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Recognition at the time of sale. This is the most common basis of revenue recognition. The objective of manufacturing or purchasing goods is achieved in the business when the goods are sold away. Thus, income is deemed to be realised when a sale in the ordinary course of business is effected unless the circumstances are such that collection of the sales price is not reasonably assured. From the legal point of view, the sale is taken to be completed when the ownership in goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer. It should be noted that transfer of ownership does not depend on delivery of goods or payment of the price. Both of these obligations may be performed in future also. What is necessary is that the buyer should be responsible to take delivery of the goods or make payment of the price for them. Whether, he takes delivery dfjôods or makes payment of the price now or later is immaterial. Difficulties arise in recognising revenue in case of those businesses which are engaged in providing services rather than selling of goods, e.g., public utility concerns such as Electricity Companies, Water Works, Railways, etc. In case of such businesses, the revenue should be taken to be realised when the invoicing or billing is done for furnishing of services. In other words, accrual basis is the most appropriate basis for recognition of revenue in such cases.

Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 3

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                              [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. What is ‘Amnesty International’ responsible for ?
Answer. “Amnesty International” is responsible for protecting human rights all over the world.
It is a non-government organisation. Its main aim is to promote respect for all the human beings and human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Question.2. Why should the ‘environmental concerns’ be part of contemporary global politics ?
Answer. “Environmental concerns” should be part of contemporary global politics because environmental concerns have a long history. Awareness of the environmental consequences of economic growth acquired an increasingly political character from 1960s onwards.

Question.3. How far is it correct to say that globalisation results in the erosion of State sovereignty ?
Answer. It is correct to say that globalisation results in the erosion of state sovereignty because all over the world, the old welfare state is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions, i.e., maintenance of law and order.
In the place of welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

Question.4. Who was P.C. Mahalanobis ?
Answer. P.C. Mahalanobis was an economist and planner who drafted the Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961).
It was based on the socialist pattern of society.

Question.5. Why did India not join either NATO or SEATO ?
Answer. India did not join either NATO or SEATO because India took particular care staying away from the two alliances.

Question.6. Why is the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 treated as the end of bipolarity ?
Answer. The Berlin Wall which symbolised the division between capitalist and the communist world was demolished by the people on 9th November, 1989.
This marked the unification of the two parts of Germany and the beginning of the end of the communist bloc and in turn led to the end of the bi-polar politics.

Question.7. How can we protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to environment ?
Answer. Indigenous people are the people who help to bring the issues of environment, resources and politics together. Today, they live more in conformity with their particular, social, economic and cultural customs and traditions.
We can protect the rights of the indigenous people through the World Council of Indigenous Peoples formed in 1975. Now, they appeal to governments to come to terms with the continuing existence of indigenous nations as enduring communities with an identity of their own.

Question.8. Mention the role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel towards India’s integration.
Answer. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, also known as the Iron man of India, was India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the integration of Indian states. He played a historic ‘ role in negotiating with the rulers of prirtcely states firmly but diplomatically and bringing most of them into The Indian union.
It was a very complicated task which required skilful persuasion. For example, there were 26 small states in today’s Odisha. Saurashtra region of Gujarat had 14 big states, 119 small states and numerous other administrations.

Question.9. How has the method of voting changed from the first General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004 ?
Answer.

1. In the first General Election it was decided to place inside each polling booth a box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which he/she had to drop into the box of the candidate he/she wanted to vote for.
2.  After the first two elections this method was changed. Now the ballot paper carried the names and symbols of all the candidates and the voter was required to put a stamp on the name of the candidate he/she wanted to vote for.
3.  But since 2004, a new method of EVM, ie., Electronic Voting Machine has been introduced in which a voter has to press the button according to his/her choice. Every button contains the name of the candidate and the symbol of the political party.

Question.10. ‘Regionalism does not imply separation’. Explain.
Answer. All regional movements need not lead to separatist demands because regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an aberration or an abnormal phenomenon. Even in small countries like the United Kingdom there are regional aspirations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
For all regional movements the best way to respond is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression.
For instance, look at the situation in the eighties. Militancy had erupted in Punjab. Problems persisted in the North-East, students in Assam were agitating and the Kashmir valley was on the boil.
Instead of treating these as simple law and order problems, the government of India reached a negotiated settlement with regional movements. This produced a reconciliation which reduced the tensions existing in many regions. The example of Mizoram shows how political settlement can resolve the problem of separatism effectively.
All these examples show that the meaningful and justified regional movement need not lead to separatist demands or encouraged to espouse separatism.

Question.11. What are the reasons behind the rise of international terrorism ?
Answer. Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to security because it is a goal-oriented political weapon. It is a war against democracy and crime against humanity.

1.  The main reason behind the rise of International terrorism is that it seeks to change by force or threat of force a political context or condition that they do not like.
2.  International terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country.
3.  Terrorist groups resort to violence to demoralise the government and put it in a situation of counter-violence.
4.  International terrorism can take the form of hijacking planes or planting bombs in trairB, cafes, markets and other crowded places.
5. The major terrorist attacks in USA on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11th September 2001 have made the world realise that now terrorism has become a global phenomena because even a super power is not free from terrorist attacks or threats.

Question.12. What is the significance of Kyoto Protocol ? Is India a signatory to this protocol ?
Answer. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto in Japan, based on the principles set out in UNFCCC.

1.  The Kyoto Protocol also enjoined upon its members to protect the climatic system on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated respective capabilities.
2.  Besides, certain gases, the carbon dioxide, methane, Hydro fluorocarbons, etc are considered responsible for global warming and the rise in global temperature which may have catastrophic consequences for life on Earth. The Kyoto Protocol stands for the protection of Earth from all these dangerous gases.
   Yes, India is a signatory to this protocol. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.

Question.13. Compare and contrast the electoral performance of various political parties in the 2009 elections.
Answer. In 2009 the fifteenth Lok Sabha Elections were held. This General Election lasted from 16th April to 13th May. It resulted in the formation of United Progressive Alliance Government (UPA), led by Indian National Congress.
• The UPA won around 261 out of 543 seats. NDA with 158 seats got second position while 23 seats were won by the left parties.
• Many other regional parties became allies to various national level parties like the Trinamul Congress Alliance, Left Alliance etc.
• There were many surprises and disappointments in these General Elections. Around 714 million people exercised their votes, which led to around 58 per cent voter turnout in the whole country.
• Thus, the Lok Sabha v^as to be one of its kinds due to large turnout. The number of voters increased tremendously. The voters of the country again elected the UPA Government and Dr. Manmohan Singh continued to be the Prime Minister of the country for the second term.
To sum up, fifteenth Lok Sabha of 2009 started the second phase of the UPA Government which continued till 2014.

Question.14. Describe any two advantages and two disadvantages of ‘coalition’ government in India.
Answer. With the elections of 1989, started a long phase of coalition politics in India.
Two advantages of coalition government:
The emergence of the coalition era gave rise to Other Backward Classes as a political force. These are communities other than SCs and STs who suffer from educational and social backwardness. These are also referred to as “backward castes”. Now many of the constituents of the Janata Party, like the Bharatiya Kranti Dal and Samyukta Socialist Party, have a powerful rural base among some sections of the OBCs.
Alliance politics: The coalition government provided ample opportunities for the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the Dalit and Backward castes like BSP and Bharatiya Kranti Dal. Many of these parties represented powerful regional assertions as well. For instance, the United Front was similar to the National Front of 1989 for it included* Janata Dal and several regional parties. In fact, the BSP under Kanshi Ram was envisaged as an organisation based on pragmatic politics.
Disadvantages of Coalition Government:
One of the drawbacks of coalition government was the rise of politics based on religious identity. After the emergency of 1975 the Bharatiya Jana Sangh merged into the Janata Party and after the fall of the Janata Party it broke up and the supporters of erstwhile Jana Sangh formed the Bharatiya Janata Party.
In the beginning, it embraced ‘Gandhian Socialism’ as its ideology. But when in 1980 and 1984 elections it did not get success, the party changed its ideology and began to emphasise the Hindu nationalist element in its ideology.
Communal Riots : The emergence of a religion based party led to communal riots. For instance, in February-March 2002, large scale violence broke out against Muslims in Gujarat. It is known as Godhra incident. Incidents like this pose a threat to democratic politics.

Question.15. The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies which concept ? Explain its impact on the Indian political system.
Answer. The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies frequent floor crossing by Legislators or changing of party. The concept was developed by the Haryana MLA Gaya Lai in 1967.
He changed his party*thrice in a fortnight from Congress to the United Front back to the Congress and then within nine hours to the United Front again.
Implications on Indian Politics:

1.  This incident later became a political joke and developed the culture of defection in Indian politics. It created instability in political parties.
2.  Now, the Constitution has been amended to prevent this practice.

The “Anti-Defection Law” has been implemented. According to this :

1. No MLA or MP can change parties after being elected.
2.  Now the MPs and MLAs will lose their seat in the Parliament or Vidhan Sabha if they defect.
3.  Besides, the MLAs and MPs cannot differ from the party leaders, they have to accept what they decide.

Question.16. India’s policy of non-alignment has been criticised for being ‘inconsistent’ and ‘unprincipled’. Do you agree ? Why ?
Answer. India’s policy of non-alignment was criticised on a number of counts like :

1.  India’s non-alignment was said to be “unprincipled”. In the name of pursuing its national interest, India, it was said, often refused to take a firm stand on crucial international issues.
2.  Secondly, it is suggested that India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures¬Having criticised others for joining alliances, India signed the Treaty of Friendship with the USSR for 20 years in August 1971. This was regarded, particularly by outside observers, as virtually joining the Soviet alliance system.
   The Indian government’s view was that India needed diplomatic and possibly military support during the Bangladesh crisis and that in any case the treaty did not stop India from having good relations with other countries including the US.

Question.17. Read the passage the answer the question below:
Answer. Indian democracy was never so close to a two-party system as it was during the 1977 elections. However, the next few years saw a complete change. Soon after its defeat, the Indian National Congress split into two groups …………….. The Janata Party also went through major convulsions David Butler, Ashok Lahiri and Prannoy Roy— Partha Chatterjee.
(a) What made the party system in India look like a two-party system in 1977 ?
(b) Many more than two parties existed in 1977. Why then are the authors describing this period as close to a two-party system ?
(c) What caused splits in Congress and the Janata parties ?
Answer. (a) The imposition of emergency in 1977 and crisis among political parties (ruling party) made the party system in India look like a two-party system.
(b) Two parties which existed in 1977 were (i) Congress and (ii) Non-Congress.
The authors are describing this period as close to a two-party system because this period saw the end of dominance of single party in India and emergence of Janata Party.
(c) Causes for the splits in Congress and Janata Party were—
(i) For Congress—On the issue of candidates for the presidential election in 1969.
(ii) For Janata Party—Tension among three leaders
Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, and Jagjivan Ram for the leadership in 1979.

Question.18. India’s neighbours-often think that the Indian government tries to dominate and interfere in the domestic affairs of the smaller countries of the region. Is this a correct impression ?
Answer. No, the given impression is not correct because India has various problems with its smaller neighbours in the region. Given its size and power they are bound to be suspicious of India’s intentions.
• The Indian government on the other hand, often feels exploited by its neighbours.
• India does not want rather does not like political instability in these countries, fearing, it can help outside powers to gain influence in the region.
• The smaller countries on the other hand fear that India wants to be a regionally dominant power, but it is not justified because geographically India is located centrally and is therefore the only country that borders the others, hence India has very prominent place which should not be misunderstood.
However, whether Indian government tries to dominate and interfere in the domestic affairs of the regional countries will depend more on the people and the governments of the region than any other outside power.

Question.19. Read the following passage and answer the question below ?
“In the history of nation-building only the Soviet experiment bears comparison with the Indian. There too, a sense of unity had to be forged between many diverse ethnic group, religious, linguistic communities and social classes. The scale – geographic as well as demo-graphic – was comparably massive. The raw material the state had to work with was equally unpropitious: a people divided by faith and driven by debt and disease.” — Rama Chandra Guha
(a) List the commonalities that the author mentions between India and Soviet Union and give one example for each of these from India.
(b) The author does not talk about dissimilarities between the two experiments. Can you mention two dissimilarities ?
(c) In retrospect which of these two experiments worked better and why ?
Answer. (a) The above two statements of M.K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru reveal or suggest the agenda such as:
• “Enlightened and secular’democracy” to accommodate social diversity and to promote free and fair electoral politics.
• Economic and technological development of India to promote welfare motive.
• Both nations shaped their nations on the linguistic basis.
• A both India and Soviet Union shared same geographical and demographical reasons for the division of states.
(b) The two dissimilarities which the authors do not mention are Soviet Union divided into 15 independent countries by compromising its unity and integrity which is not in India’s case.
(c) The “Indian experiment worked better because it promoted “linguistic and cultural plurality” of the country without affecting the “unity of the nation”.

Question.20.Look at the cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions:

(a) Does the cartoon refer to a puppet government ?
(b) Describe the role of such a government in the Indian democratic set-up.
(c) What is meant by ‘Support the Government from outside’ ?
Answer.(a) Yes, the above cartoon refers to a “puppet government” and is an example of coalition government.
(b) Such type of government plays both a negative and positive role.
In a very negative way, the coalition or puppet government provides very unstable form of government. Due to its instability decisions are sometimes delayed or not taken unanimously.
On the other side, in its positive way coalition government provides ample opportunity to the regional parties to play a crucial role in forming ruling alliances.
(c) “Support the government from outside” signifies that not taking significant and direct position in the government but help in the formation of government.
For example, in the 1989 election, the National Front received support from two diametrically opposite political groups, i.e., the BJP and the Left Front. On this basis the National Front formed a coalition government but the BJP and the Left Front did not join this government. This is called supporting the government from outside.

Question.21. Study the given map of the world and answer the following questions in your Answer Book.
(a) Identify and name the countries marked A, B, C and D respectively.
(b) Write the names of the following UN Secretary Generals with the names of the countries they belonged to.
(1) Dag Hammarskj&ld (2) Kurt Waldheim
(3) Boutros Boutros-Ghali (4) Kofi A. Annan

Answer. (a) Countries are :
A – Sweden B – Nigeria
C – France D – Egypt
(b) Names of the UN Secretary Generals with the names of the countries they belonged to:
(1) Dag Hammarskjold [1953-1961] – Sweden
(2) Kurt Waldheim [1972-1981] – Austria
(3) Boutros Boutros-Ghali [1992-1996] – Egypt
(4) Kofi A. Annan [1997-2006] – Ghana
(c) The Secretary General of UN is a world moderator. He is responsible for making an annual report to general threaten international peace and security.

Question.22. What is meant by ‘Shock-Therapy’ ? Assess its consequences on the post-communist regimes.
Or
Examine India’s relationship with the US and USSR during the Cold War.
Answer. The Shock-Therapy was the “State of affairs” which signifies the collapse of communism followed by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
Shock-Therapy varied in intensity and speed among the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar.
No, the Shock-Therapy was not the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism, because it was followed up by several drawbacks like :

1.  Russia, the large state controlled industrial complex almost collapsed, as about 90 per cent of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals and companies.
2.  Since, the restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government directed industrial policies, it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries. This was called the largest garage sale in history as valuable industries were undervalued and sold at throw away prices.
   The largest garage sale in history signifies the ruin and collapse of industrial complex in Russia. Under the effect of Shock-Therapy the restructuring was carried out through magnet forces and not by government directed industrial policies; it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries. This was called “the largest garage sale” in history as valuable industries were under-valued and sold at throwaway prices.

Under the influence of Shock-Therapy the old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed.

1. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty.
2. The middle classes were pushed to the periphery of society and the academic and intellectual manpower disintegrated or migrated.
3.  A mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities.
4.  Privatisation led to new disparities. Post-Soviet states, especially Russia, were divided in rich and poor regions.
   Hence, in the post-cold war era, unlike the earlier system, there was great economic inequality between people.

Under the transition period with the effect of Shock-Therapy the old trading structure of Russia broke down with no alternative in its place.

1. The value of the ruble, the Russian currency, declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings.
2.  The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security and Russia started to import food. The GDP of Russia also declined from 1989 to 1999.
   All these factors forced the Russian Economy to collapse and industrial complex to decline. Conclusion : All these show that the Shock-Therapy administered in the 1990s did not lead the people into the promised utopia of mass consumption. Generally it brought ruin to the economies and disaster upon the people of the entire region.

Or
India’s foreign policy towards US and USSR during the Cold War era was neither negative nor passive.

1.  In spite ofbeing the founder member Of NAM, India was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries.
2. India tried to reduce the differences between the alliances and thereby prevent differences from escalating into a full-scale war.
   Indian diplomats and leaders often used to communicate and mediate between Cold War rivals such as in the Korean war in the early 1950s.
   Besides, during the Cold War/ India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organisations, which were not a part of the alliances led by the US and US5R.
3. Jawaharla! Nehru, the key member of NAM, reposed great faith in “a genuine Commonwealth of free and cooperating nations” that would play a positive role in softening, if not ending, the Cold War.
   Yes, this policy of India towards US and USSR helped India’s interest to take international decisions and stances.
4. India was often able to balance one superpower against the other so neither alliance system could take India for granted or bully it.

Question.23. Evaluate India’s changing relationship with USA.
Or
Analyse the role of USA in global war on terrorism after the attack on the World Trade Center on 9/11 in 2001.
Answer. In this phase of global hegemony India has yet to decide exactly what type of relationship it should have with the US. Three possible strategies have been suggested through debates by Indian analysts.

1.  Aloofness from US : By observing military nature of US hegemony and closeness between India and the US some Indian analysts suggest that India should maintain its aloofness from Washington and focus upon increasing its own comprehensive national power.
2. Take advantage of US hegemony: Other group of analysts see the growing convergence of interests between the US and India as a historic opportunity for India. They advocate a strategy that would allow India to take advantage of US hegemony and the mutual convergences to establish the best possible options for itself. According to them opposing US is a futile strategy that will only hurt India in the long run.
3.  India should Join coalition to challenge US hegemony: The third strategy suggested by the analysts is that India should take the lead in establishing a coalition of countries from the developing world. And over time, this coalition would become more powerful and may succeed in weaning the hegemon away from its dominating ways.
   By observing the above strategies we can conclude that Indo-Us relations are perhaps too complex to be managed by a single strategy. Actually India needs to develop a mixed strategy in its foreign policy to deal with the US by maintaining its own identity in the Global hegemony.

Or
The US response to 9/11 was swift and ferocious. The then President Bush had a much harder view of US interests and of the means by which to advance them.

1.  As a part of its Global war on terror, the US launched Operation Enduring Freedom against all those suspected to be behind this attack, mainly Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
2.  The US forces made arrests all over the world, often without the knowledge of the government of the persons being arrested, transported these persons across countries and detained them in secret prisons.
3.  Some of the prisoners were kept at Guantanamo Bay, a US naval base in Cuba where prisoners did not enjoy the protection of International law.
   Operation Iraqi Freedom was the code name given by US when it launched invasion of Iraq on 19th March, 2003. More than forty countries joined in the US-led Coalition of the willing after the UN refused to give its mandate to the invasion.

Aims and Objectives:

1.  The main purpose of the invasion was to prevent Iraq from developing weapons of Mass Destruction [WMD]:
2. But this was an eyewash, because no evidence of WMD has been unearthed in Iraq, so it is being speculated all over the world that the invasion was motivated by other objectives such as, controlling Iraqi oil fields and installing a regime friendly to the US.

Outcome:

The outcome of Iraqi invasion was very complex and contradictory.

1. Although the government of Saddam Hussien fell swiftly, the US has not been able to pacify Iraq.
2.  A full-fledged insurgency against US occupation was ignited in Iraq.
3. Iraqi casualties are very much higher than US. The US lost over 3,000 military personnel in the war.
4. It is conservatively estimated that 50,000 Iraqi civilians have been killed since the US led invasion.
   On the whole it is now widely recognised that the US invasion of Iraq was, in some crucial respects, both a military and political failure.

Question.24. Explain the factors responsible for the rise of the Chinese economy.
Or
Explain the vision of the ASEAN for 2020.
Answer. With the introduction of Open Market Economy, China is now stepping towards the Global Economy and has been regionally recognised as an economic power. Various factors have contributed to this phenomenon.
(a) Integration of Economy. The integration of China’s economy and the inter-dependencies has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners. Hence, its outstanding issues with Japan, US, ASEAN and Russia have been tempered by economic considerations.
(b) Economic Considerations towards Taiwan. China tried its best to resolve its differences with Taiwan by integrating it closely into its economy.
(c) Stability of the ASEAN economy. The Market economy and open door policy have also contributed to the stability of the ASEAN economies after the 1997 financial crisis.
(d) Outward Investment. China’s outward looking investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are also projecting China as a global player on the side of developing economies.
Hence, with all these factors and characteristics of market policy China is emerging as one of the major global economic powers.
Or
As ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation so its Vision-2020 has defined an outward looking role for ASEAN in the international community.
(a) The Vision-2020 builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.
(b) For instance, ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor crisis and meets annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
Thus the components of the ASEAN vision-2020 are (i) Outward looking role (ii) Encouragement to Negotiations.
(iii) Mediatory role of ASEAN.
Like the European Union in 2003, ASEAN also followed the path of establishing ASEAN Community to broaden its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres. The ASEAN Community comprises:

Objectives of ASEAN:
The ASEAN is the only regional association in Asia that provides a political forum where Asian countries and the major powers can discuss political and security concerns.
(a) The primary objectives ASEAN were to accelerate economic growth followed by ‘social progress and cultural development’.
(b) Another important objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations’ charter.
(c) In the present global world with the fastest growing economies, ASEAN broadened
its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres by establishing an “ASEAN Community.”

Question.25. ‘The emergency declared on June 25,1975 is seen as a blur on Indian democracy.’ Assess its impact on the party system in India.
Or
What is ‘Naxalite Movement’ ? Evaluate its role in Indian politics.
Answer. During emergency the political situation became very quiet though tense. It was a period of political crisis with some changes in the party system such as :

1. The party in power had absolute majority and yet its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
2.  The makers of India’s constitution trusted that all political parties would basically abide by the democratic norms. This expectation led to the wide and open-ended powers , given to the government in times of emergency.
3.  Another critical issue related to the party system during emergency was clear tension between institution-based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation.
4.  And this tension may be attributed to the inability of the party system to incorporate the aspirations of the people.
   Besides, for the first time, opposition parties came together and formed a new party known as the Janata Party. The formation of the Janata Party ensured that Non-Congress votes would not be divided.
   Thus, the 1977 elections turned into a referendum on the experience of the emergency and brought to an end the one party dominance and opened the way for the coalition type of government.

Or
The Naxalites were the Marxist and Leninist agricultural workers of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and adjojning areas. They organised massive agitations against the economic injustice and inequality and demanded redistribution of land to cultivators.
Naxalite Role in Indian Politics :

1. These movements did not participate in elections formally and yet they retained connections with political parties as many participants in these movements, as individual and as organisations were actively associated with parties.
2.  These links ensured a better representation of the demands of diverse social sections in party politics.

Question.26. Explain any three challenges for nation building faced by India at the time of its independence.
Or
“The era of coalition started in 1977 at the Central Government level and has come to stay in a big way”. Explain.
Answer. Immediately after independence there were many challenges or problems in Independent India that needed a solution. These challenges can be categorised as :
(a) A challenge to shape a nation.
(b) A challenge to establish democracy and,
(c) A challenge to ensure the development and well-being of the entire society.
(a) To Shape a Nation : The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and integration of the territory. India is a land of continental size and diversity. There were around 600 states of varying sizes and population. The partition of the country appeared to confirm every one’s worst fears. Hence there was a serious question about the future of India, i.e., would India’survive as a unified country. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself the task of integrating these princely states, which was sometimes completed in stages.
(b) To Establish Democracy : Another challenge was to develop democratic practices in accordance with the Constitution. India opted for a representative democracy, based on the parliamentary form of government.
(c) To Ensure the Development and Well being of the Society: The third challenge was to evolve effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment. The Indian constitution set out in the Directive Principles of state policy the welfare goals that democratic polities must achieve.
All these challenges required a deliberate effort which India tried to put in the way of accommodating social differences, establishing a welfare state and by democratising political institutions.
Or
Coalition Era:
The Coalition Era began after the 1967 election when no single party could secure majority. Many non-Congress parties came together to form joint legislature parties and supported the non-Congress govts. They were also called as SVD (Samyukt Vidhayak Dal).
The SVD govt, had different ideologists as their partners, e.g.: The SVD government in Bihar had two socialist parties (SSP and PSP) along with CPI on the left and Jana Sangh on the right.
In Purgab it was called the ‘Popular United Front’ which comprised two Akali rival parties (Sant group and Master group) with both the communist parties (the CPI and the CPI (M)), the SSP, the Republican Party and the Bhartiya Jana Sangh.
The Era of coalitions could be seen after the 1989 elections. The Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha but did not have a clear majority. It decided to act as opposition party. This led to the National Front (Alliance of Janta Dal and many regional parties). It received major support (not expected as such) from BJP and the left front. The BJP and the Left Front did not join the govt, but gave support from outside. The coalition Era had many Prime Ministers and some of them held office for short durations. Some of them were :

The coalition era showed that no single party could enjoy the majority for two decades and strengthening of Regional Parties.

Question.27. How was ‘one party dominance’ in India different from the ‘one party system’ of Mexico ? In your opinion, which of the two political systems is better and why ?
Or
Examine the legacy of the Emergency of 1975.
Answer. Main differences between Mexico and India under one party domination were as follows: (i) Mexico one party domination i.e. the domination of Institutional Revolutionary Party was based on the “Perfect dictatorship” whereas, in India the Congress Party’s domination was based on “popular consensus”.
(ii) In Mexico the elections were often rigged and manipulated by the ruling party i.e. PRI but in India elections were based on competition among political parties.
(a) ‘One party dominant systems’ means that a single party enjoys monopoly of power over a long period of time and exclusion of other parties to reach the power.
(b) No. The dominance of one party did not mean that India was really not a democracy. Even though Congress had dominance Era, the Indian political system is still democratic for the following reasons:

1.  Open nature of the Indian political system, i.e., existence of multi-party system.
2.  At the time of independence, there was no strong political party except the Congress.
3. The role of Congress during our freedom struggle could be remembered and people cast votes as their tribute to the Congress leaders.
4.  The regional parties gained importance at national levels and multi-party system had come into the picture since 1989.
5.  The advancement in the electoral system (electronic voting machine, common platform for political agenda) strengthened the democratic pattern.
6.  Active participation of women and improvement in Panchayat Raj system and its success express Indian political system as democratic.

Or
The legacy of the emergency of 1975 was felt in every sphere of people’s life and the politics of the nation as well.

1.  Between the elections of 1977 and 1980, the party system had changed dramatically. Now the Congress Party identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.
2. With the change in the nature of the Congress Party, other opposition parties relied more and more on what is known in Indian politics as non-Congressism.
3. In an indirect manner the issue of welfare of the backward castes also began to dominate politics since 1977. For instance the Northern states elected non-Congress governments in which the leaders of the backward castes played an important role.
4.  Besides, the emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crises because it had its origins in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the Parliament and the judiciary.
5.  On the other hand, it was also a period of political crisis. The party in power had absolute majority, yet, its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
6.  Another critical issue was the role and extent of mass protests in a Parliamentary democracy. The emergency period saw a clear tension between institution-based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation for which the party system was to be blamed.

Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 5

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                              [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. What was the main objective behind the formation of European Union ?
Answer. The main objective behind the formation of European Union was to provide a common foreign and security policy, cooperation in justice and home affairs and the creation of a single currency.

Question.2. What step should be taken to make the World Trade Organisation (WTO) more acceptable to the developing countries ?
Answer. In order to make the World Trade Organisation more acceptable to the developing countries there should be transparency in its procedures and it should not be pushed by the big powers like the US, EU and Japan.

Question.3. How far is it correct to engage military for human security missions ?
Answer. In the case of terrorism it is correct to engage military for human security mission because terrorism which is a form of political violence targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. For example, terrorist attack on 11th September, 2001 on World Trade Center.

Question.4. Who was the founder of ‘Swatantra Party’ ?
Answer. C. Rajagopalachari, a senior Congress leader, was the founder of the Swatantra Party. The party was formed in August 1959. The party believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom. It was against land ceilings in agriculture and also opposed cooperative farming.

Question.5. Which international conference led to the establishment of NAM ?
Answer. The Asian Relations Conference of 1947 laid the foundation stone of NAM.
It was presided over by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and was attended by 250 delegates from 25 countries.

Question.6. How did the term ‘Second World’ come into being ?
Answer. The term ‘Second World’ refers to the group of east European countries which had been liberated by the Soviet army from the fascist forces. After being liberated they came under the control of the USSR and their political and economic systems were modelled after the USSR.

Question.7. What is meant by the term ‘geo-politics of natural resources’ ?
Answer. “Resources Geopolitics is the geographical political affairs concerned with the allocation and distribution of natural resources among the nation-states of Global arena.

1.  In a way resource geopolitics is all about who gets what, when, where and how.
2.  Here, they have also been the focus of inter-state rivalry and western geopolitical thinking about resources which has been dominated by the relationship of trade, war and power, at the core of which were overseas resources and maritime navigation.
3.  Importance of ensuring uninterupted supply of strategic resources, in particular oil, was well established both during the First World War and the Second World War.

Question.8. When and why was the electronic voting machine used in India for the first time ?
Answer. In 1990 the ‘Electronic Voting Machine’ was used for the first time in India for more accuracy and fair counting of votes. .
EVM helps in checking booth capturing and other malpractices in elections.

Question.9. What is the significance of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 ?
Answer. The State Reorganisation Commission was formed in 1953 by the central government to look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of a state by integrating Princely states into the Indian Union on the basis of language, etc.

1.  The commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the different languages spoken by its people.
2.  On the basis of its report the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories.
3.  It recommended the formation of linguistic states, i.e., linguistic reorganisation. This recommendation in turn gave a uniform basis to the drawing of state boundaries.

Question.10. What was the Shimla Agreement ? Who were the signatories to it ?
Answer. The ‘Shimla Agreement’ was an agreement signed between India and Pakistan after the 1971 war.

1. The signatories to this agreement were Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan and Mrs. Indira Gandhi the then Prime Minister of India.
2.  By the Shimla Agreement both countries agreed to solve their disputes in a peaceful manner without the interference of any third party on a bilateral basis.

Question.11. What is IMF ? Mention its main objective.
Answer. International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an International organisation which commands or subordinates all those financial institutions and legislatures that act at the international level. The IMF has 184 members but only top ten countries have more than fifty per cent of votes.
(i) The main function of IMF is to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
(ii) IMF also helps th§ industrial countries to meet the financial needs.
The IMF serves the functions of the system regarding the ‘Exchange of the Currencies’. The US Dollar, Japan’s Yen and the Pound Sterling of UK have been recognised as reliable exchange currencies.

Question.12. What is the ‘protection of Global Commons’ ? Why is co-operation for this protection not easily coming forth ?
Answer. The protection of ‘global commons’ concerns issues related to global environment protection because global commons are exploited and polluted due to the technological and industrial development.
Issues related to the protection of ’global commons’ have become the priority concern of states since the 1990s because the growing focus on environmental issues (global commons) within the arena of global politics was firmly consolidated at the

1.  United Nations’ Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992 in Agenda 21.
2. The protection of global commons was also discussed in Kyoto Protocol of 1992.

All these conferences and summits, therefore, raised the issue to the political arena and developed some political questions like if the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation, these issues will have political consequences in that sense and therefore, they have to become a part of world politics.

Question.13. Explain any two consequences of the ‘Declaration of Emergency’ provided in the Constitution of India.
Answer. The proclamation of emergency in 1975 had far reaching consequences and affected every sphere of life such as follow:
(a) Effects on civil liberties for citizens

1.  During Emergency the government made extensive use of preventive detention. Using this provision, the government made large scale arrests.
2.  Arrested political workers could not challenge their arrest through habeas corpus petition.
3.  Many cases were filed in the High Courts and the Supreme Court by and on behalf of arrested persons, but the government claimed that it was not even necessary to inform the arrested persons of the reasons and grounds of their arrest.
4. And finally in April 1976, the constitution bench of the Supreme Court overruled the High Courts and accepted the government’s plea. It meant that during emergency the government could take away the citizen’s right to life and liberty.

(b) Effect on relationship between the executive and judiciary.

1.  As the impact of emergency, the Parliament also brought in many changes in the constitution. In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case, an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and vice-president could not be challenged in the court.
2.  The forty-second amendment was also passed during the emergency which brought a series of changes in the constitution like duration of the legislatures, election can be postponed by one year during emergency.

Question.14. Describe the significance of the ‘Chipko Movement’ as a social movement in India.
Answer. The Chipko Movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand when the forest department refused permission tb the villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools. However, the forest department allotted the same patch of land to a sports manufacturer  for commercial use. This enraged the villagers and they protested against the move of the government.

1.  This was a very unusual form of collective action in which men and women from a village were engaged in early 1973. These villagers were protestihg against the practices of commercial logging that the government had permitted.
2. They used a novel tactic for their protest that of hugging the trees to prevent them from being cut down.

Impact of Chipko Movement:
The Chipko Movement soon spread across many parts of Uttarakhand region. Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised.

1.  The movement achieved a victory when the government declared a ban on felling of
   trees in the Himalayan region for fifteen years, until the green cover was fully restored.
2.  Besides, women’s active participation in the Chipko agitation was a very novel aspect of the movement.
3. But more than that the Chipko Movement which started over a single issue, became a symbol of many such popular movements emerging in different parts of the country during the 1970s and later.

Question.15. What is the Right to Information Act ? When was it passed in India ?
Answer. The ‘Right to Information Act’ is a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government. It acts as a watchdog of democracy.

1.  This Act ensures its citizens all the information about the functioning of government departments.
2.  Right to Information has been expanded to cover various services provided by the government. For example, if we buy a product and find it defective well before the expiry period, we can ask for its replacement.
3.  Besides, the Right to Information Act gives political actors incentives to do good things. Such a law helps to control corruption.
   The Right to Information Act was passed in October, 2005 by the Government of India.

Question.16. “Coalition government helps in consensus building.” Do you agree with this statement ? Give arguments in support of your answer.
Answer. In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties on many crucial issues. This consensus consists of four elements.

1.  Agreement on new economic policies : While many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
2.  Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes: Political parties have recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result all political parties now support reservation of seats for the backward classes in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get adequate share of power.
3.  Acceptance of the role of state level parties in the governance of a country: The
   distinction between state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important.
4.  Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement: Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements thus, most parties of the NDA did not agree with the Hindutva ideology of the BJP, yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.
   To sum up, all these are momentous changes and are likely to shape politics in the near future:

Question.17. “The conduct of foreign affairs is an Ixoutcome of a two-way interaction between domestic compulsions and prevailing international climate”. Take one example from India’s external relations in the 1960s to substantiate your answer.
Answer. The above statement to a great extent is justified in the international forum. We can take the example of “Sino-Indian conflict of 1962” which dented India’s image at home and abroad. India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to tide over the crisis. The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict.

1.  It induced a sense of national humiliation and at the same time strengthened a spirit of nationalism.
2.  Nehru’s own stature suffered as he was severely criticised for his naive assessment of the Chinese intentions and lack of military preparedness.
3. For the first time, a No-cdnfidence motion against his government was moved and debated in the Lok Sabha. As a result soon thereafter, the Congress lost some key By-elections to the Lok Sabha. Thus, the political mood of the country had begun to change.
4.  The “Sino-Indian conflict” affected the opposition as well. This and the growing rift between China and Soviet Union created irreconciliable differences within the Communist Party of India [CPU. Ultimately, the party split in 1964 and the leaders of the latter faction formed Communist Party of India [CPI-M],
5. Besides, the war with China alerted Indian leadership to the volatile situation in the Northeast region. Apart from being isolated and extremely underdeveloped, this region also presented India with the challenge of national integration and political unity.

Question. 18. Does India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power ? Argue your case with the Bangladesh War of 1971 as an example.
Answer. Yes, India’s foreign policy reflects her desire to be an important regional power. This was very much revealed during the Bangladesh War of 1971.
In the beginning of 1970, Pakistan faced its biggest crisis in the way for a split verdict i.e. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s party emerged a winner in West Pakistan, while Awami League led by Sheikh “Mujib-ur-Rahman” swept through East Pakistan. The Bengali population of East Pakistan had voted to protest against the discriminatory attitude of West Pakistan. But the Pakistan rulers were not willing to accept the democratic verdict. .
And in early 1971, Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujib arid unleashed a reign of terror on the people of East Pakistan. Thus a people’s struggle started to liberate Bangladesh from Pakistan.

1.  India had to bear the burden of about 80 Lakh refugees who fled East Pakistan and took
   shelter in neighbouring areas in India. Thus India extended moral material support to the freedom struggle in Bangladesh. .
2.  After months of diplomatic tension and military build up, a full-scale War between India and Pakistan bro*e our in December 1971. Pakistani aircraft attacked Punjab and Rajasthan. India retaliated with an attack-involving the air force, navy and army.
3. With ten days the Indian army surrounded Dhaka from three sides and the Pakistani army had to surrender. With Bangadesh as a free country. India declared a unilateral ceasefire and the Shimla Agreement was signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 3rd July 1972.
   So, a decisive victory in the War led to national jubilation. Most people in India saw/his as a moment of glory and a clear sjgn of India’s growing military prowess.

Question.19. Read the given passage and answer the questions mentioned below the paragraph:
Indira Gandhi changed the Congress into highly centralised and undemocratic party organisation, from the earlier federal, democratic and ideological formation that Nehru had led… But this… could not have happened had not Indira Gandhi changed the entire nature of politics. This new populist politics turned political ideology … into a mere electoral discourse, use of various slogans not meant to be translated into government policies… During its great electoral victories in early 1970s, amidst the celebration, the Congress party died as a political organisation… — Sudipta Kaviraj
(a) What, according to the author, is the difference between the strategies of Nehru and Indira Gandhi ? .
(b) Do you agree with the author that Congress as a political organisation died ? Justify your answer by giving one argument.
Answer.(a) According to author the main difference between the strategies of Nehru and Indira Gandhi is that Jawahar Lai Nehru led the Congress into federal, democratic and ideological nature whereas Mrs. Indira Gandhi changed the nature of Congress into centralised and undemocratic party.
(b) Yes, we do agree with the author that Congress as a political organisation died because the changed nature of Congress the new populist politics turned political ideology into a mere electoral discourse and use of various slogans never meant to be translated into government policies. For example, electoral victories of 1970s.

Question.20.Look at the cartoon given above and answer the following questions :

(a) What is meant by ‘Keep Right, No Left Turn’ ?
(b) Mention the full form of any two of the following :
(i) BKD (ii) SSP
(iii) LD (iv) BKS
(c) What is a hung assembly ?
Answer.(a) ‘Keep Right, No Left Turn’ signifies that the United Front of Charan Singh is formed on the basis of non-communist ideology and expected to follow the rightists only. The term ‘Right’ refers to ‘non-communist’ and ‘Left’ refers to ‘communist party’.
(b) (i) BKD-signifies Bhartiya Kranti Dal.
(ii) SSP—signifies Samyukta Socialist Party.
(iii) LD-signifies Lok Dal.
(iv) BKS-signifies Bihar Kranti Sabha.
(c) Hung assembly is an assembly which is dominated by the coalition government.
In the ‘hung’ assembly the stability of government is uncertain because in most cases the coalition partners are ideologically incongruent.

Question.21. Study the given map showing how Europe was divided into rival alliances during the Cold War and answer the following questions :

Answer. (i) Countries shown by horizontal lines in the map represent the western bloc alliance led by USA. They are the members of NATO, i.e., North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
(ii) Countries shown by vertical lines in the map represent Soviet Bloc Alliance led by USSR. They are the members of Warsaw Pact.
(iii) Switzerland, Ireland and Austria are the countries which did not belong to any of the two alliances. They are known as the neutral countries.

Question.22. Examine the factors responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Or
Assess the impact of ‘Shock-Therapy’ on the Soviet politics and economy.
Answer. “The sudden disintegration of Soviet Union”, the second world power was a matter of shock or surprise to the world. The causes and reasons for the collapse were very much inherent in the Soviet system and the Soviet Socialist Bloc. Undoubtedly it is said that the internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions, which failed to meet the aspirations of the people, were responsible for the collapse of the system.
“Economic stagnation” for many years led to severe consumer shortages and a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system and to do so openly.
Thus the causes of the disintegration of Soviet Union can be analysed as under:

During the cold war era the Soviet Union gradually became stagnant in an administrative and political sense due to various factors like :

1.  The communist party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years was not accountable to the people.
2.  Ordinary people were alienated by slow and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the system to correct mistakes it had made, the unwillingness to allow more openness in government and the centralisation of authority in a vast land.
3.  Worse still, the party bureaucrats gained more privileges than ordinary citizens.
4.  People did not identify with the system and with rulers and the government increasingly lost popular backing.

All these factors are responsible for the stagnant administrative and political structure. Mikhail Gorbachev was the last leader of the Soviet Union. He introduced economic and political reform policies of Perestroika. The main features of his reforms are as follows. Reform polices were based on the restricting of administrators system and openness of economic affairs.
Reform policy also aimed at keeping information and technological development in the USSR abreast of the information and technological revolutions taking place in the west. Gorbachev introduced the Democratisation policy with the aim of normalising relations with the west and to democratise the Soviet Union to tow free economic affairs in international arena.
In this way, Gorbachev’s reforms promised to deal with the existing problem of economic stagnation and administrative system.
The rise of nationalism and desire for sovereignty in various republics, like Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Ukraine, Georgia and others proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the disintegration of the USSR. Nationalist urges and feelings were very much at work throughout the history of the Soviet Union.
However nationalist dissatisfaction with the Soviet Union was strongest in the more European and prosperous Russian and the Baltic areas as well as Ukraine and Georgia. Ordinary people here felt alienated from central Asians and from each other and also concluded that they were paying too high an economic price to keep the more backward areas within the Soviet Union.
Or
The Shock-Therapy was a State of affairs which signifies the collapse of communism followed by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
Shock-Therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar.
The Shock-Therapy was not the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism, because it was followed up by several drawbacks like :

1.  Russia, the large state-controHed industrial complex almost collapsed, as about 90 percent of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals and companies.
2.  Since, the restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government directed industrial policies, it led to virtual disappearance of entire industries. This was called “the largest garage sale in history” as valuable industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices.
   The largest garage sale in history signifies the ruin and collapse of industrial complex in Russia. Under the effect of shock-therapy the restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government directed industrial policies; it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries. This was called “the largest garage sale” in history as valuable industries were under-valued and sold at throwaway prices.

Under the influence of Shock-Therapy the old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed.

1.  The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty.
2.  The middle classes-were pushed to the periphery of society and the academic and intellectual manpower disintegrated or migrated.
3.  A Mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities.
4. Privatisation led to new disparities. Post-Soviet states, especially Russia, were divided in rich and poor regions.
   Hence, in the post cold war era unlike the earlier system, there was now great economic inequality between people.

Under the transition period with the effect of “Shock-Therapy” the old trading structure of Russia broke down with no alternative in its place.

1.  The value of the ruble, the Russian currency declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings.
2. The collective farm systefti disintegrated leaving people without food security and Russia started to import food. The GDP of Russia also declined from 1989 to 1999.
   All these factors forced the Russian .economy to collapse and industrial complex to decline. Conclusion : All these show that the Shock-Therapy administered in the 1990s did not lead the people into the promised utopia of mass consumption. Generally it brought ruin to the economies and disaster upon the people of the entire region.

Question.23. Explain the emergence of democracy in Nepal.
Or
Explain the impact of ‘Ethnic Conflicts’ in Sri Lanka.
Answer. The emergence of democracy in Nepal faced three challenges which came from a triangular conflict between: –

1.  The monarchist forces
2.  The democrats and
3.  The Maoists
   In the beginning, democracy was installed in 1990 but very soon it faced various challenges. As a result democracy was undermined.

The struggle for democracy started in 2005. It was led by three important groups. Like :

1. The Seven Party Alliance J(SPA)
2. The Maoists
3. Social activists

The main aims of these groups were to

1.  restore the House of Representatives
2.  to suspend armed struggle.
3.  to frame Nepal’s Constitution.
4.  they also aimed at inclusion of radical programmes of social and economic restructuring in the Constitution of Nepal.
   • It was in April 2006 that the struggling pro-democracy forces achieved their first major victory when the King was forced to restore the House of Representative that had been dissolved in April 2002.
   • The largely non-violent movement was led by the SPA, the Maoists and social activists.
   • Democracy was restored in Nepal under the Constitutional monarch. And finally in 2008 people of Nepal declared Nepal a fulfledged democratic country. Monarchy system has been removed completely. In this way, after passing through various threshholdrNepal emerged as a complete democratic country.

Or
The principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka were :
(i) Sinhalas (ii) Sri Lankan Tamils
• After its independence, politics of Sri Lanka was dominated by forces that represented the interest of the majority Sinhala community. They were hostile to a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there.
• The Sinhala nationalists thought that Sri Lanka should not ‘give concessions’ to Tamils because Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhala people only. Hence, the neglect of Tamil concerns led to militant nationalism, i.e., the ethnic conflict.
• From 1983 onwards LTTE, i.e., ‘Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam’ has been fighting an armed struggle with the army of Sri Lanka and demanding Tamil Elam or a separate state for the Tamits of Sri Lanka.
• The Sri Lankan crisis continues to be violent. However, international actors, particularly the Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Ireland have been trying to bring the warring groups back to negotiations. Thus, the future of the Island hangs on the outcome of these talks.
• In February-March, 2009 there was another uprising of LTTE and an armed struggle with the army for the political rights and a separate election in their ‘Jaffna region’ to which Sri Lankan government is very much reluctant
Despite the ravages of internal conflict Sri Lanka has maintained a democratic political system.

Question.24. Describe the three different understandings of the US hegemony.
Or
“If big and resourceful states cannot resist the US hegemony, it is unrealistic to expect the smaller and weaker states to offer any resistance.” Comment.
Answer. The word Hegemony implies the leadership or predominance of one state. The roots of the word hegemony lie in classical Greece. At that time it was used to denote the preponderant position of Athens vis-a-vis the other cities of Ancient Greece.
Presently, hegemony means world power in the form of military domination, economic power, political clout and cultural superiority.
I. Hegemony as Hard Power : The very (first) nature of American hegemony advocates relations, patterns and balance of military capability between states. It is this notion of Hegemony which signifies military status that is especially applicable to the current position and role of the US in world politics.

1.  The very essence of contemporary US power lies in the overwhelming superiority of its military power. American military dominance today is both absolute and relative. In absolute terms, the US today has military capabilities that can reach any point on the planet accurately and no other power can remotely match it.
2.  The US military dominance is based on both the higher military spend and a qualitative gap i.e. a technological know-how.

II. Hegemony as structural Power signifies the Economic Prospects of the hegemon power. This notion emerges from a particular understanding of the world economy.

1. The basic idea is that an open world economy requires a hegemon or dominant power to support its creation and existence.
2. The hegemorrmust possess both the ability and the desire to establish certain norms for order and must sustain the global structure.
3. Hegemony in this sense is reflected in the role played by the US in providing global public goods which signifies those goods that can be consumed by one person without reducing the amount of the goods available for someone else.
4.  A classical example of the structural power of the US is the academic degree called the Master’s in Business Administration (MBA). The idea behind this was that business is a profession that depends upon skills that can be taught in a university which is uniquely American.

III. Hegemony as soft power: The US hegemony is not only purely military or economic in nature of status but it has its cultural dimension also which specifies the nature of
“Hegemony as soft power.”

1. Here, this sense of Hegemony implies class ascendancy in the social, political and particularly ideological spheres.
2. In the field of world politics, this notion of hegemony suggests that a dominant power deploys not only military power but also ideological resources to shape the behaviour of competing and lesser powers.
3. Here, consent goes hand in hand with and is often more effective than coercion. For example, the predominance of the US in the world today is based not only on its military power and economic powers but also on its cultural presence, like most of the dreams of individuals and societies across the globe, are dreams churned out by practices prevailing in twentieth-century America.
   Thus, this third sense of hegemony as soft power is about the capacity to manufacture consent.

Or
As we are living in a global village so, we all are the neighbours of the village headman. If the behaviour of the headman becomes intolerable and we do not have the option to leave the global village, resistance then will be the only option available. The same is applicable to US Hegemony.
Now, the question arises how. There is no world government. There are some rules and norms called the laws of war that restrict but do not prohibit war.

1. We must recognise that no single power is anywhere in the world near balancing the US militarily.
   Therefore, we can discuss some strategies developed by the political analysts.
2.  ‘Bandwagon’ strategy : some analysts argue that it is strategically more prudent to take advantage of the opportunities that hegemony creates like :
   (a) raising economic growth rate requires increased trade, technology transfers and invested.
   (b) Thus, it is suggested by the analysts that instead of engaging in activities opposed to the hegemon power, it may be advisable to extract benefits by operating within the hegemonic system.
3.  Hide strategy: This strategy implies staying as far removed from the dominant power as possible. For example China, Russia, the European Union-all of them in different ways, are seeking to stay below the radar, as it were, and not overly and unduly antagonise the US.
   But it is also not a feasible strategy. While it may be an attractive, viable policy for small states, it is hard to imagine mega-states like China, India, and Russia or a huge European Union being able to hide for any substantial length of time.
4.  Non-state and Third estate strategy : The given proposition is to a large extent
   unrealistic from the theoretical point of view but very realistic from the practical point of view because non-state actors would challenge the US hegemony in a very active way. .
   These challenges to American hegemony will emerge in the economic and cultural realms and will come from a combination of Non-governmental organisations [NGOS], social movements, and public opinion.
   The challenge may arise from sections of the media and intellectuals, artists and writers. These various actors may well form links across national boundaries, including Americans, to criticise and resist US policies.

Question.25. Discuss the problems involved with the Integration of Princely States.
Or
Analyse the consequences of the partition of India in 1947.
Answer. The very first challenge which came immediately after independence was the Integration of “Princely States” into the Indian Union. The Integration process was as usual not smooth and had various difficulties such as :
At the time of independence it was announced by the British that with the end of their rule over India, paramountcy of the British Crown over princely states would also lapse.

1.  A a result British government took the view that all these states were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent if they so wished. This was a very serious problem and could threaten the very existence of a united India.
2.  Another problem arose very soon. First of all, the ruler of Travancore announced that the state had decided on independence.
3. The Nizam of Hyderabad made a similar announcement.
4.  Similar way Nawab of Bhopal was averse to joining constituent Assembly.
5.  This response of the rulers.of the princely states meant that after independence there was a very real possibility that India would be further divided into a number of small countries. This was a strange situation since Indian independence was aimed at unity, self-determination as well as democracy.

Or
The partition year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfers of population that human history has known.
Communal Riots : In the name of religion, people of one community ruthlessly killed and maimed people of the other community. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border. Cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Kolkata became divided into “communal zones”. Social Sufferings: People went through immense sufferings. They weire forced to abandon their homes and move across borders. Minorities on both sides of the border fled their homes and often secured temporary shelter in “refugee camps”. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border. In many cases women were killed by their own family members to preserve the “family honour”. Many children were separated from their parents. Those who did manage to cross the border found that they had no home. Hence, for lakhs of these “refugees” the country’s freedom meant life in ‘refugee camps’.
Administrative concerns and Financial strains: The partition saw not merely a division of properties, liabilities and assets or a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus. What also got divided were the financial assets and things like tables, chairs, typewriters, paper-clips, books and also musical instruments of police band.
• The employees of government and the railways were also divided.
• Above all, it was a violent separation of communities who had hitherto lived together as neighbours. It is estimated that the partition forced about 80 lakh to migrate across the new border. An estimated five to ten lakh people were killed in partition related violence.
• Besides, the partition had also created severe conflict between the two communities, i.e., Hindu and Muslims. Keeping in view all these trauma writers, poets and film makers in India and Pakistan have expressed the ruthlessness of the killings and the sufferings of displacement and violence in their novels, short stories, poems and films. They coined a phrase to describe partition – as aJ’division of hearts”.

Question.26. Evaluate the role played by Jayaprakash Narain during 1975 -1977.
Or
What is the restoration of the Congress after the General Elections of 1971 ? How did it differ from the earlier Congress system from 1950 to 1960 ?
Answer. Jayaprakash Narayan was a Marxist in his youth. Later he became a Gandhian and was involved in the Bhoodan Movement. He was also the leader of the Bihar Movement and became the symbol of opposition to Emergency of 1975.
Throughout the emergency period, i.e., 197S-77 he was the moving force behind the formation of Janata Party.

1.  After Independence the first nationwide Satyagraha was organised by Jayaprakash Narayan for Indira Gandhi’s resignation over the controversy of her election.
2.  He asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey illegal and immoral orders.
3.  Jayaprakash Narayan organised a massive demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila grounds on 25th June, 1975.
4.  All these threatened to bring the activities of the government to a standstill and changed the political mood of the country against the Congress.
5. But the Congress government declared an emergency in response to Jayaprakash Narayan’s nationwide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi.
6.  In January, 1977, after the eighteen months of emergency, the government decided to hold elections and election were held in March, 1977. All the opposition parties came together on the eve of the elections and formed a new party known as the Janata Party.
7.  The new party accepted the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan. Even the Congress leaders who were opposed to the emergency joined this new party.
8. The Janata Party made this election into a referendum on emergency and finally the results surprised everyone, Le., for the first time since independence the Congress Party was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections. The Janata Party and its allies won the election by absolute majority and came to power in 1977.
   Thus, Jayaprakash Narayan, the leader of Janata Party, became the symbol of restoration of democracy.

Or
The electoral contest of 1971 was a landmark in the Indian politics. It was the restoration of Congress (R).

1. Actually this electoral contest appeared to be loaded against Congress (R). After all the new Congress was just one faction of an already weak party. Every one believed that the real organisational strength of the Congress party was under the command of Congress (0),
2. To make matters worse for Indira Gandhi, all the major non-Communist, non-Congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance known as the “Grand Alliance”.
3.  Under the umbrella of this Grand Alliance the parties like SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swantantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came together to form a united front.
   The new Congress undeflndira Gandhi had something that its big opponents lacked—it had an issue, an agenda, and a positive slogan.

But, the Grand Alliance did not haye a coherent political programme rather it had only one common programme Le. “Indira Hatao” (Remove Indira).

1.  In contrast to this she put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao, i.e., Remove poverty.
2.  Through Garibi Hatao, Indira Gandhi tried to generate a support base among’ the disadvantaged especially landless labourers, dalits, and adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth.
3.  Besides, Congress (R) focussed on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property, removal of disparity etc.
   Thus, the slogan of Garibi Hatao and the programmes that followed it were part of Indira Gandhi’s political strategy of building an independent nationwide political support base during the electoral contest of 1971.

Question.27. Explain the internal as well as the external traditional notions of security.
Or
Describe the main functions of the Planning Commission of India.
Answer. Internal Traditional Notions : In the traditional notion of security, the concept of internal security was not given due importance because after The Second World War it appeared that for the most powerful countries on Earth, internal security was more or less assured. While internal security was certainly a part of the concerns of governments historically, after the second world war there was a context and situation in which internal security did not seem to matter as much as it had in the past.
For instance, after 1945 the US and the Soviet Union appeared to be united and could expect peace within their borders, hence, there was no threat to internal security.
In the same way, most of the European countries, particularly the powerful European countries, faced no serious threats from groups or communities living within those borders. Therefore, these countries focused primarily on threats from outside their borders then the threats from inside.
External Traditional Notions : Regarding external threats the traditional notion has four main components like:
(1) Military threats (3) Threat of war
(2) Balance of power (4) Alliance building.

1.  Military threats: In the traditional concept of security, the greatest danger to a country is from ‘military threats’ because the source of this danger is another country which by threatening military action endangers the core value of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.
2. Threat of war: Regarding threat of war a state has three basic choices like :
   • to surrender, i.e., to surrender when actually confronted by war.
   • to prevent, i.e., to stop the otherside from attacking.
   • to defend, i.e., to protect itself when war actually breaks out so as to deny the attacking country its objectives.
3. Balance of power : Balance of power means a balance between bigger and smaller countries in order to countercheck the threat to security.
   • The best way of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military power together with increased economic and technological power.
4.  Alliance building: Alliance building deals with the alliance or agreement between states on notions to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance. It is also referred to as ‘Military Alliance’.

Or
The Planning Commission of India was set up in 1950 by a cabinet resolution and not by a law of parliament. It is an extra-constitutional body.

1.  The Planning Commission does not have a statutory or constitutional status.
2.  It is supposed to be ‘advisory’ in nature but in reality it is very powerful and is called the ‘Economic Cabinet of the Country’.
3.  The Planning Commission has an advisory role and its recommendations become effective after the approval of this? Union Cabinet.
4.  The Planning Commission prepares a document that has a plan for the income and expenditure of the government for the five years plan.
5.  Planning Commission prepares the plan in such a way that each citizen has the right to an adequate means of livelihood.
6. It also ensures that the operations of the economic system do not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.

Petty Cash Book 

Payments in cash of small amounts like traveling expenses, postage, carriage etc. are petty cash expenses. These petty cash expenses are recorded in the petty cash book. The petty cash book is maintained by \separate cashier known as petty cashier. It is also called the Imprest System of maintaining petty cash. The petty cashier is given a certain sum of money at the beginning of the fixed period (e.g. a monthly fortnight) which is called float. The amount of float is so fixed that it may be adequate to meet petty expenses of the
prescribed period. The balance in the petty cash book shows cash lying with the petty cashier.

The advantages of the imprest system are as follows:

— It saves the time of the chief cashier.

— Petty cashier is not allowed to keep idle cash with him if the float is found to be more than adequate; its amount will be immediately reduced. This reduces the chances of misuse of cash by the petty cashier.

— As the sum of float is small, it does not provoke the person in charge of it or others in the office to misappropriate it.

— The record of petty cash is checked by the cashier periodically, so that a mistake if committed is soon rectified.

— It enables a great saving to be effected in the posting of small items to the ledger accounts.

— The system trains young staff to handle money responsibilities.

Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 6 

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                              [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. Write the full form of IMF.
Answer. IMF stands for International Monetary Fund.

Question.2. Highlight any two facts showing cordiality in the relationship between India and the United States.
Answer. (i) About 65 per cent of India’s total exports in the software sector, are to the US.
(ii) More than 3 lakh Indians work in the Silicon Valley.

Question.3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
Ban Ki Moon is the 8th UN…………… He is the citizen of …………..
Answer. Ban ki Moon is the 8th UN Secretary-General. He is the citizen of South Korea.

Question.4. When and by whom was the ‘tryst with destiny’ speech delivered?
Answer. The ‘tryst with destiny’ speech was delivered by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1947 (midnight of 14-15 August).

Question.5. Who was Charu Mazumdar?
Answer. Charu Mazumdar was a communist revolutionary and the leader of the Naxalbari uprising. He founded the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).

Question.6. List any two consequences of Shock-Therapy.
Answer. Consequences of Shock-Therapy are:
(i) In Russia, the large state-controlled industrial complex almost collapsed and about 90 per cent of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals and companies.
(ii) The value of Russian currency (ruble) declined dramatically and the rate of inflation got so high that people lost all their savings.

Question.7. State any two objectives of the Human Rights Watch.
Answer. (i) It draws the global media’s attention to Human Rights abuses.
(ii) Organising campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to establish an international criminal court.

Question.8. What is meant by ‘Coalition’ ? During which period did this type of government gain popularity for the first time at the centre in India?
Answer. When no party gains the necessary majority in the election, more than two parties join together and form a Government. It is known as ‘coalition’.
In 1989, the National Front, led by V.P. Singh, formed the coalition government at the centre for the first time.

Question.9. Identify the concept out of liberty, equality, democracy and fraternity to which India was deeply committed during our freedom struggle.
Answer. Here the terms liberty, equality, democracy and fraternity mean freedom from foreign rule and to achieve unity in diversity.

Question.10. List any two problems faced by the Government of India after 1971-72.
Answer. (i) The Banglaoigh crisis had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. About 8 million people migrated to India. The U.‘S. Government stopped all aid to India after the war.
(ii) In the International market, oil prices increased manifold and led to an increase in the prices of all other commodities.

Question.11. Why did the Super Powers have military alliances with the small countries? State any four reasons for it.
Answer. The two super powers (USA and The Soviet Union) needed smaller allies because:

1. The smaller allies, like countries of newly independent states in Asia and Africa, possess vital natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals. They are the basic source for their fast development.
2.  The territories (Land and Sea) of smaller allies could be used for military bases.
   For example: USA set up its military bloc in Iran and Afghanistan. Soviet Union set up its military bases in Poland and Cuba.
3.  These countries were also used for spying purposes which helped them to check others development.
4.  The economic support from these smaller nations could provide the basic support (food and other necessities) to their military bases (troops) in their locality.

Question.12. Name the countries included in South Asia. How can peace and co-operation be enhanced in this region ?
Answer. Countries included in South Asia are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

1.  South Asia stands for diversity in every sense and is yet contiguous for geo-political space.
2.  Peace and cooperation can be enhanced in this region in the following ways:
   (a) People in all these countries share the aspiration for democracy.
   (b) In spite of many conflicts, the states of South Asia recognise the importance of cooperation ancMriendly relationship among themselves.
   (c) SAARC is a major regional initiative by the South Asian states to evolve co-operation through multilateral means or programmes,
   (d) SAARC members signed an agrement (SAFTA) which promised the formation of a free trade zone for the whole of South Asia.

Question.13. Explain India’s stand on environmental issues. What steps have been suggested by India in this respect ?
Answer. India has a very positive stand on environmental issues and plays a dominating role among the Asian countries.

1.  India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002, following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. .
2.  India feels this contravenes the very spirit of UNFCCC. Neither does it seem fair to impose restrictions on India when the country’s rise in per capita carbon emissions by 2030 is likely to still represent less than half the world average.
3. Besides, the Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programmes. For example:
   (a) India’s National Auto-fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles.
   (b) The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
4.  Indian government is also keen to launch a National Mission on Biodiesel. In this way, India has one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world.

Question.14. What is meant by opposition in a democratic system? Describe any two activities of the opposition during the first two Parliaments of 1952 and 1957.
Answer. Opposition, in a democratic system, means members other than that of the ruling party in the Government. In general, the second largest party in terms of number of seats in the Assembly Election or the Lok Sabha election plays the role of opposition in a democracy.

1. Two activities of the opposition during the first two parliaments of 19S2 and 1957 were: The roots of almost all the non-Congress parties emerged during these periods.
2.  They maintained the democratic order of the system.
3.  They offered a sustained and often principled criticism of the policies and practices of the Congress party.
4.  They kept the ruling party under check and often changed the balance of power within
   the Congress. (Any two)

Question.15. Explain any four characteristics of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer. Non-Aligned Movement is a movement about keeping equi-distance from the power blocs. Characteristics of NAM:

1.  Independent foreign policy: It is a policy of assertion of independence in foreign affairs. NAM believes in the policy of coexistence at the national and international levels.
2.  International peace and security: Non-aligned movement advocates peaceful measures for a peaceful and prosperous world.
3.  Five challenges: It is a movement aimed at meeting five challenges of D’s.
   (a) Decolonization (b) Democratization of International Relations
   (c) Detente (d) Development
   (e) Disarmament
4.  Considers merits and justice: NAM considers every international issue on its merits and works for justice in international affairs.
   All these features show that “NAM is not sitting on the fence or follow the policy of neutrality but it is international in character, believes in democratization of international politics.

Question.16. Match the names of the founders given below with the political parties they founded:

Answer.

Question.17. Answer the following questions based upon the Presidential address of Mohammad Ali Jinnah at Karachi on August, 11,1947:
“We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim community — because even as regards Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vaishnavas, Khatris, also Bengalees, Madrasis and so on — will vanish…. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the business of the State.”
(a) Do you think that Jinnah’s statement contradicts the theory which was the basis of the creation of Pakistan? Justify your answer.
(b) What is the essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage ?
(c) To what extent did Pakistan live up to Jinnah’s expectations in this passage ?
Answer. (a) Jinnah’s statement does not contradict the two nation theory. His does not mean the interference in between other communities like Pathans, Punjabis, Shias and Sunnis.
His aim was the creation of separate state for Muslims but not to interfere in other communities.
(b) The essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage is his secular outlook regarding the protection and promotion of every community’s identity. For example, he said that, “You are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any place of worship in this state of Pakistan.”
(c) Pakistan did not live up to Jinnah’s expectations because after independence Pakistan became a ‘Theocratic State’ and did not respect the interest of other communities.

Question.18. “Indian policy makers made a mistake by emphasizing the role of state in the economy. India could have developed much better if private sector was allowed a free play right from the beginning”. Give arguments for or against this proposition.
Answer. No, the above mentioned statement is not fully true and proved the mistake of our policy makers because the role of state in the Indian economy was very much required to regulate our economy immediately after independence. Later on, when our economy got stabilized and regulated, the Indian policy makers introduced New Economic Policy as well in 1991 to liberalise our economy.
In the beginning India did not follow any of the two known paths. It did not accept the capitalist model of development in which development was left entirely to the private sector, nor did it follow the socialist model in which private property was abolished and all the production was controlled by the state.
But the elements from both these models were taken together in India which came to be known as “Mixed Economy”.
This concept of Mixed Economy was open to criticism both from the left and the right.

1.  Critics argued that planners refused to provide the private sector with enough space and stimulus to grow.
2.  According to them, the enlarged public sector created enough hurdles for private capital in the way of installing systerris of licenses and permits for investment.
3. The state controlled more things than were necessary and this led to inefficiency and corruption.

Arguments in favour of state control:

1.  There were critics who thought that the state did not do enough. It intervened only in those areas where the private sector was not prepared to go. Thus, the state helped the private sector to make profit.
2.  Also, instead of helping the poor, the state intervention ended up creating a new middle class that enjoyed the privileges of high salaries without much accountability.
   Thus, we can safely say the role of state in Indian Economy was beneficial in the early years for both public and private sector. This led India towards development.

Question.19. Read the passage and answer the following:
“The Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programmes. For example, India’s National Auto-fuel policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles. The Energy Conservation Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency. Similarly, the Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy. Recent trends in importing SAARC countries should adopt a common position on global environment issues”?
(a) What does ‘cleaner fuel’ mean ?
(b) What are the initiatives suggested in Energy Conservation Act, 2001 ?
(c) To which resource does recent trend of importing refer ?
(d) Write two point abouts Kyoto Protocol.
Answer. (a) Cleaner fuel means the use of CNG and other non-polluting fuels.
(b) Use of renewable sources of energy like solar energy, Hydroelectricity, etc.
(c) Natural gas
(d) (i) Setting targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions.
(ii) Certain gases, like C02, methane, Hydro-Fluocarbons, etc. are considered partly responsible for global warming.
(iii) The developed countries are responsible for the most historical and current greenhouse emissions.
(iv) The economic and social development are the first priorities of the developing ‘ countries.
(v) India, China and other developing countries are exempt from the requirements of Kyoto Protocol (any two points)

Question.20. On the given political map of India, five states of tension related to integration from 1947 to 2006 have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. Identify any four states and write their names in your Answer-Book against A, B, C, D and E respectively.

Answer. A. Arunachal Predesh B. Mizoram C. Panjab
D. Andhra Pradesh E. Jharkhand

Question.21. Observe the picture given below and answer the questions that follow :

(i) What does the picture indicate ?
(ii) Write one aspect of the changing nature of China’s foreign policy.
(iii) What does the above cartoon reveal?
Answer. (i) The cartoon/picture indicates China’s alliance with USA for the economic development and for the promotion of trade.
(ii) The given cartoon also express the end of China’s political and economic isolation with the establishment of relation^ with the United States.
(iii) The cartoon depicts political spring where China makes overtimes to the USA.
It reveals that US entered into a secret understanding with China keeping the USSR in the dark.

Question.22. Evaluate any six consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Or
Analyse any three points of criticism and any three core values and enduring ideas related to the Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer. The disintegration of the Soviet Union as the second world power and the collapse of socialist systems in Eastern Europe had profound consequences for world politics in general and Asian countries like India in particular. The consequences of the disintegration can be analysed by way of six kinds of enduring changes like:

1.  The disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the end of the cold war confrontation. The end of the cold war signifies the collapse of the ideological conflict between the socialists and the capitalists. Now there was no alliance system based on ideology. As the alliance system led to the formation of military blocs, the end of confrontations demanded the end of the arms race and restoration of possible peace.
2. The disintegration of the USSR and the end of the cold war left open only two possibilities like either the remaining superpower would dominate and create a “unipolar system” or different countries or groups of countries could become important players in the international system, thereby bringing in a ‘multipolar system’, where no one power could dominate.
3. As it turned out, the US became the sole super power. Backed by the power and prestige of the US, the ‘capitalist economy’ was now the dominant economic system internationally.
4.  Institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund became powerful advisors to all these countries since they gave them loans for their transition to capitalism. Politically, the notion of liberal democracy emerged as the best way to organise political life.
5.  The end of the Soviet Bloc meant the emergence of many new countries because at the dawn of the disintegration of USSR, Soviet Union was divided into 15 independent countries. All these countries had their own independent aspirations and choices.
6.  The central Asian countries wanted to take advantage of their geographical location and continue their close ties with Russia and also to establish ties with the US, China and others.

Or
Criticism of Non-Aligned Movement:

1.  India’s non-alignment was described ‘unprincipled’ because India often refused to take a firm stand on crucial international issues.
2. It is suggested that India was “inconsistent” and involved in contradictory matters, e.g., India signed a treaty of friendship in August 1971 with USSR for 20 years and some observers considered that India had virtually joined the Soviet alliance system.
3.  NAM failed to prevent the US Invasion of democratic countries like Iraq and Afghanistan, where civilians were also killed, in search of weapons or militants.

Core Values of Non-Aligned Movement:

1.  NAM laid a strong platform for small countries to join it and not be with the big powers underpressure.
2.  Countries who were under colonial powers had some kind of historical affiliation and they came together to become a powerful body.
3.  NAM was also committed to a democratic International system and become an alternative power to find solutions to existing inequalities.

Question.23. Assess any six steps suggested since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context.
Or
What is meant by security? Evaluate the role of any new sources of threat to security.
Answer. With the completion of 60 years of its existence the members of the UN met in September 2005 to review the situation and suggested some significant steps to make the UN more relevant in the changing context. Some of the suggestions given were:

1.  Creation of a Peace Building Commission.
2. Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failure of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
3.  Establishment of a Human Rights Council [operational since 19 June 2006.
4.  Agreement to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
5.  Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
6.  Creation of a Democracy Fund and an agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council. But in practical sense, it is hard to see that these are equally contentious issues for the UN which raise following questions. What should a Peace Building Commission do? There are number of conflicts all over the world. Which one should it intervene in? Can there be agreement on a definition of terrorism? How shall the UN use funds to promote democracy and so on?

Or
The term “security” refers to freedom from threats. It also relates to extremely dangerous threats to core values.

1. The new sources of threats could be traced to non-traditional conceptions (both human and global security).
2.  The following terms are relevant to such threats: terrorism, global poverty, ensuring human rights and the health epidemics.
3.  Terrorism refers to political violence that targets the civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
   International terrorism involves the citizens or territories of more than one country.
   Civilian targets are usually chosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against the national Governments.
   The cases of terrorism include hijacking of planes or planting of bombs in trains, cafes, markets and other crowded places. Attack on World Trade Center on 11th September 20C1 in America and the recent attacks on Taj Hotel and Railway Station in Mumbai in 2009, are new challenges of terrorism.
   Human Rights: Political, economic and social rights are guaranteed by the countries across the world but there in no agreement on which of these rights are considered as Universal Human Rights.

Human Rights abuses are common in recent events such as Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, the genocide in Rwanda and Indooesian military’s killing of people in East Timor have led to ‘ serious debates on UN role in preventing such Human Rights abuses.
Global Poverty: It is another source of insecurity. In General, High Per Capita Income and low population growth make rich social groups richer and low income groups and high population growth make poor states and poor groups poorer. Globally, this type of disparity contributes to the gap between the Northern and Southern countries of the world.
For example, most of the world’s armed conflicts now take place in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is also the poorest region of the world. ‘
Health Epidemics: Certain diseases like HIV-AIDS, bird flu, swine flu and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome have rapidly spread across the countries through various means like migration, tourism, business and military operations.
For example, in 2003 about forty Million people were infected with HIV-AIDS worldwide.
Apart from these some new diseases such as Ebola virus, hanta virus, and hepatitis have emerged as a new challenge to the Health and Medical World.
Some old diseases liketuberdosis, malaria, dengue fever, cholera have assumed drug resistant and become difficult to treat.

Question.24. Explain any three challenges that India faced at the time of her independence.
Or
Why did India and China, both, view themselves as rising powers in global politics in spite of tension between them? Substantiate your answer by giving any four events that have brought cordiality in their relationship. 
Answer. Immediately after independence there were many challenges or problems in Independent
India that needed a solution. These challenges can be categorized as:
(1) The challenge to shape a nation
(2) The challenge to establish democracy
(3) The challenge to ensure the development and well-being of the entire society

1.  To Shape a Nation: The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and integration of the territory. India is a land of continental size and diversity. There were around 565 states of varying sizes and population. The partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fear. Hence, there was a serious question about the future of India, i.e., would India survive as a unified country ? Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself the task of integrating these princely states, which was sometimes completed in stages.
2.  To Establish Democracy: Another challenge was to develop democratic practices in accordance with the Constitution, i.e., India adopted representative democracy, based on the parliamentary form of government.
3.  To Ensure the Development and Wellbeing of the Society: The third challenge to evolve effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment. The main objective of the Directive Principles of State Policy is to make a welfare state where democratic principles are followed.
   All these challenges required a deliberate effort which India put in accommodating social differences, establishing a welfare state and by democratizing political institutions.

Or
India’s relation with China after independence started off very well due to a number of friendly gestures on part of Ihdia. In 1954, India signed the famous Panchsheel, which started a new era of Sino-Indian friendship.
But after 1957 various “contentious issues” arose in Sino-Indian relations like:
(i) Tibet Problem (ii) Sikkim Issue
(iii) Border Issue (iv) Chinese Attack in 1962
(v) Chinese assistance to Pakistan (vi) Nuclear Test Issue
From 1958 to 1975, China saw India as its major geostrategic rival and wanted to keep it down.

1.  Attempts at normalisation of relations between the two were taken at the Indian initiative in 1976. Due to this, Sino-Indian diplomatic relations were restored with the exchange of ambassadors,
2.  JWG [Joint Working Group] was set up by two countries to find a solution to the border dispute.
3. Both countries also decided to reduce forces along the Sino-Indian frontier and both pledged notio use or threaten the use of force against the other.
4. The process of mending forces and emphasis on “friendly competition” has started. This could be done through mutual understanding and bilateral agreements. Both countries should come together to fight global challenges like terrorism, economic disparity and nuclear arms race.

Question.25. Examine the grave economic crisis prior to the fourth general election of 1967. Assess the verdict of the electorate based on the election.
Or
Analyse any three reasons for imposing emergency on 25th June, 1975. Did the government misuse its emergency powers ? Give any three arguments in support of your answer.
Answer. The government of Indira Gandhi decided to devalue the Indian rupee in order to check the economic crisis of 1967. Earlier one US dollar could be purchased for less than ? 5; but after devalution, it cost more than ? 7.

1.  Consequently, the economic situation triggered a price rise.
2. People started protesting against the increase in prices of essential commodities, unemployment, etc.
3.  The communist and the socialist parties launched struggles for greater equality.
   The fourth general election was held in 1967 in the context of heightened popular discontent and the polarisation of political forces.

The Congress was facing the electorate for the first time without Nehru.

1.  The election verdict was not in favour of the Congress. The results jolted the Congress
   both at the national and state levels. .
2.  Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated. The political leaders, who lost in their constituencies, included Kamraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and K.B. Sahay in Bihar.
3.  Not only this, the Congress party lost its majority in as many as seven states and in two other states, defections prevented it from forming a government.
4. However, this was the first time that in the other eight states coalition governments consisting of different non-Congress parties, were formed.

Or
The Congress government proclaimed emergency in response to the petition filed by Raj Narain to declare Indira Gandhi’s election invalid.

1.  On 25 June 1975, the government declared that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it invoked Article 352 of the constitution.
2.  Under the provision of this article the government could declare a state of emergency on grounds of external threat or threat of internal disturbances.
3.  However, the government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a state of emergency necessary. Technically speaking this was within the powers of the government, for our constitution provides for some special powers to the government once an emergency is declared. Besides, the government said that it wanted to use emergency to ensure law and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pro-poor welfare programmes.
   Findings of Shah Commission reported the misuse of Emergency powers by the government. The findings of Shah Commission in the form of reports were tabled in the two houses of Parliament.

The investigations by Shah Commission after the Emergency revealed that there were many ‘excesses’ committed during the emergency.

1.  It estimated that nearly one lakh eleven thousand people were arrested under preventive detention laws.
2.  Several restrictions were put on the press sometimes without proper legal sanctions.
3.  The Shah Commission report also mentioned that the general manager of the Delhi Power Supply Coorporation received verbal orders from the offices of the Lt. Governor of Delhi to cut electricity to all newspaper presses at 2 a.m. on 26 June 1975.

Question.26. From 1989 to 2004, there have been nine coalition governments in India. Analyse the rise and fall of any two such coalition governments.
Or
“The end of eighties of the 20th century witnessed developments which made a long lasting impact on Indian poHtics.” Assess any three such developments.
Answer. The Era of coalitions could also be seen in 1989 elections. The Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha but did not have a clear majority. It also decided to act as opposition party. This led to the National Front (Alliance of Janta Dal and many regional parties). It received two major supports (not expected as such) from BJP and the Left Front. Though BJP and the Left Front did not join the government but gave support from outside. The Coalition Era had many Prime Ministers and some of them held office for short durations. Some of them were:

The coalition era saw that no single party could enjoy the majority on its own as in the past decades and also the strengthening of Regional Parties.
Rise and fail of two coalition governments:

1.  The first coalition government in late 1980s was that of the National Front under the leadership of V.P. Singh.
   Both BJP and Left Front supported V.P. Singh became wanted to keep the Congress out of power. But The Mandal Commision Report and implementation of its recommendations forced BJP to reconsider its support and finally withdraw it. Thus in November 1990, the rule of National Front came to an end.
2.  BJP came to power for the first time in May 1996 as a minority government but it was just for a month. In June 1996, BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus, Mr. Vajpayee had to quit.

Or

1. Mandal Issue: The year 1989 marked the end of ‘Congress System’ and the National Front led by V.P. Singh witnessed the rise of ‘Mandal Issue’ in national politics.
   The decision National Front to implement the recommendation of the Mandal Commission led to violent ‘Anti-Mandal’ protests in different parts of the country.
2. New Economic Policy: In 1991, the Congress, led by Narasimha Rao, introduced the ‘New Economic Policy’ with liberalization and globalization. Even though it was criticised by various movements and organisations it was followed by the later governments,
3.  Changes in the Political System: The era of coalitions in 1989 symbolically indicated the decline of Congress, i.e., the end of Congress dominance over the Indian party system. The decade of 1990s saw an era of multi-party system. It also saw the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the dalits and backward castes.
   The role of left parties changed with time regarding alliances. For example, in 1996 it supported BJP and now the Congress government. The left parties are opposed to the UPA government led by Mr. Manmohan Singh of the Congress.
   Since 1990, a long ffhase of coalition politics began in India. There have been nine governments at the centre, all of which have either been coalition governments or minority governments supported by other parties. This could be seen as National Front (1989), the United Front (1996) and (1997), the NDA (1999) and the UPA (2004 and 2009).

Question.27. Mention any three social movements of India. Explain their main objectives.
Or
Explain how the General Elections of 1952 in India were a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world.
Answer. Issues addressed by BKU

1. Activities conducted by the BKU to pressurise the state for accepting its demands included rallies, demonstrations, sit-ins and jail bharo agitations.
2. These protests involved tens of thousands of farmers-sometimes over a lakh-from various villages in western UP and adjoining regions.
3.  The demands of BKU
   (a) higher government floor prices for sugar cane and wheat
   (b) abolition of restrictions on the inter-state movement of farm produce
   (c) guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates
   (d) waiving of repayments due on loans to farmers
   (e) the provision of a government pension for farmers
4.  The Anti-Arrack Movement: The Anti-Arrack movement was the movement of rural women from the state of Andhra Pradesh. They fought a battle against alcoholism, against mafias and against the government during this period.
   It was a spontaneous mobilisation of women demanding a ban on the sale of alcohol in their neighbourhoods.

Background

1.  The Anti-Arrack movement had its roots in the “adult literacy drive” wherewomen complained of increased consumption of a locally brewed alcohol arrack-by men in their families. It affected the rural economy as well,
2.  Thus, women in Nellore came together in spontaneous local initiatives to protest against arrack and forced the closure of the wine shop. This movement in Nellore District slowly spread all over the state.

Issues

1.  The slogan ofthe Anti-Arrack Movement was simple i.e. prohibition on the sale of arrack.
   But this simple demand touched upon larger social, economic and political issues of the region that affected women’s life. A close nexus between crime and politics was established around the business of arrack.
2.  Thus, the Anti-Arrack movement provided a platform to discuss private issues of domestic violence.

Or
The general elections of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy because of the following reasons :

1.  Big Test of Democracy— The first general election was the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in prosperous countries like in Europe-end North America where everyone was literate.
2. India experimented with Universal Adult Franchise— India experimented with Universal Adult Franchise which by that time had not been given in some European countries. It was restricted for women. This appeared as India’s bold and risky step.
3.  Elections were competitive— Not only this, the elections were competitive. There were on an average more than four candidates for every seat.
4. Level of participation was encouraging and fair— Even the level of participation in’ elections was encouraging and more than half the eligible voters turned out to vote on the day of elections. And when results were declared, these were accepted as fair even by the losers.
   Thus, observers outside India were very much impressed. Undoubtedly India’s general elections of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world.

CBSE previous Year Solved  Papers  Class 12 English  Delhi 2010

Time allowed : 3 hours                                                                                           Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions :

1. This paper is divided into three sections : A, B and C. All the sections are compulsory.
2. Separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary. Read these instructions very carefully and follow them faithfully.
3. Do not exceed the prescribed word limit while answering the questions.

SET I

SECTION —A
(READING)

Question.1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1.  Today’s woman is a highly self-directed person, alive to the sense of her dignity and the importance of her functions in the private domestic domain and the public domain of the world of work. Women are rational in approach, careful in handling situations and want to do things as best as possible. The Fourth World Conference of Women, held in Beijing in September 1995, had emphasized that no enduring solution of society’s most threatening social, economic and political problems could be found without the participation and empowerment of the women. The 1995, World Summit for Social Development had also emphasized the pivotal role of women in eradicating poverty and mending the social fabric.
2.  The Constitution of India had conferred on women equal rights and opportunities – political, social, educational and of employment – with men. Because of the oppressive traditions, superstitions, exploitation and corruption, a majority of women are not allowed to enjoy the rights and opportunities, bestowed on them. One of the major reasons for this state of affairs is the lack of literacy and awareness among women. Education is the main instrument through which we can narrow down, the prevailing inequality and accelerate the process of economic and political change in the status of women. ‘
3.  The role of women in a society is very important. Women’s education is the key to a better life in the future. A recent World Bank study says that educating girls is not a charity, it is good economics and if developing nations are to eradicate poverty, they must educate the girls. The report says, that the economic and social returns on investments in education of the girls considerably affect the Human Development Index of the nation. Society would progress only if the status of women is respected and the presence of an educated woman in the family would ensure education of the family itself. Education and empowerment of women are closely related.
4. Women’s education has not received due care and attention from the planners and policy makers. The National Commission for women has rightly pointed out that even after 50 years of Independence, women continue to be treated as .the single-largest group of backward citizens of India. The role of women in overall development has not been fully understood nor has it been given its full weight
   in the struggle to eliminate poverty, hunger, injustice and inequality at the national level. Even, when we are at the threshold of the 21st century, our society still discriminates against women in matters of their rights and privileges and prevents them from participating in the process of national and societal progress. Various committees and commissions have been constituted before and after Independence to evaluate the progress in women’s education and to suggest ways and means to enhance the status of women. The female literacy rate has gone up in the 20th century from 0.6 percent in 1901 to 39.29 percent in 1991 but India still possesses the largest number of illiterate women in the world. The Female Literacy Index for the year 1991 shows that there are eight states which fall below the national average. The most populous states of the country, UP, MP, Bihar and Rajasthan fall in the category of most backward states as far as female literacy is concerned. .
5.  The prevailing cultural norms of gender behaviour and . the perceived domestic and reproductive roles of women tend to affect the education of the.girls. Negative attitude towards sending girls to schools, restrictions on their mobility, early marriage, poverty and illiteracy of parents affect the girls’ participation in education.
6.  Women’s political empowerment got a big boost with the Panchayati Raj Act of 1993 which gave them 30 percent reservation in Village Panchayats, Block samities and Zila Parishads throughout the country. The National Commission for women was also set up in 1992, to act as a lobby for women’s issues.
7.  The educational system is the only institution which can counteract the deep foundations of inequality of sexes that are built in the minds of people through the socialisation process. Education, is the most important instrument of human resource development. Educational system should be used to revolution is  the traditional attitudes and inculcate new values of equality.

(a) (i) Mention any two attributes of a modem woman.
Answer : (i) Women are careful in handling situations.
(ii) They are rational in their approach.
(ii) Why is women’s participation and empowerment
considered necessary ?
Answer : Society’s most threatening social, economic and political problem’s solution could not be found without the participation and empowerment of women.
(iii) Which factors adversely affect the education of
girls ?
Answer : The prevailing cultural norms of gender bias ness and the perceived domestic and reproductive roles of women tend to affect the education of the girls.
(iv) What benefits did the women get with the enactment of the Panchayat Raj Act of 1993 ?
Answer: The women got 30% reservation in village Panchayats, Block samities and Zila parishads, throughout the country with the enactment of the Panchayat Raj Act of 1993.
(v) By what process can we remove the sense of inequality of sexes from the minds of the people ?
Answer : The educational system is the only institution which can remove the sense of inequality of sexes from the minds of the people through the socialisation process.
(b) Pick out words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following:
(i) Gruel and unfair (para 2)
Answer: oppressive
(ii) Remove (para 3)
Answer: eradicate
(iii) full of people (para 4)
Answer: populous

Question.2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Despite all the research, each one of us catches cold and most of us catch it frequently. Our failure to control one of the commonest of all ailments, sometimes seems ridiculous. Medical Science regularly practices transplant surgery and has rid many a countries of such killing diseases as Typhus and the Plague. But the problem of common cold, is unusually difficult and much is yet to be done to solve it.
It is known that a cold is caused by one of a number of viral infections that affect the lining of the nose and other passage leading to the lungs but the confusing variety of viruses makes study and remedy very difficult. It was shown in 1960 that many typical colds in adults are caused by one or the other of a family of viruses known as rhinoviruses, yet there still remain many colds for which no virus has yet been isolated. There is also the difficulty that because they are so much smaller, than the bacteria, which causes many other infections, viruses cannot be seen with ordinary microscopes. Nor can they be cultivated easily in the bacteriologists laboratory, since they only grow within the living cells of animals or plants. An important recent step forward, however, is the development of the technique of tissue culture, in which bits of animal tissue are enabled and to multiply independently of the body. This has greatly aided virus research and has led to the discovery of a large number of viruses. Their ^existence had previously been not only unknown but even unsuspected. .
The fact that we can catch cold repeatedly creates another difficulty. Usually a virus strikes only once and leaves the victim immune to further attacks. Still we do not gain immunity from colds. Why ? It may possibly be due to the
fact that while other viruses get into the bloodstream where antibodies can oppose them — the viruses causing cold attack cells only on the surface. Or it may be that immunity from one of the many different viruses does not guarantee protection from all others. It seems, therefore, that we are likely to have to suffer colds for some time yet.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it in points only, using abbreviations wherever necessary. Also suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Title: Difficulties of Common Cold.
1. Notes
(i) Common cold
(a) everyone catches
(b) Med Sc. failed to control
(c) much has to be done in order to cure it.
(ii)causes
(a) viral infections
(b) variety of viruses
(c) family virus known as Rhino.
(iii)other problems
(a) too small to be seen under microscp
(b) leaves victim immune to further attacks
(c) can’t be cured by anti bods.

(b) Write a summary of the above passage in about 80 words using the notes made.

SUMMARY

Everyone catches cold and the cure of it has not been found yet. Medical Science has failed to control it. It is caused by viral infections that affect the lining of the nose and other passages. The confusing variety of viruses, makes the study difficult. Family virus rhinovirus is also responsible for it. The viruses are so small that they can neither be seen with microscope nor cultivated in laboratory. This virus leaves the. victim immune to further attacks. They do not get into the bloodstream where antibodies can oppose them. Therefore, we have to suffer from cold for some time yet.

SECTION- B
(ADVANCED WRITING SKILLS)

Question.3. You are the Secretary of your School Literary Association. Write a notice in not more than 50 words for your school notice board, giving details of the proposed inauguration of the Literary Association of your school. You are ‘XYZ’ of Jain Vidyashram, Cuddalore. 
OR
You are the General Manager of E.V.L. Company which requires posh bungalows on company lease, as guest houses. Draft an advertisement in not more than 50 words under classified columns to be published in “The New Indian Express”1.
Answer:

OR

Question.4. You are Sweety/ Suresh of L.M. Jain School, Ajmer. As Secretary of your school’s Co-Curricular Activities Club, you visited a slum area in your city where the people suffered a great loss of life and property in a massive fire. The students of your school rendered their services and material help to the victims, Write a report in 100-125 words for your school magazine.
OR
Recently your school held a seminar on ‘Conservation of Water’ as a part of World Day celebrations. As the school Pupil Leader of Maryland School, Gurgaon, write a report in 100-125 words for a local daily. Sign as Preetham/ Preeti.
Answer:
A Fire Accident
Report By: Sweety
(Secretary, Co-Curricular Activities)
12th May, 20XX
A massive fire broke out in a nearby slum area of our city. It was caused by a short circuit in one of the lose wires passing through the area. The fire was uncontrollable and the situation became extremely serious as it gulped many houses and vehicles. People suffered fatal burns and grievous
injuries. It was a pitiable and horrifying scene. It took an hour to bring the fire under control. NGO’s, government aid, local residents, volunteers all came forward to carry out the relief operations. Food packets, medical aid and shelter were provided to the affected victims. Students from our school also offered help in the form of money and material. They donated clothes and reached the area to render services to the victims.
They also helped the victims by taking them to the nearby hospitals and stayed with them till their relatives came.
OR
Answer:
Need to conserve water
Report By : Preeti (School Pupil Leader)
Maryland School, Gurgaon
5thjune, 20XX
As a part of World Day Celebration, Maryland School held a seminar on the topic ‘Conservation of Water’ on 31st May, 20XX. It was headed by the eminent environmentalist’ Mr. Jain, who laid emphasis on the wise use of water. The main aim of this seminar was to highlight the importance of water conservation. It was stated that, with alarming increase of the population, we are experiencing an acute water shortage. Our water table is shrinking and it’s time to pledge to save water. Certain measures like use of water as per our requirement, turn off the tap after use, don’t leave tap running while brushing or shaving, install small shower heads to reduce the excess flow of water, were suggested. Water used for cleaning
the vegetables and fruits can be reused to water the plants. In the concluding speech, the appeal was made to start conserving and harvesting rain water for the present as well as the future generations. The organizers deserve appreciation and congratulations for holding a seminar on such topic.

Question.5. You are Sruthi/ Shiraj staying at R.K. Puram, Secunderabad. Your locality being away from the main city, the poor bus service adversely affects the life of residents. Write a letter to the editor, ‘Deccan Chronicle’, highlighting the problems faced and also giving a few possible solutions. [10]
OR
You are Varsha/ Varan, Incharge of Excursion Club of B.V.P. School, Mathura Road, Delhi. Write a letter to the General Manager, Northern Railways, requesting reservation of a bogie for 80 students from New Delhi to Chennai and back by G.T. Express. .
Answer:
R.K. Puram
Secunderabad.
18th August, 20XX
The Editor
Deccan Chronicle
Dear Sir,
Subject: Problems faced due to poor bus service
I would like to draw your attention towards, the problems faced by the people of R.K. Puram, in the absence of proper bus service. As my locality is far away from the main city, we have no other transportation facility than bus service. At times, the residents of the locality have to cover a long distance on foot to reach the place which not only wastes their time but also proves to be a tiresome journey. Even the time duration between the commutations of two buses is 4 to 5 hours and in case of urgency, people have to hire a taxi at a very high fare. The taxi drivers also take the undue advantage of the emergency. It is becoming a serious problem for the locals of the area, therefore I request you to start a new bus service from R.K. Puram to the main city to avoid any further inconvenience to the residents and if that is not possible, kindly start a tempo or mini bus service.
I hope my request would be considered favourably.
Thanking You Yours Sincerely,
Sruthi (Resident, R.K. Puram)
OR
B.V.P. School
Mathura Road Delhi
12th January, 20XX The General Manager Northern Railways Dear Sir,
Subject: Request for reserving a bogie for 80 students This is to inform your that an excursion tour has been planned by our school for 80 students from New Delhi to Chennai. This is an educational cum entertainment tour and I would like to make their train journey a great fun and full of experience. As G.T. Express is a fast and comfortable train and our priority is to see students’ comfort. I request you to make reservation for 80 students plus 1 teacher from G. T. Express on 5th-Feburary, 20xx. New Delhi to Chennai and return by the same train on 20th February, 20XX in first class A.C. Coach.
Kindly forward me the schedued time and the tickets so that students can reach the station in time. The payment of the tickets will be done online immediately after the reservation is confirmed.
Thanking You Yours Sincerely,
Varsha (Incarge, Excursion Club)

Question.6. Presently the prices of essential commodities are skyrocketing causing much hardship to the common man. Write an article in 150-200 words expressing your views and suggesting measures to curb this problem.
OR
The number of women in the police force seems insufficient specially when we see the increasing involvement of women in terrorist activities. Write an article in 150-200 words for ‘The Hindustan Chronicle’ on the need of having more women in the police force.
Answer:
Rising Prices : A Menace for
the Common Man
Majority of the population is the victim of this acute problem known as price hike. Most of the people live below poverty line and they are unable to fulfil even their basic requirements. The prices of essential commodities have touched the sky and therefore are beyond common man’s reach. The prices of vegetables, oil, sugar, wheat etc. have risen so much that the purchase of these has become difficult for common man. Money has lost its value. The rich are becoming richer whereas the poor are getting poorer. It has now become a fashion for the shopkeepers to increase, the rate of commodities within „ a day. Once the rates are increased, they cannot be expected to come down. This all, is due to black marketing and the dealers’ profit marking nonopoly. Once they raise the price, it cannot be reduced on the pretext of increase in petrol and diesel prices. Now it becomes the duty of the Government to take action against undue price hike and stop black marketing to control the rising prices. There should be regular checks on the import and export of commodities and the rates of food items must be under control so that the poor can also afford them.
OR
Need of Women in Police Force
By: Xyz
Having more women in the Police Force means proper law enforcement and better response to community. We see nowadays that women are becoming more and more active in terrorist activities as compared to the number of women in any of the forces. Their number is abysmally low in the Police Forces when they are the major portion of our work force. To combat this situation we need more women in Police Force. They not only play critical role in forming a police organization but also in addressing gender based violence. It affects women as well as children sometimes as they do not feel free to open up in front of male police officers. Therefore the women force is required to understand the grievances of the victims properly specifically women and teaching the security challenges faced by women. It is a local custom to recruit men in such forces but we cannot deny the fact that the number of women is increasing in criminal activities. Hence, recruitment of women ifi Police Forces should take place. Despite the hidden barriers, women should be given a chance to inter the force through proper relevant trainings.

SECTION-C
(Text Book)

Question.7. Read the extract given below and answer the question the follow:
It would be an exotic moment without rush, with engines, we would all be together in a sudden strangeness.
OR
Aunt Jennifer’s tigers prance across a screen,
Bright topaz denizens of a world of green.
They do no fear the men beneath the tiger;
They pace in sleek chivalric certainty.
(a) What does ‘It’ refer to?
Answer : ‘It’ refers to keeping quiet for a moment.
(b) Who is the poet speaking to?
Answer: The poet is speaking to the common man.
(c) What would be the moment like?
Answer : The moments would be without any rush or noise when all would be clam and serene will be the most desirable moment for the human beings.
OR
(a) How are Aunt Jennifer’s tigers described?
Answer : They are chivalric, brave and fearless. They are the lord of the jungle and have a respectable place in the animal kingdom.
(b) Why are they described as denizens of world of green?
Answer : The tigers are free to roam anywhere in the green forests and they are known for their strength and fearlessness.
(c) Why are they not afraid of men?
Answer : They are not afraid of men because they are not afraid of the men below the tree. They are strong, brave and fearless and known for their pride.

Question.8. Answer any three of the following in 30-40 words :
(a) Why are the young trees described as ‘sprinting’?
Answer : The young trees are symbol of young age, life and energy, so they seem to be sprinting. They are compared to the poet’s mother who is old and weak. She is in the last stage of her life whereas the trees are full of life.
(b) How does the poet describe the classroom walls?
Answer: The poet describes the walls of the classroom as dull and damp that smelled of sour cream. They are discoloured and faded and thus need paint. These dull walls have a Similarity with the faces of the children who are also pale.
(c) What image does Keats use to describe the beautiful bounty of the earth?
Answer : The poet emphasizes, the intransient nature of beautiful things that leave a permanent impression on our mind. Beauty is showered on us from heavens by God. This endless fountain of eternal beauty is God’s biggest gift to the mankind.

Question.9. Answer the following in 3040 words each :
(a) What had narrator counted on to enter the school
unnoticed?
Answer : The sounds that were heard daily like the banging of the desks, repetition of the lessons and rapping of the ruler, were so loud that the narrator thought he could enter the school without anybody’s notice.
(b) When Douglas realized that he was sinking, how did ^ he plan to save himself?
Answer : Douglas had death like experience while sinking but he gathered his courage and thought of conquering, the fear. As soon as he touched the bottom of the pool, he pushed himself up and came gradually to the surface.
(c) Why did the servants think Gandhiji to be another peasant ?
Answer : Gandhiji used to wear dhoti which was generally worn by the peasants, moreover he was a simple man, so servants mistook him as another peasant.
(d) *
(e)“Damn that Geoff, this was a Geoff thing not a Jansie thing” .Why did Sophie say so ?
Answer : Sophie wanted to reveal her truths, so she thought Geoff to be the right person rather than Jansie because Geoff could keep her secrets as he was an introvert and rarely talked to anyone else.

Question.10. Answer the following in 125-150 words:
The bangle makers of Ferozabad make beautiful bangles and make everyone happy but they live and die in squalor. Elaborate.
OR
The story ‘The Rattrap’ focuses on human loneliness and the need to bond with others. Explain.
Answer : The life of the bangle
makers of Ferozabad is miserable although they bring smiles to everyone’s face by making colorful and beautiful bangles. In their opinion, they are born to live in poverty for generation after generation and are destined to work in bangle making factories because they are born to the family of bangle makers. All through day and night, they have to work in bright furnaces to make beautiful bangles for the women but their own life is spent in utter darkness. They are forced to work in hot temperatures in dirty rooms without proper ventilation. They have to sit near burning lamps as a result of which they lose the brightness of their eyes. Their eyes become so accustomed to that light that they cannot see the natural daylight outside. Sometimes they become blind also. They are exploited by middlemen, policemen, sahukars, bureaucrats and politicians and it is impossible for them to come out of this vicious trap.
OR
The story ‘The Rattrap’ deals with the human psychology which reveals the need of human beings to share their joys and sorrows with others. Everyone wants other’s company to live in this vast world and its general human nature. Here in the story, the peddler is lonely and a homeless wanderer. He sells rattraps. On the other hand, Crofter lives alone so when the peddler came to his house at odd hours, he shows kindness and hospitality and allows him to stay for the night so that he can start a conversation with him. Other instance in the story is that, the ironmaster and his daughter are also lonely. They are very rich and have no problem, they live in a big house but they do not have company to have conversation with therefore, they insist peddler to spend Christmas Eve with them but when he doesn’t agree the ironmaster’s daughter requests him to stay which he could not deny. Thus we can say that the story focuses on human need to bond with others.

Question.11. Answer the following in 125-150 words :
When did the Tiger king stand in danger losing his kingdom? How was he able to avert the danger ? 
OR
How did the question paper and the correction slip help the prisoner and the Governor !
Answer : Tiger King was told by the astrologer that he would be killed by a tiger, so he started hunting and killing tigers. If anybody disobeyed him, he would be punished severely. A high ranking British official wanted to kill the tigers but the Maharaja did not give him the permission and told him that he could kill any animal except tigers. The officer wished to get a photograph of himself holding a gun beside tiger’s body. But the Maharaja refused that too. As he had not allowed him to fulfill his desire, he was in the danger of losing his kingdom.
He then discussed the issue with his deewan. So he offered a bribe of 50 diamond rings of the value of three lakhs to the wife of the British officer. She became happy and kept all of them. This way he was able to retain his kingdom.
OR
The real purpose of the question paper and the correction slip was to provide Evans the plan of escaping from the cell. The sheet was cleverly superimposed. The correction slip also made the prison officers believe that the injured person was actually McLeery and he wanted to help them in tracing the criminal, Evans. ”
On the other hand the question paper and the correction slip helped both the criminals as well as the Governor. The assistant secretary made a call to the Governor after the examination had started that he had forgotten to place a correction slip in the package. In fact, there was a clue in the slip for Evans that after escaping from the prison he should go to Hotel Golden Lions. At the same time this information helped the Governor to locate the Hotel where Evans was staying because Evans had written index number as 313 and the centre number as 271 which came out to be six figures 313/271 and with the help of ‘Ordance Survey Map for Oxfordshire’, the Governor reached the hotel. This was also a part of their plan and the Governor was made to trace Evans deliberately and eventually he was able to dupe the Governor and ran away.

Question.12. Answer the following in 30-40 words :
(a) *
(b) *
(c) Why did to think Roger Skunk was better off with the new smell ?
Answer : Roger Skunk had a very bad smell due to which other animals did not play with him. But a Wizard made him smell like roses and little animals started liking him and played with him. Thus Jo thought him to be better off with the new smell.
(d) Why did the landloard’s man ask Bama’s brother, on which street he lived ? What was the significance ?
Answer : To the landlord’s man, Bama’s brother was a new face so they asked him the name of the street on which he lived to know his caste as in those days the Dalit community lived in separate streets.

SET I

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION-B
(ADVANCED WRITING SKILLS)

Question.4. Your school has recently organized a medical camp for screening students and staff for swineflu on the occasion of Independence Day Celebrations. The parents were also invited far screening. You are Rohit/Rashmi, Cultural Secretary of Vivekananda Kendra School, Bangalore. Write a report of the event in 100-125 words for ‘The Times of India.’
OR
You watched a special Independence Day Programme, “India’s Talent” on television. In the programme disabled children presented their latest talents in a marvelous manner. You were greatly touched and admired by organizers for their well thought out programme. Write a report in 100-125 words for your school magazine. You are Anjali/Ankur, School Pupil leader, Asha Memorial Sr. Sec. School, Agra.
Answer:
Medical Camp for Screening Students
and Staff for Swine Flu
Report By : Rashmi (Cultural Secretary)
‘The Times of India’
15th August, 20XX
On the occasion of Independence Day Celebrations, Vivekananda Kendra School, Bangalore came forward with an innovative idea of organizing a Medical Camp, for screening students and staff for swine flu. The main objective of organizing this camp was to emphasize the need of creating awareness of the spread, prevention and treatment of swine flu.: It was told by the senior Medical Officer that although the vaccines for Swine flu are available in medical stores but if not cured in time, it may prove to be fatal. It was also told that it spreads very fast and had started initially in pigs. The parents were also invited to join this event so that they would also be made aware of the causes and cures of this disease. A team of medical experts told that it spreads in the same way as seasonal flu, so we must follow the rules of health and hygiene, then only, the outbreak of this fatal disease can be controlled and prevented.
OR
India’s Talent
A report by : Anjali (School Pupil Leader)
Indian Television took a noble initiative of observing the independence Day by broadcasting a special programme
‘India’s Talent’ presented by people with disabilities. It was a social change campaign to encourage and support a fundamental shift in attitudes towards differently abled people. The performance done by them was mesmerizing and left an indelible impact’on viewer’s mind. They showcased their talent that would help them get respectable place in a society, where they are valued and included. The courage and confidence displayed by them was really fantastic. The objective of the program was to make the students aware of the fact that disability should not be treated as something to be ashamed off. The main credit goes to the organizers of the programme, who put their foot forward to give these special children a platform.

Question.6. In many parts of our country girls are discouraged from going to school. Consequendy a sizeable section of the population is deprived of education. Schemes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, CBSE scholarship to single girl child and the government’s policy of giving free education to girls have come as a boon to our society. Write an article in 150¬200 words on education of the girl child in the country.
OR
Advertisements have become a big business. They are promoted by celebrities drawn from various fields like films, sports, etc., leaving their influence on people specially the young. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The impact of advertisements on the younger generation’.
Answer:
Education of the Girl Child
Since Independence time has changed a lot. The status of the women has seen a revolutionary change. They are competing – men in every walk of life. Even though its a male dominant society. There are places where girls are deprived of necessary education, and are not sent to schools. This shows the height of selfishness of men who think that acquiring good -» education is their right. It is generally said that girls have to learn their daily household chores which would be affected in case they go to school or colleges. It is also assumed that if they acquire education, they may surpass men. In the rural areas or villages, the situation is still worse. There is a gender biasness and girls are regarded as inferior to boys and are far more backward, illiterate, weak- and vulnerable than boys. They have to remain confined and satisfied with routine, monotonous domestic roles. In cities, towns and urban localities also, the percentage of educated girls is far less than boys. But the schemes started by Government like ‘ Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ which provides 8 years of quality education to all children between 6 to 14 years is a CBSE scholarship
to single girl child and the Government policy of giving free education to girls, are highly appreciable and in future they can prove to be productive also for the welfare of the country as well as their own family.
OR
‘The Impact of Advertisements on
the Younger Generation’
This is the age of advertisements and it is impossible to escape from them. Hoardings staring at us, magazine covers and neon signs on the shops catch our attention automatically. All these are one of the developments that have taken place with technological advances. T.V. Channels, films and magazines are full of advertisements as they are the lifeline of media. They directly reach out to the public through these commercial advertisements. But nobody has ever thought the impact they are leaving on our younger generation. They are not only colorful and attractive but are promoted by the film actors, sports players, T.V. artists etc. which lures the youth to a greater extent. They blindly follow them without giving a second thought whether they would be useful to them or not. The creativity packed in few seconds attracts youth so much that many of them can recall the advertisements better than their study material. The number of commercial advertisements is much more than the number of news channels, information media or entertainment channels. The innocent youth tries to adopt everything that is shown in ads without giving an ear to the adults. We can say that our youth is spell bpund by the magic of the ad world.

SECTION – C
(TEXT BOOKS)

Question.8. Answer any three of the following in 30-40words each :
(a) The poet says, “and yet for these children, these windows, not this map, their world”. Which world do these children belong to ? Which world is inaccessible to them?
Answer : The world of children living in slum is confined to their dirty and damp classroom only. The narrow street is their world. So the map and the world shown to them has no meaning for them. The world of freedom, education, equal rights and bright future is inaccessible to them.

Question.9. Answer the following in 30-40 words each :
(a) “This is your last French lesson”. How did Franz react to this declaration of M. Hamel?
Answer : Franz was shocked to hear that there would be no French teaching from now onwards. He felt extremely sorry for neglecting his lessons and regretted for not getting chance to learn grammar rules and participles and his French teacher M. Hamel would also be seen no more. 1
(b) What did Douglas experience as he went down to the bottom of the pool for the first time ?
Answer : As Douglas went down to the bottom of the pool for the first time, he felt afraid and paralyzed with fear. He shouted but no one came for his rescue and a sort of terror captured his soul.

Question.12.Answer the following in 30-40 words each:
(a) Why was Roger Skunk’s mommy angry with him ? What did she finally tell him?
Answer: Roger Skunks mommy was angry with him because he smelled like roses and little animals started playing with him but mommy wanted him to smell like before. Finally, she took him back to the wizard and he made Roger smell as awful as ever.

SET III

Note : Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.

SECTION B
(ADVANCED WRITING SKILLS)

Question.4. Parks are not only useful for children, adults and the old, but are environment friendly too. Write a factual description in 100-125 words of the neighborhood park you often visit.
OR
The Green Club of your school celebrated ‘Van Mahotsava and Environment Protection Week’ involving students of your school. Eminent environmentalists, journalists and celebrities were also invited. Write a report in 100-125 words on the activities performed for a focal daily. You are Amrit/Amrita, Secretary of the Club.
Answer:
My Neighbourhood Park
The nearest park to my locality is hardly at 100 meters of distance. I often visit this park with my father for morning and evening walks. It is full of beautiful flowers and plants. On the one side there are swings for children, painted in rainbow colours. The other corner has benches for the people to sit. The inner circumference of the park is surrounded by walk-way. People can be seen jogging and doing exercises in morning hours. Throughout the day it remains occupied . with people. Children always come in the evening as they are busy at school during day hours. One can hear chirping of birds from the branches of Neem and Gulmohur trees that surrounds the area. Old folks usually spend their evenings on the benches of the park, gossiping with each other. The whole environment inside the park is lively with the laughter of children and gathering of people in large numbers. It is not only a place for relaxation and entertainment but the green trees also provide fresh air and oxygen which is soothing to our eyes also.
OR
‘Van Mahotsava And Environment
Protection Week Celebration
Reported By : Amrita (Secretary, Green club)
A Local Daily
30th August, 20XX
The Green Club of our school celebrated a week long ‘Van Mahotsava and Environment Protection’ from 16th to 23rd August, 20XX in the school premises. The theme of the year was Reuse… Reduce…Recycle. The programme was inaugurated by eminent environmentalist, Mrs. Meneka Gandhi. Children up to the age of 12 years were seen in green dress. They made models of solar cooker, save water, utilizing garbage as fuel etc. They also gave the message through the plays ‘Death due to polythene’ and ‘Where are the jungles’? Famous Journalists and Celebrities from film industry and sports were also invited to view the programme. Cards and handmade paper bags made by the Eco Club members were distributed to everybody. The highlight of the program was the botde gardening by classes X and XII. The activities during the whole week included sapling plantation, awareness plays to save forests and wildlife, techniques to reuse discarded materials like cans, pen refills, plastic bottles etc.
On the final day, noted Journalist, Mr. Rajat Sharma appreciated the efforts of staff, students and Principal for spreading awareness through such programmes.

Question.6. Indian Culture has traditionally sustained a joint family system in which the old have always had a very respectable place. There has been an erosion of these values in the present times. Write an article in 150-200 words on the need for the young to take care of their old instead of sending them to the old age homes.
OR
The present day youth are greatly stressed due to cut throat competition and consumerist culture. Write an article in 150-200 words on the causes of the stress on the modem generation suggesting suitable solutions.
Answer:
Benefits of Joint Family „ over Nuclear Family
The concept of joint family where grandparents live together with their son, daughter-in-law and grandchildren, is very old in India. But the concept of nuclear families is catching up fast which consist of husband, wife and their children. We cannot deny the fact that there are many advantages of
joint families. The elder people have their own value in a family. We get complete support of them when needed. We don’t have to ask for help from others and children will not be left alone at home when parents are job. Burglary cases also decrease. One can share his joys, sorrows and opinions with them. They are considered to be the pillar of the family. But today’s culture is so spoiled that the elders of the family are considered as unwanted burden. Their lives in many houses have become miserable because of materialistic thought procedure. In some families, they are even sent to old age homes and do not get the love, security, sense of belongingness which they deserve. They need our affection, love and attention and it is our responsibility to take proper care of the elders who once had taught us to walk in this world. One must think again that they are more experienced and can still guide us. So, keeping an open mind, accept your faults and move ahead with them.
OR
Answer:
Stress and Problems Faced
By: Teenagers
The modern generation is facing unbearable pressure and problems due to cut throat competition in the field of education, employment and relationships. Educational problems are related to scoring high marks among students so as to get admission in a good college or university or getting a high degree in University. The pressure is so much that they don’t have time for recreation. They do not get time to relax or enjoy with their peers. As a result, this stress comes out in the form of aggression and violence. They display this sort of behavior at home, in school or among friends. Due to certain reasons and government policies, youth is not getting desired employment which results in depression and unbearable pressure. Another problem faced by the youth is the ups and downs in their relations. Either it’s their relationship with parents, siblings or friends; they are quite emotionally attached at this age.
All these problems can be cured by doing yoga and practicing meditation. They can also be relaxed, by involving in any of , their hobbies like painting, reading books, listening music. They should face these problems bravely instead of becoming its victim.

SECTION-C
(Text Book)

8. Answer any three of the following in 30-40 words each :
(b) “So blot their maps with slums as big as doom”, says Stephen Spender. What does the poet want to convey ?
Answer: The poet wants to convey that the children living in slums have miserable lives. The map in their classroom has no meaning for them, and the slums are like blot on the modern civilized world.

9. Answer the following in 30-40 words each :
(a) “What a thunder clap these words were to me!” Which were the words that shocked and surprised little Franz ?
Answer : The words that shocked and surprised little Franz were spoken by M. Hamel, he told them that it was their last French lesson and a new teacher would arrive the next day. There would be no German teaching from henceforth.
(b) What sort of terror seized Douglas as he went down the water with a yellow glow ? How could he feel that he was still alive ?
Answer : Extreme terror and fear seized Douglas when he went down the water with a yellow glow. He tried to scream but his voice remained choked in his throat. His heart beat and pounding in his head reminded him that he was alive.

12. Answer the following in 30-40 words each :
(c) How did Joe want the wizard to behave when Mommy Skunk approached him ?
Answer : Joe wanted wizard to take his magic wand and punish Rogers mommy by hitting over her head and cut her arms as she made little Roger smell foul again.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Delhi – 2016

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                                          Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question Numbers 1 to 10 are of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3.  Question Numbers 11 to 20 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question Numbers 21 to 30 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question Numbers 31 to 35 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
6. Question Number 35 is based on the map. Write the answer in your Answer-Book.

SET -I

Question.1. Which one of the following statements about the Berlin wall is false?
(a) It symbolized the division between the Capitalist and the Communist world.
(b) It was built immediately after the Second World War.
(c) It was broken by the people on 9th November, 1989.
(d) It marked the unification of the two parts of Germany. 1
Question.2. Why was ASEAN established? 1
Question.3. Which one of the two is more essential – construction of mega dams or an environmental movement that opposes it and why? 1
Question.4. Which two objectives Jawaharlal Nehru wished to achieve through the strategy of Non-alignment? 1
Question.5. Highlight the most novel aspect of the Chipko Movemnt. 1
Question.6. Mention any two major military features of the Cold War. 2×1=2
Question.7. “The leaders of the newly independent India did not see politics as a problem; they saw it as a way of solving the problems.” How far do you agree with the statement? 2
Question.8. Match the following: 2

Question.9. While the rest of the country was reorganized on linguistic lines in 1950s, why had Punjab to wait till 1966? 2
Question.10. How was the reorganization of North-East India completed and by when? 2
Question.11. In which four ways did the new economic policy of China benefit its economy? 4×1=4
Question.12. What is Amnesty International? State its main functions. 1+3=4
Question.13. What are ‘global commons’? Why is it said that inter¬ national cooperation over the global commons is not easy? 2+2=4
Question.14. What distinguished the dominance of the Congress Party in India from other examples of one party dominance in other countries? Explain. 4
Question.15. Critically examine the major outcomes of the Indian model of mixed economy. 4
Question.16. How did Janata Party make the 1977 elections into a referendum on the Emergency imposed in 1975? Explain.
Question.17. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
Each of these countries was required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy, which meant rooting out completely any structures evolved during this period. Above all, it meant that private ownership was to be the dominant pattern of ownership of property. Privatization of state assets and corporate ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in. Collective farms were to be replaced by private farming and capitalism in agriculture. This transition ruled our any alternate or ‘third way’.
(i) Name any two countries which were required to make a total shift.
(ii) Why were the collective farms to be replaced by private farming?
(iii) Since the ‘third way’ had been ruled out, what were the only two ways of controlling the economy?
Question.18. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions:
At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. However, it withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
(i) What do the words ‘erosion of state capacity’ imply? Explain with the help of an example.
(ii) Why is the concept of welfare state giving way to a minimalist state?
(iii) How has market become the prime determinant of social priorities?
Question.19. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions: 2+2 + 1=5
When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as peaceful explosion. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes. The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in domestic politics. Following the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the entire world was affected by the Oil Shock due to the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab nations.
It led to economic turmoil in India resulting in high inflation. ‘
(i) When did India conduct its first nuclear test and why?
(u) Why was the period, when the nuclear test was conducted in India, considered to be a difficult period in domestic politics?
(iii) Which international event of 1970s was responsible for high inflation in India?
Question.20.Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions: 2+2+ 1=5
(i) Identify any four national leaders from the above cartoon and mention the serial number of each.
(ii) Which was the most controversial issue of the period related to leader No. 2 as Prime Minister of India?
(iii) What was the position of the party led by leader No. 1 in the Lok Sabtja elections of 1989?

Note: This following questions are for Visually Impaired
Candidates only in lieu of Q.No. 20. 2 +1+2=5
(20.1) Which party had won the maximum number of seats in ‘Lok Sabha Elections of 1984 and under whose leadership?
(20.2) What was the most controversial decision taken by the National Front Government in 1990?
(20.3) Which Prime Minister started the new economic reforms and what was its outcome?
Question.21.

In the given political outline map of South Asia, five countries have been marked as (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E). Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with their respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the following format: 5×1=5

(i) An important country but it is not considered to be a part of South Asia.
(ii) The country has a successful Democratic System.
(iii) This country has had both Civilian and Military rulers.
(iv) This country had Constitutional Monarchy.
(v) An Island nation which was a Sultanate till 1968.
Note: This following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q.No. 21. 2 + l + 2=5
(21.1) The expression ‘South Asia’ usually includes which countries?
(21.2) Which two countries of South Asia have successfully operated democratic system?
(21.3) Write the full forms of SAARC and SAFTA.
Question.22. Highlight any three positive and three negative features each of the Soviet system in the Soviet Union. 3+3=6
Or
How far is it correct to say the international alliances during the Cold War era were determined by the requirements of the superpowers and the calculations of the smaller status? Explain. 6
Question.23. Analyse the three different views within India about the type of relationship India should have with the United States of America. 3×2=6
Or
Evaluate any three major factors responsible for making the European Union a political force from being an economic force. 3×2=6
Question.24. Describe any three international challenging issues that can only be dealt with when all the countries work together. 3×2=6
Or
What is meant by traditional notion of external security? Describe any two components of this type of security. 2+4=6
Question.25. “The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more democratic.” Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments. 3×2=6
Or
Examine the different areas of agreement and disagreement with respect to the model of economic development to be adopted in India after independence.
3+3=6
Question.26. Analyse the circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister. 2+4=6
Or
Analyse the circumstances responsible for the declaration of a state of emergency in India on 25th June, 1975. 6
Question.27. Describe any six factors which made the farmers’ movement run by Bharatiya Kisan Union as the most successful popular movement. 6×1=6
Or
Which three lessons do we learn from regional aspira¬tions and their accommodation as an integral part of democratic politics? Describe. 3×2=6

SET-II

Question.6. What is meant by the Cuban Missile Crisis? 2
Question.11. Mention any four significant changes in Indo-China relations that have taken place after the Cold War. 4
Question.12. What is the full form of W.T.O.? When was it set up? How does it function? 1 +1+2=4
Question.13. “The Indian Government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programmes related to environmental issues.” Give any four examples to support the statement. 4×1=4
Question.14. Highlight the circumstances that compelled the socialists to form a separate Socialist Party in 1948. Mention any two grounds on which they criticized the congress Party. 2+2=4
Question.16. Critically examine the major outcomes of the Indian model of mixed economy. 4
Question.24. Describe the two basic reforms of the U.N. on which almost everyone agrees that they are necessary after the Cold War. 4
Or
Explain balance of power as a component of traditional security policy. How could a state achieve this balance? 3+3=6
Question.27. Describe the issues associated with the Anti-arrack Movements in Andhra Pradesh which drew the attention of the entire country. 6
Or
Describe the advantages of the democratic approach to the question of diversity in uniting a large country like India. 6

SET-III

Question.6. Which two ideologies were involved in a conflict during the Cold War era and why? 2×1=2
Question.11. While the Chinese economy has improved dramatically, why has every Chinese not received the benefits of the reforms? Give any four reasons. 4×1=4
Question.12. Why do some countries question the issue of India’s inclusion as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council? Explain. 4
Question.13. Explain the role of Environment Movements to meet the challenge of Environmental Degradation. 4
Question.14.How did the coalition-like character of the Congress Party give it an unusual strength? 4
Question.24. State any six post Cold War changes that have necessitated reforms to make the U.N. work better. 6×1=6
Or
What is meant by traditional notions of internal and external security? Explain. 3+3=6
Question.27. What is Sardar Sarvovar Project? Which benefits are expected to be if the project becomes successful? Also state the issues of relocation and rehabilitation associated with it. 2+2+2=6
Or
While trying to forge and retain unity in diversity in India, there are many difficult issues which are yet to be tackled. Describe any three such areas of tension. 3×2=6

Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 7

[Time Allowed : 3 hrs.]                                                                                              [Maximum Marks] : 100

General Instruction:

1. All Questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1-5 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.
3. Question numbers 6-10 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.
4. Question numbers 11-16 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
5. Question numbers 17-21 are of 5 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.
6. Question numbers 22-27 are of 6 marks each. The answers to this question should not exceed 150 words.

Question.1. Write the full form of the following:
(a) UNCTAD (b) WMD
Answer. (a) UNCTAD stands for United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(b) WMD stands for Weapons of Mass Destruction

Question.2. How many judges are there in the International Court of Justice and what is their tenure ?
Answer. 15 Judges. Tenure: 9 years.

Question.3. Name any two significant agreements signed by the two superpowers in 1960s.
Answer. The US and the Soviet Union signed the following two agreements:
(i) Limited Test Ban Treaty
(ii) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Question.4. On which two main ideas did Bharatiya Jana Sangh lay emphasis ?
Answer. (i) Bharatiya Jana Sangh emphasised the idea of one country, one culture and one nation,
(ii) It called for a reunion of India and Pakistan as Akhand Bharat

Question.5. What is meant by’Punjab Accord’of 1985 ?
Answer. Punjab Accord of 1985 was signed between the then President of Akali Dal (Harchand Longowal) and the Late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. It was a step towards bringing normalcy in Punjab.

Question.6. In 2003, the United States along with about 40 countries, launched its invasion of Iraq in the name of preventing the development of weapons of mass destruction. Since no evidence of it was unearthed, what could be another reason for this invasion ?
Answer. The other reason for US irfVasion could be controlling Iraqi oilfields and installing a regime (power) which was friendly to the US.

Question.7. Mention any two advantages of having international organisations in the world.
Answer. (i) International organisations help deal with matters of war and peace.
(ii) They also help countries cooperate to make better living conditions for the humanity.

Question.8. Why did India not join either of the two superpower camps during the Cold War era ?
Answer. As a leader of Non-Aligned Movement, India’s response to the ongoing Cold War was two fold:
(i) At one level, it took particular care in staying away from the two alliances.
(ii) Second, it raised its voice against the newly decolonised countries becoming part of these alliances.

Question.9. What is meant by ‘Grand Alliance’ ?
Answer. It was an Electoral Alliance of all the major Non-communist and Non-Congress opposition parties. The SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came together under this umbrella.

Question.10. Describe the outcome of the ‘Assam Accord’ of 1985.
Answer. ‘Assam Accord’ was signed between Rajiv Gandhi-led government and AASU leaders over the issue of ‘outsiders’ in 1985.

1.  According to this agreement those foreigners who migrated to Assam during and after Bangladesh war and since, were to be identified and deported.
2. The Assam Gana Parisad came to power in 1985 with the promise of resolving the foreign
   nationals problem as well as to build a “Golden Assam”.

Question.11. What is meant by US hegemony ? Describe any two constraints on the US hegemony.
Answer. The US domination in military, economic and cultural aspects over other nations to show her supremacy is known as US hegemony.
Constraints on American Power:

1.  The institutional architecture of the American state itself, i.e., they follow a system of division of powers between the three organs of the government.
2.  The open nature of American society and political culture, i.e., the American mass media may promote or impose a particular issue on domestic public opinion but never opposed the purposes of methods of government in American political culture.
3.  The most important constraint is that there is only one organisation, i.e. NATO, in the international system that can moderate the exercise of American power today.

Question.12. Highlight any two issues of cooperation as well as confrontation each between India and Bangladesh.
Answer. India-Bangladesh Co-operation:
(i) Economic relations have improved considerably over the past ten years.
(ii) Bangladesh is part of India’s “Look East Policy”. On disaster Management and environmental issues both the countries co-operate regularly.
India-Bangladesh confrontation:
(a) The countries have had differences over several issues including the sharing of Ganga and Brahmaputra waters.,
(b) The Indian government has been unhappy with Bangladesh regarding the denial of illegal
immigration to India and refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to North Eastern India. –

Question.13. Explain the importance and role of the concept ‘common but differentiated’ pertaining to the environment.
Answer. It is very significant that compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies” required by states to save planet Earth. But there is a difference in the approach to environment between the countries of the North and the South. We can throw light on the ongoing negotiations between the North and South on environmental issues as follows:

1.  The developed countries of the north want to discuss the environment issue as it stands now and want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation.
2.  At the same time the developing countries of the South feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries.
3.  And to the most if developed countries have caused more degradation they must also take more responsibility for ongoing damage now.
   On the other side the developing countries are in the process of industrialization and they must not be subjected to the same restrictions which apply to the developed countries.
   The special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application and interpretation of rules of International Environmental Law. And this argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the “Earth Summit” in 1992 under the principle of common but differentiated responsibility.

Question.14. How was the Planning Commission of India set up ? Mention its scope of work.
Answer. The Planning Commission of India was set up in 1950 by a cabinet resolution and not by a law of parliament; thus, it is an “Extra-Constitutional body”.
Planning Commission does not have a statutory or constitutional status. It is supposed to be ‘advisory’ in nature but in reality it is very powerful and is called the “Economic Cabinet of the Country”.
In India, planning was taken up as to give economic content to political freedom.

1.  Planning was to be an instrument of socio-economic change.
2.  It was to provide a controlled and faster rate of growth.
3.  It was intended to convert political democracy into socio-economic democracy.
4. It was taken up with the objective to resolve the contradictions of an unequal society.

Question.15. Explain any four Directive Principles of State Policy related to the promotion of international peace and security.
Answer. In the Indian Constitution Article 51 deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy on “Promotion of international peace and security”.
The Article states that the state shall endeavour to:

1.  promote international peace and security.
2.  maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
3. foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another.
4.  encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
   Thus, Indian Constitution envisages directions to the state administration for the promotion of international peace.

Question.16. Why was the year 1967 considered a landmark year in India’s political and electoral history ? Explain.
Answer. The fourth general election was held in 1967 in the context of heightened popular discontent and the polarization of political forces. The Congress was facing the electorate for the first time without Nehru.

1.  The election verdict was not in fovour of the Congress. The results jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels.
2. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated. The political leaders who lost in their constituencies included Kamraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and K.B. Sahay in Bihar.
3. Not only this, the Congress party lost majority in as many as seven states and in two other states, defections prevented it from forming a government.
4.  However, this was the first time any non-Congress party had secured a majority of its own in any state. In the othy eight states coalition governments, consisting of different non-Congress parties, were formed.
   Thus, many contemporary political observers described the election results as a “Political Earthquake”.

Question.17. Read the paragraph given below carefully and answer the following questions:
We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument. Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilised manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic State. If we fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably destroy it.
Jawaharlal Nehru, Letter to Chief Ministers, 15 October 1947.
(i) In spite of indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims by Pakistan, why Jawaharlal Nehru.wanted to deal with the Muslim minority in a civilised way ?
(ii) Why this minority should be given the security and rights on the same footing as all others in a democratic system.
(iii) If this minority was not provided security and rights what kind of scenario is envisaged ?
Answer. (i) Because Muslim minority in India were large in numbers. It is their right to go anywhere and settle but in a democratic set up everyone must be given an equal opportunity.
(ii) J.L. Nehru argued that we must give the Muslim minority security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. Apart from ethical and sentimental reasons, there are some prudential reasons which helped India to realise its long charised goals and principles such as socialism, equality, liberty and fraternity.
(iii) If we fail to provide security and rights to minorities, it will affect the basic nature of the democratic system and is also against the secular principles of India. It may eventually affect not only India’s foreign policy and also pose a threat to other minorities in India. It may lead to disintegration of Indian states.

Question.18. Answer the following questions based upon the following Press Report:
‘Bharatiya Kisan Union wants agriculture out of WTO purview’
By our Staff Correspondent Mysore, Feb. 15
The Bharatiya Kisan Union has warned of socio-economic upheavals in the country if India does not bargain to keep agriculture out of the purview of the World Trade Organisation.
Addressing a press conference here today, the Chief of the Uriion, Mahender Singh Tikait and its National Coordinating Committee Convener, M. Yudhveer Singh warned of impending dangers if India goes ahead and agrees to the stipulations of the WTO in the next round of meetings scheduled to be held in Hong Kong in November. Courtesy: The Hindu, February 16, 2005
(a) What is B.K.U. ?
(b) Why is it against the W.T.O. ?
(c) What dangers are anticipated for Indian agriculture from the W.T.O. ?
Answer. (a) B.K.U. signifies the ‘Bhartiya Kisan Union’. It was the organization of farmers which protested against the policies of the.state especially the process of liberalisation of Indian Economy. It was the agrarian struggle of farmers.
(b) B.K.U. is against WTO because it wants agriculture out of the WTO perview. It is also against the restrictions on the Inter-state movement of farm produce.
(c) Impending dangerous are anticipated for Indian Agriculture from the WTO purview. There is the danger of market crisis for the cash crops.

Question.19. Read the extract on globalisation and answer the following:
“Globalisation, however, does not emerge merely because of the availability of improved communications. What is important is for people in different parts of the world to recognise these interconnections with the rest of the world. Currently we are aware of the fact that events taking place in one part of the world could have an impact on another part of the world.”
(a) What is globalisation ?
(b) Write .economic, cultural and political consequences of globalisation, (one point each.)
(c) What steps were taken by India in resisting globalisation ?
Answer. (a) Globalisation simply means integration of our economy with world economy.
(b) Economic consequences:

1.  Globalisation has involved greater trade in commodities across the globe.
2.  The restrictions imposed by other countries on allowing the imports have been reduced.

Cultural consequences:

1.  The rise of uniform culture, called as cultural homogenisation.
2.  Global culture is the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world.

Political consequences:

1.  In place of welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
2. The entry and increased role of MNCs all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own. (one point each)

(c) The Steps are:

1.  The ‘Left’ wing protests against economic liberalisation.
2.  Indian Social Forum also raised voices against globalisation.
3.  The entry of MNCs is opposed by the trade unions of industrial workforce and farmers.
4. The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European firms has also generated considerable opposition .

Question.20.

Study the cartoon given above and answer the following questions:
(i) Why is the girl shown in the cartoon not worried about whether it is a single party or a coalition government’?
(ii) Does a coalition government involve more compromises ? If yes, then why ?
(iii) Do you think we can have bold and imaginative policies in a coalition government why?
Answer. (i) The nature of government may be single or coalition, what matters is what they do actually when they come to power, how are their policies and programmes in fulfilling the needs of the people and improvements in the society
(ii) In general, a coalition government involves more compromises because it is the combination of many political parties (National as well as regional parties) and they agree upon making policies together and also to share power according to their needs and demands.
(iii) Bold and imaginative policies are possible in a coalition government because the regional parties play an important role in the decision making process. Moreover, coalition of political parties announces common programmes or manifestos during the election process and try to achieve the same when they come to power.

Question.21. In the given map of the European Union, identify and write the names of four old members marked as A, B, C and D and four new members marked as P, Q, R and S in your Answer-Book

Answer. A Finland B Denmark C Austria D Ireland
P Estonia Q Poland R Hungary S Lithuania

Question.22. Analyse any six factors which helped the Soviet Union in becoming a superpower after the Second World War.
Or
What is Non-Aligned Movement ? Examine any two of its points of criticism. Also
explain any two of its value points and enduring ideas.
Answer. Factors that helped the Soviet Union become a super power after the Second World War were:

1.  The Soviet economy was the second largest next to the US. It is the largest economy in Europe.
2. Soviets have abundant natural resources like oil, iron and steel and other minerals. It ensures ready raw material and industrial production at the faster rate.
3.  Transport and communications are well developed and connected to remote areas with efficiency.
4. The domestic industry produces all the basic needs with quality and also in a cheaper rate. This helps the people to live comfortable life.
5.  The Soviet government provided basic necessities like education and health through subsidy. It also introduced many welfare schemes to women and children.
6.  As the land and land productive assets are owned by the Government, unemployment problem is minimised.

Or
Non-Aligned Movement means not to join any of the military blocs. It was founded in 1961 at Belgrade Conference by decolonised countries.
Non-alignment is a policy which means abstention from power politics, keeping away from military alliances and Cold War. It stands for peaceful coexistence and active cooperation among all states for world peace and does not shirk from international responsibilities. Non-alignment advocates an impartial approach towards world issues without being influenced by either bloc.

1.  NAM was based on a recognition that decolonised states share a historical affiliation.
2.  It also means that tfie poor and often very small countries of the world need not join any of the military blocs and they could pursue an independent foreign policy.

Criticism of NAM : .

1.  India’s non-alignment was said to be “unprincipled”, in the name of pursuing its national interest. India, it was said, often refused to take a firm stand on crucial international issues.
2.  Secondly, it is suggested that India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures. Having criticised others for joining alliances, India signed the 20-Year Treaty of Friendship in August 1971 with the USSR. This was regarded, particularly by outside observers, as virtually joining the “Soviet alliance system”.

Values:
NAM stresses for the maintaing of sovereignty and interparty of the nation with being subdued by any external power.
It stands for mutual cooperation, in constructive approach and equal status.
It is based on the idea of morality, liberty and peaceful consistence. It does not mean isolation or neutrality but active players in the process of peace

Question.23. How far did the UN perform its role successfully in maintaining peace in the world ? Explain.
Or
Explain the factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. Describe any two pro-democracy factors present in Pakistan which can pave the way for establishing a lasting democratic set-up over there.
Answer. In spite of UN’s failure in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continuation because without it the world would be worse off.

1.  In the growing need of interdependence and globalisation, it is hard to imagine how more than seven billion people would live together without an organisation such as the UN.
2.  Technological promises to increase planetary interdependence have also increased the importance of the UN.
3. Many global problems like poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, international crime, AIDS, international migration can be tackled only through international cooperation. The UN provides the best mechanism available to mobilise and sustain such cooperation.
4. Not only this, the UN and its agencies provide financial assistance to developing countries in the form of grants and loans of over dollar 25 billion a year. They also help build economics and help stabilize financial markets.
5.  Furthermore, in a world threatened by conflict, the UN provides the means for instant consultations among governments, as well as the forum for dealing with long-term problems.
   In this way, in spite of being an imperfect body, there is no doubt that the UN has been playing an important role not only in promoting peace and international understanding but also in changing the entire structure of mankind for a happier world. Hence, it is an indispensable organisation.

Or
Several factors have contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy.
Social Dominance: The social dominance of the military, clergy and land owning aristocracy has led to the frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishing of military governments.
Conflict with India : Pakistan’s conflict with India has made the paramilitary groups more powerful. These groups have often said that political parties and democracy in Pakistan are flawed, that Pakistan’s security would be harmed by selfish-minded parties and chaotic democracy, hence, the army staying in power is justified.
Lack of International Support: The lack of genuine international support for a democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the military to continue its dominance. The United States and other western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule in the past in their own interests.
Global Islamic Terrorism : As the western powers assumed the threat of “Global Islamic Terrorism” and their apprehension that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal might fall into the hands of these terrorist groups, the military regime in Pakistan was seen as the protector of western interests in West Asia and South Asia.
All this shows that Pakistan prefers military rule to the democratic set-up, both, because of internal and external factors…..

1. Pakistan has a courageous and relatively free press.
2.  It also has a strong human rights movement.

Question.24. What was the States Reorganisation Commission ? When was it constituted ? What was the most important recommendation of this Commission ?
Or
Assess any two causes of the partition of India in 1947. Explain any four of its consequences.
Answer. State Reorganisation Commission was a body appointed by Government to organise the states and to rearrange the boundaries.
It was constituted in 1953.

1.  The formation of Andhra Pradesh accelerated/initiated the struggle for making other states on linguistic lines in other parts of the country.
2. Thus, the most important recommendation of this commission in 1955 was that states could be organised and formed based on the languages. The boundaries of the states could reflect the linguistic aspects.
3.  For example, the Madras Province under British India was later bifurcated into the following states based on the language spoken by the people of that area:
   Andhra Pradesh (Telugu)
   Tamil Nadu (Tamil)
   Kerala (Malayalam)
   Karnataka (Kannada)
4.  Based on the Commission Report, the State Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 and 14 states and 6 union territories were created.

Or
Causes of the Partition of India :

1. In the Indian context the word partition signifies the division of British India into India and Pakistan. The process of partition started in 1940 when the Muslim League propounded the “Two-Nation Theory”. According to this theory India consisted of not one but two “people”— (Hindus and Muslims.)
2.  Several political developments in 1940s, the political competition between the Congress and the Muslim League and the British role led to the demand for the creation of Pakistan. Thus it was decided that India will be divided into two countries— India and Pakistan.
   Consequences of Partition:
   (a) Communal Riots : In the name of religion people of one community ruthlessly killed and maimed people of the other. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border. Cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Kolkata divided into “communal zones”.
   (b) Social Sufferings: People went through immense sufferings. They were forced to abandon their homes and move across the border. Minorities on both sides of the border fled their homes and often secured temporary shelter in “refugee camps”. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border.
   (c) In many cases women were killed by their own family members to preserve the “family honour”.
   Many children were separated from their parents. Those who did manage to cross the border found that they had no home. Hence, for lakhs of these “refugees” the country’s freedom meant life in’refugee camps’.
   (d) Administrative Concerns and Financial Strains: The partition saw not merely a division of properties, liabilities and assets or a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus, the employees of government and the railways were also divided.

Question.25. “With two successive election victories at the Centre as well as in the States in 1971, the dominant position of the Congress Party was restored.” Do you agree? State any three arguments in support of your answer.
Or
“Governments that are perceived to be antidemocratic are severely punished by the voters.” Explain the statement with reference to the emergency period of 1975-77.
Answer. The electoral contest of 1971 was a landmark in the Indian politics. It was the restoration of Congress (R). Actually this electoral contest appeared to be loaded against Congress (R). After all the new Congress was just one faction of an already weak party. Everyone believed that the real organisational strength of the Congress party was under the command of Congress (O). ‘

1. To make matters worse for Indira Gandhi, all the major non-Communist, non-Congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance known as the “Grand Alliance”.
2.  The new Congress under Indira Gandhi had something that its big opponents lacked—it had an issue, an agenda and a positive slogan.
3. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political programme rather it had only one common programme, i.e., “Indira Hatao” (Remove Indira).
   In contrast to this she put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao, i.e., Remove poverty.
   Thus, the slogan of Garibi Hatao and the programmes that followed it were part of Indira Gandhi’s political strategy of building an independent nationwide political support base during the electoral contest of 1971.

Or
The given statement is justified because emergency of 1975 at once brought out both weaknesses and the strength of India’s democracy. Many observers think that India ceased to be democratic during the emergency.

1.  It was a period of political crisis with changes in the party system. The party in power had absolute majority and yet its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
2.  The result of the 1977 election took everyone by surprise. For the first time, since. independence, the Congress Party was defeated and brought to an end the one party dominance. It opened the way for the opposition and the coalition type of government.
3.  Basically, the most valid reason for the defeat of the Congress Party was the people’s verdict. The opposition fought the election on the slogan of ‘Save Democracy’.
4.  The Janata Party made this election a referendum on-emergency: Its campaign was focussed on the Vion-democratic character of the rule and the various excesses that took place during this period.
5.  The 1977 elections turned into a referendum on the experience of the emergency and proved that ‘Governments that are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the voters.’
6.  The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan could be an alternative and misuse , of power during emergency proved to be the total collapse of the Congress.

Question.26. Regional demands from different parts of India exemplify the principle of unity with diversity. Do you agree ? Give reasons.
Or
What have been the major trends in the electoral performance of the Congress and the BJP since 1989 ?
Answer. We do agree with the statement the at regional demands from different parts of India exemplify the principle of unity with diversity because India adopted a democratic approach to the question of diversity and allows the political expressions of regional aspirations and does not look upon them as anti-national.

1. Besides, our democratic politics allows parties and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional identify, aspiration and specific regional problems.
2.  At the same time, Indian democratic politics also means that regional issues and problems will receive adequate attention and accommodation in the policy making process. For instance, easel of regional aspirations of Assam, Punjab, North-East, Kashmir, etc. While concluding we can say that regional aspirations are not encouraged to espouse separation. Political conflicts over issues of power of the regions, their rights and their separate existence are common to Indian nation that want to respect diversity while trying to forge and retain unity.
   Thus, politics in India has succeeded in accepting regionalism as part and parcel of democratic politics by maintaining its diversity.

Or
The major trends in the electoral performance of the Congress and BJP since 1989 can be seen as follows:

1. In the elections of 1989, Congress secured 197 seats (largest single party) but did not get the majority. Therefore, it decided to sit in the opposition.
2. The National Front under V.P. Singh came to power supported by Left Front and BJP from outside.
3.  The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to the emergence of Congress as the largest single party and it formed the Government. It was supported by AIADMK.
4. In 1996, the BJP minority government was formed for a short period. Later in June 1996
   United Front with the support of Congress formed the Government. H.D. Deve Gowda became the Prime Minister and after 11 months I.K. Gujral came to power who ryled till March 1998.
5.  From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and others formed the NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of A.B. Vajpayee. The regional parties demanded more share in the government to extend their support.
6. In the elections of May 2004, the Congress and its alliance partners formed UPA (United Progressive Alliance) and came to power with Dr. Manmohan Singh as the Prime Minister.
   In general, the elections since 1989 reflected the ‘Era of Multi Party system’ and ‘Coalition Era’. It also led to the decline of Congress era and the emergence of minority government and more importantly the role of regional parties in forming and running the central government.

Question.27. Suppose the Cold War had not taken place and there were several major powers at the end of the Second World War. How would that situation have affected India’s foreign policy ? Identify any three aspects or regions and imagine the difference.
Or
Suppose the Soviet Union had not disintegrated and the world was still a bipolar as it was in mid-1980s. How would it have affected the developments in the last two decades? Identify any three regions or domains and the developments that may not have taken place in that kind of a world.
Answer. The cold war, started between the two super powers and the race for the dominant super power, led to many far reaching consequences. Whether cold war had taken place or not, it would affect the India’s foreign policy.
When India got independence in 1947, it faced many challenges which cautioned our leaders to be careful about India’s foreign policy. Due to cold war, NAM was established, and if not, India could have an independent foreign policy. It may have joined many like minded major powers for mutual benefits in various fields.
Due to NAM we did notjoin any military power otherwise India could be compelled to join the arms race considering the rivalry between the major powers.
India might have emerged as a super power in Asia because of its large territory, human resource and strategic location.
India might have increased its nuclear weapons and other weapons and could be one of the leaders to provide arms to other countries.
Or
Had the Soviet Union not disintegrated in 1991, it could have affected the developments in the following ways:

1.  The cold war came to an end with the disintegration of Soviet Union and the concept of Bipolar World also ended. The cold war might have continued with the association of arms race.
2.  The dominance of the US as economic and military power could not have taken place.
3. Many incidents of cold war period would have led’to another world war (Third world war) and it might have caused the disappearance of the major powers.
4. Accumulation of nuclear weapons would have continued and threat of war situation would have arisen any time.
5.  Most of the countries which were part of erstwhile USSR would have never got independence. This stands for Soviet Union as the Big power.
6.  Civil wars in Soviet Republics and Eastern Europe could have been avoided.
7.  The intervention of US in the internal matters of Afghanistan and Iraq would not have taken place. It is to be noticed that US rejected the UN decision on Iraq matters.
8.  Many international serious problems like terrorism, neo-colonialism, global warming, etc. would have been tackled by both the super powers.

Ledger is the principal book of accounts where similar transactions relating to a particular person or property or revenue or expense are recorded. In other words, it is a set of accounts. It contains all accounts of the business enterprise whether real, nominal or personal. The main function of a ledger is to classify or sort out all the items appearing in the journal or other subsidiary books under their appropriate accounts so that at the end of the accounting period each account will contain the entire information of all the transactions relating to it in a summarised or condensed form.

For instance, all the transactions that have taken place with Mr. Mathur will be entered in Mathur’s Account.

Similarly, all items relating to cash, sales, purchases, salaries, discount, etc. appear in their respective accounts.

Ledger is defined as a “Book which contains in a summarised and classified form of permanent record of all transactions. Ledger is called the principal book of account as final information pertaining to financial position of a business emerges from this book.