move further into or move out of the stretch.
Unlike Uttanasana it is also much easier to move the legs, rotating them inwards or outwards, abducting or adducting them at the hip, flexing or extending the knees, or enacting plantar or dorsi flexion of the ankle. These variations can be performed either as a combined stretch, to change emphasis on different tissues, or simply to takes one’s mind off the hamstrings and lower back being stretched. They can be rhythmically to aid in relaxation.
Dhanurasana : Dhanurasana or Bow pose is a yoga posein which the practitioner lies on their bolly, grabs their feet, and lifts the legs into the shape of a bow. Dhanurasana is also called Urdva Chakrasana. Improoerly executed, this pose could compromise the knees and the spine. Because the spine is placed out of alignment and pressure is applied, this pose can lead to ruptured disks. Any backward extension of the spine should be done exclusively using the back muscles and should never be forced. In addition the spine should always be extended fully from hip bones to the head before moving into any pose. It is always appropriate in any yoga class to skip a dangerous pose in favour of another. In this case, locust pose is appropriate.
Halasana : Halasana or the plow pose, is yoga pose or asana, in which the practitioner lies on the floor, lifts their legs, and then places them behind the head. Practitioners should be advised that this pose can put significant strain on the cervical spine. This pose can cause an injury if not performed properly. It is recommended practitioners conult with a qualified yoga instructor before attemting this or other advanced pose.

Question.17. Explain any two methods for speed development.
Answer: Speed means the velocity with which an individual can execute his movements in other words, it means the capacity of moving a body part or the whole body with the greatest possible velocity. For example, the movements of a smashers arm in volley ball, has the maximum speed or velocity at the time of smashing the volly ball. The following methods are usually adopted for the development of speed in sprinting events.

1.  Acceleration runs : These are usually adopted to develop speed, specially in attaining maximum speed from stationary position. It should be kept in mind that the technique of any event should be learnt in the beginning. Only then, We should switch over to acceleration runs.
2.  Pace Races : It means, running the whole distance of a race at a constant speed. In pace races, an athlete runs the uniform speed. Generally 800 meters and above races are inculded in pace races.

Question.18. Prepare a fixture for 21 teams on a knock out basis.
Answer:

Fixture of 21 teams on knockout basis

Question.19. Suggest five exercises as corrective measures for Round Shoulders.
Answer : These stretches, yoga poses and exercises are very important to work into your regular training program for improved posture and to combat rounded shoulders.

1.  Back bound hand pose
2. Shoulder squeeze
3. Cow face pose
4. Baby cobra pose
5.  Bridge pose

Question.20. Explain any five essential elements of diet.
Answer : Some sources state that sixteen chemical elements are required to support human biochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles. However, as many as 26 elements in total (including the common hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) are suggested to be used by mammals, as a result of studies of biochemical, special uptake, and metabolic handling studies. However, many of these additional elements have no well-defined biochemical function known at present. Most of the known and suggested dietary elements are of relatively low atomic weight, and are reasonably common on land, or at least, common in the ocean (iodine, sodium).
5 most essential elements are :

1.  Calcium
2. Iron
3. Iodine
4. Vitamins
5.  Carbohydrates

Question.21. Explain in detail the developmental characteristics of childhood. **
Answer. Child Development Ages & Stages. … Ages and Stages is a term used to broadly outline key periods in the human development time line. During each stage growth and development occur in the primary developmental domains including physical, intellectual, language and social – emotional.

Question.22. Explain any 5 essential elements of diet. **
Answer. The human body needs a long list of nutrients every day. The essentials, though, are called “macronutrients,” and your body needs them to stay healthy and perform optimally. They include the following five:

1.Carbohydrates
Main function: Provide energy
“Carbohydrates are the body’s main energy source and the brain’s only source of fuel,” says Kate Patton, MEd, RD, a registered dietitian at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. Your body breaks carbohydrates down into glucose, which cells require to create energy.
Get more: The best sources of carbohydrates are whole grains and foods made from those grains, such as whole-wheat bread, bulgur, barley, oatmeal, brown rice, and cornmeal. Limit your intake of sugar and refined grains (including white pasta, white rice, and white breads), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends.

2. Protein
Main function: Build and repair tissue
“Protein is another important source of energy for the body,” Solomon says. Protein consists of amino acids that act as the body’s main building blocks for tissues, such as muscle, skin, bone, and hair. Proteins also assist in many reactions in the body, including the production of enzymes (the catalysts that keep all body processes running smoothly), hormones, and antibodies, Solomon explains.
Get more: The best protein sources are lean meats, poultry and seafood, beans and peas, nuts and seeds, eggs, and soy products, according to the USDA.

3. Fats
Main function: Provide backup energy
“Your body uses fats for energy when carbohydrates aren’t available,” Patton says. “You also need fats as insulation, to help your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins, and to protect your organs.”
Get more: Fats come in both liquid and solid forms. The USDA notes that the best sources of healthful fats are the liquid monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats found in olive oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, nuts, seeds, and avocados, as well as fatty fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Limit foods high in unhealthy saturated fats (red meat, cheese, butter, and ice cream) and trans fats (processed products that contain partially hydrogenated oil), which increase your risk for disease.

4. Vitamins and Minerals
Main function: Maintain optimal health
“You need vitamins and minerals for numerous physiological functions that help you survive,” Patton says. They’re essential for normal growth and development, and each one plays a unique role in helping to maintain optimal health. For example, calcium and vitamin D are necessary for healthy bones, and the B vitamins help support the nervous system, explains Tricia L. Psota, PhD, RDN, president-elect of the DC Metro Area Dietetic Association.
Get more: Vitamins and minerals come from a variety of foods, including fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and lean protein sources. “Eat a selection of colorful fruits and vegetables every day, and vary the types of proteins you eat,” Solomon says.

5. Water
Main function: Enables vital bodily functions
You’ve probably heard that you can live for weeks without food but only days without water. That’s because water is the most important essential nutrient. It is involved in many of your body’s vital functions, and it distributes other essential nutrients to your cells.
Get more: The Institute of Medicine recommends that men consume about 125 ounces of water a day and women 91 ounces per day. About 20 percent can come from foods, and the remaining 80 percent should come from drinking water — about 12 cups a day for men and 8.8 cups for women.

PART – B

Question.23. Write a brief about 4 fundamental skills from any game/ sport of your choice. **

Question.24. Write a short note on SGFI. **

Question.25. Draw a diagram of field/table/court from any game/sport of your choice.**

Question.26. Mention any 4 latest rules from any game/sport of your choice.**

Question.27. Briefly explain the historical development from any game/ sport of your choice.**